Study of Rice Husks and Expanded Polystyrene Composites for Construction Applications

In the current context of environmental challenges, this study focuses on developing innovative and eco-friendly composites using rice husk and recycled expanded polystyrene. This dual-responsibility approach valorizes a by-product like rice husk, often considered waste, and reuses polystyrene, a plastic waste, thereby contributing to CO2 emission reduction and effective waste management. The manufacturing process involves dissolving recycled polystyrene into a solvent to create a binder, which is then mixed with rice husk and cold-compacted into composite materials. The study examines the impact of two particle sizes (fine and coarse) and different proportions of recycled polystyrene binder. The results show significant variations in the mechanical characteristics of the composites, with Modulus of Rupture (MOR) values varying from 2.41 to 3.47 MPa, Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) ranging from 223.41 to 1497.2 MPa, and Stiffness Coefficient (K) from 5.04 to 33.96 N/mm. These characteristics demonstrate that these composites are appropriate for various construction applications, including interior decoration, panel claddings, and potentially for furniture and door manufacturing when combined with appropriate coatings. This study not only highlights the recycling of agricultural and plastic waste but also provides a localized approach to addressing global climate change challenges through the adoption of sustainable building materials.

Performance Evaluation of Novel Eco-Materials Composed of Millet Husks, Rice Husks, and Polystyrene

Managing agricultural waste and expanded polystyrene (EPS) poses significant environmental and economic challenges. This study aims to create composites from millet husks, rice husks, and recycled EPS, using a manufacturing method that involves dissolving the polystyrene in a solvent followed by cold pressing. Various particle sizes and two binder dosages were investigated to assess their influence on the physico-mechanical properties of the composites. The mechanical properties obtained range from 2.54 to 4.47 MPa for the Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and from 686 to 1400 MPa for the Modulus of Elasticity in Bending (MOE). The results indicate that these composites have potential for applications in the construction sector, particularly for wood structures and interior decoration. Moreover, surface treatments could enhance their durability and mechanical properties. This research contributes to the valorization of agricultural and plastic waste as eco-friendly and economical construction materials.

Fabrication of Rice Husk Ash/Natural Rubber Composites by the Latex Process

Rice husk ash/natural rubber composites were fabricated by modifying rice husk ash with the rare earth coupling agent DN-8102. The structure of the rice husk ash and the morphological dispersion of the rice husk ash in a rubber matrix were charactered by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, respectively.The mechanical properties of the composites were experimentally studied. The surface energy and the interaction between rice husk ash particles can be reduced by surface modification of rice husk ash with a rare earth coupling agent, which reduces the agglomeration of rice husk ash in both liquid and rubber matrices and enhances the interactions between rice husk ash and the rubber phase, and thus results in improved mechanical properties for the resulting rice husk ash/natural rubber composite. The modulus of the composites will increase as the loading level of modified rice husk ash increases. A maximum tensile strength of 25.96 MPa for the composites can be obtained when the modified rice husk ash loading level is 4%.

Preparation and characterization of rice husk/ferrite composites

A novel ferrite composite using rice husk as substrate has been prepared via high temperature treatment under nitrogen atmosphere.The rice husk substrate consists of porous activated carbon and silica,where spinel ferrite particles with average diameter of 59 nm are distributed.The surface area of the composite is greater than 170 m^2 g^(-1) and the bulk density is less than 0.6 g cm^(-3).Inert atmosphere is indispensable for the synthesis of pure ferrite composites,while different preparation temperatures ...

Development of high volume rice husk ash alumino silicate composites

The development of high volume rice husk ash （RHA） alumino silicate composites （ASC） was studied. RHA was used as the source of silica and aluminium in the ASC. The mass ratios of RHA：Al（OH）3 of 70：30 to 99：1 were tested. The results indicate that the obtained ASC mortars are not stable and disintegrate in water. Boric acid was introduced to the mixture to overcome this problem. Stable ASC mortars with high RHA：Al（OH）3 mass ratios of 90：10 to 97.5：2.5 were obtained with the use of boric acid and 115oC curing. The compressive strength of the mortar of 20 MPa was gained. The immersion test indicates that high volume RHA ASC mortars show good resistance in 3vol% H2SO4 solution, but is slightly less durable in 5wt% MgSO4 solution.

Studies on Physical Chemistry of Rubber-Rice Husk Ash Composites

Nowadays an alternate source of filler from renewable and plant derivatives are being thought of in rubber industries due to their reliability,environmental and economic benefits.Rice Husk Ash(RHA)a byproduct of the rice milling industry is obtained on partial and as well as full combustion of the rice husks.This ash is a good source of silica,silicates and needle shaped carbon and hence can be used as filler for cements.In the present study,a detailed investigation was carried out to understand the RHA as reinforcing material using mechanical properties and fractography using SEM.The rubbers studied were natural rubber(NR),poly chloroprene(CR)and ethylene propylene diene monomer(EPDM).Interestingly,the RHA added NR stock on open mill mixing generated considerable amount of static charges.The properties of NR were found to be as good as regular formulations.EPDM compounds behaved well during mixing.But the properties were found to be poor.CR-RHA compounds were found to result in higher viscosity and the properties were not as good.The SEM studies showed surprisingly cohesive failure as evidenced with the presence of flow lines and the fibrous filler(RHA)remains embedded in the matrix regardless of the chemistry of the repeating unit,NR,EPDM and the chlorine containing monomer inCR.

Evaluation of Sawdust and Rice Husks as Fillers for Phenolic Resin Based Wood-Polymer Composites

We produced Wood-Polymer Composites (WPCs) with phenolic resin (PR) filled with saw dust (SD) and rice husks (RH) in a PR:fillerratio of 60:40 wt.%. RH and SD were grinded and sieved into particles μm. The aim of this research work was to evaluate sawdust and rice husks as fillers for sustainable phenolic resin based WPCs. Therefore, we investigated the thermal stability of PR/RH and PR/SD WPCs then we studied and compared the tensile, flexural properties of PR/SD and PR/RH WPCs samples, as well as their dimensional stability after water absorption test. Furthermore, through ultraviolet light exposure, we evaluated the effects of photo-oxidation on the water stability and mechanical properties of PR/RH and PR/SD WPCs samples compared to unexposed ones. PR filled with SD presented better mechanical properties compared to PR/RH WPCs samples. However, PR/RH WPCs showed good mechanical properties, and better thermal resistance and better water repulsion capabilities compared to PR/SD WPCs samples. Although, long time UV exposure ended up lowering considerably the mechanical properties and water resistance of PR/SD and PR/RH WPCs, both RH and SD offer great added value as fillers for PR based WPCs;SD having better interactions with PR matrix compared to RH.

Production and characterization of rich husk ash particulate reinforced AA6061 aluminum alloy composites by compocasting

Rice husk ash(RHA) is a potential particulate reinforcement to produce aluminum matrix composites(AMCs)economically.Compocasting method was applied to produce aluminum alloy AA6061 reinforced with various amounts(0,2%,4%,6%and 8%,mass fraction) of RHA particles.The prepared composites were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.X-ray diffraction patterns of AA6061/RHA AMCs revealed the presence of RHA particles without the formation of any other intermetallic compounds.The scanning electron micrographs showed a homogeneous distribution of RHA particles all over the aluminum matrix.Intragranular distribution of RHA particles was observed.Further,RHA particles were bonded well with the aluminum matrix and a clear interface existed.The reinforcement of RHA particles enhanced the microhardness and ultimate tensile strength(UTS) of the AMCs.The tensile behavior is correlated to the microstructure of the AMCs.

Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Starch Films with Cellulose Fibres Obtained from Rice and Coffee Husks

Cellulosic fibres from coffee(CF)and rice(RF)husks have been obtained applying chemical treatments and characterized as to their microstructure and thermal behaviour.These materials have been incorporated into glycerol plasticised thermoplastic starch(TPS)films obtained by melt blending and compression moulding at 1 wt%,5 wt%and 10 wt%.Microstructure,thermal behaviour and optical,tensile and barrier properties of the composites were analysed.Both kinds of micro-fibres improve the film stiffness while reduced the film stretchability.However,CF better maintained the film ductility at 1 and 5 wt%.A network of fine oriented fibres was observed on the surface of the films,while internal fibres exhibited a good adherence to the polymer network.The water vapour permeability of TPS films was not reduced in composites,although oxygen permeability was lowered by about 17%.Film transparency decreased by fibre addition in the UVVIS range.Thermal stability of composites was slightly higher than net TPS films.

密度对稻壳/聚氯乙烯发泡复合材料尺寸稳定性及力学性能的影响

针对传统木塑复合材料(wood plastic composites,WPCs)密度大、尺寸稳定性差等问题,以稻壳和聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)为原料制备三种密度的稻壳/聚氯乙烯发泡复合材料(rice husk/polyvinyl chloride foamed composites,RHPC),分别标记为RHPC-Ⅰ、RHPCⅡ、RHPC-Ⅲ,探究密度变化对RHPC性能的影响。结果显示:随着发泡程度的增加及密度的减小,RHPC的泡孔均匀程度有所降低。RHPC的线性热膨胀系数(coefficient of linear thermal expansion,CLTE)及吸水膨胀率均逐渐升高,且长度、宽度和厚度三个方向上的尺寸变化率均表现出各向异性;不同湿度和温度作用下的尺寸变化率表明湿度对RHPC尺寸的影响大于温度。RHPC-Ⅰ、RHPCⅡ、RHPC-Ⅲ的弯曲强度、弯曲模量和抗蠕变性能呈下降趋势;RHPC-Ⅱ由于均匀的泡孔结构呈现出最高的冲击强度和比冲击强度,分别为14.3 kJ/m2和19.9(k J·m^(-2))/(g·cm^(-3))。本研究为轻质高强WPCs的开发和拓宽其应用领域提供指导。

HDPE/稻糠复合材料性能研究

研究了稻糠表面处理方法、稻糠含量、HDPE回收料用量等对HDPE/稻糠复合材料物理性能的影响规律。结果表明,采用常规偶联剂处理稻糠时,对HDPE/稻糠复合材料的改性效果较差;在制备HDPE木塑复合材料时,稻糠与松木粉的应用效果相近;同时,应根据材料的使用性能要求,严格控制稻糠用量和HDPE回收料的用量。

温度对稻壳／HDPE复合材料弯曲蠕变性能的影响

研究了稻壳／HDPE（木塑）复合材料在25～75℃下的弯曲性能和短期弯曲蠕变性能，结果表明，该复合材料的弯曲性能和短期弯曲蠕变性能与温度显著相关；利用时温等效原理得到了25℃时稻壳／HDPE复合材料的弯曲蠕变柔量主曲线；采用十元件力学模型可以很好拟合该复合材料的弯曲蠕变柔量主曲线．

高填充稻壳/HDPE复合材料物理和力学性能的研究

为了研究高填充稻壳粉对于稻壳/HDPE复合材料理化性能的影响,分别对4种高木塑比(5∶5、6∶4、7∶3和8∶2)复合材料的力学性能、吸水性能和热线性膨胀系数进行了测试。结果表明,当木粉含量从50%增加到70%时,复合材料的弯曲强度、弯曲模量、冲击强度和尺寸热稳定性增加,但是拉伸强度和防水性能逐渐下降。通过比较,发现木塑比为6∶4时,复合材料的综合性能最佳,其次为5∶5和7∶3。当木粉含量为80%时,尽管该复合材料有更好的尺寸热稳定性,但是由于复合材料的力学性能和防水性能较差,已不适用于制备木塑复合材料。

稻壳/HDPE木塑复合材料蠕变性能的研究

研究了不同温度和不同应力水平条件下,稻壳/HDPE木塑复合材料的短期蠕变性能。研究结果表明,稻壳/HDPE木塑复合材料蠕变性能与温度、应力水平强烈相关,利用时间温度应力等效原理,得到55℃温度条件下的蠕变柔量主曲线。采用十元件力学模型,结果显示十元件模型可以很好地拟合试验得到的蠕变柔量主曲线。

稻壳基PPC复合材料的制备与性能

采用化学接枝法,在聚碳酸亚丙酯(PPC)上接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)制备接枝聚合物(PPC⁃g⁃GMA),同时对稻壳(RH)进行表面修饰,并且,与聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBAT)进行熔融共混,制备PPC⁃g⁃GMA/PBAT/RH复合材料,分析了RH表面处理方式及含量对PPC复合材料性能的影响。由红外光谱结果可知,改性稻壳(MRH)在910 cm^(-1)处出现了环氧基团吸收峰,并且,在1109 cm^(-1)处出现Si—O—Si的反对称伸缩振动峰,稻壳成功改性;随着MRH含量的增加,PPC复合材料的韧性呈先增大后减小的趋势,模量逐渐增大,这表明,MRH的引入不仅能改善复合材料的力学性能,还能降低成本,提高了市场竞争力;SEM结果表明,MRH可以在基体中均匀分散,改善了复合材料的界面相容性。

以稻壳热解炭制备镧负载多孔炭复合电极材料

利用稻壳热解炭为原料制备镧负载多孔炭复合电极材料(La/PCs),先将稻壳热解炭分离出炭前驱体,再采用原位活化/负载的方法制备一系列镧负载多孔炭复合电极材料,分别考察了煅烧温度和浸渍比对其吸附性能和电化学性能的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜/X射线能谱仪(SEM-EDS)和Brunauer-Emmett-Teller比表面积(BET)法研究了该系列镧负载多孔炭复合电极材料的金属结构与价态、元素组成及表面形貌,并分析了孔结构与电容值之间可能存在的关系.结果表明,在6 mol/L KOH电解液中,La/PC_900/10材料的电容值为269.45 F/g.在电流密度为0.5 A/g时,由其组装的对称超级电容器具有23.45 W·h/kg的能量密度,此时的功率密度为0.70 kW/kg,并且循环5000次后的电容保持率为86.41%.La/PC_900/10良好的电容性能显示了其作为碳基电极应用于高性能超级电容器的潜力.研究结果为稻壳热解炭的利用和镧在新能源材料领域的应用提供了一条可行路径.

光和水热对HDPE/稻壳复合材料颜色的影响

通过定量测量HDPE/稻壳粉木塑复合材料的颜色物理量参数,研究分析其在光和水热条件下颜色的变化规律。结果表明:自然光和紫外光照射过程中,木塑复合材料表面颜色的各个参数随时间的推移虽有波动但总体呈上升趋势,自然光照射8星期后木塑复合材料表面颜色变化可察觉,紫外光照射192h后木塑复合材料表面颜色有轻微变化;单纯热干燥和冷水对木塑复合材料表面颜色影响不大,人眼不易察觉;但热水对木塑复合材料表面颜色有显著影响,人的视觉达到可察觉和可区别程度,同时随着温度的上升,色差变化也逐渐增大。

HDPE/稻壳复合地板的蠕变特性

对放置在室温、阳光、户外自然和土壤环境中的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/稻壳复合地板的颜色、抗弯性能和弯曲蠕变性能进行了研究。结果表明,环境因子对复合地板的颜色、抗弯性能和弯曲蠕变性能有一定影响,其中阳光环境对颜色影响最大,户外自然环境对抗弯性能影响最大,土壤环境对弯曲蠕变性能影响最大。六元件模型比四元件模型更好地拟合HDPE/稻壳复合地板的弯曲蠕变曲线。瞬时弹性变形与应力水平无明显关系;粘弹性变形、粘性变形和蠕变速率均随应力的增加而增大;该结论与滞后时间的分析一致。

稻壳废弃物在可持续聚合物基复合材料中的应用

稻壳是一种产量丰富、成本低廉、可再生的生物质资源,被广泛应用于聚合物基复合材料中,以提高复合材料的性能并降低其成本。该文简述了稻壳废弃物的组成、结构与物化特性,重点阐述了稻壳、稻壳灰及稻壳二氧化硅等对热塑性树脂、热固性树脂和橡胶材料结构与性能的影响,并对稻壳废弃物在可持续聚合物基复合材料中的应用进行了展望。

稻壳灰对本地化高延性水泥基材料性能的影响

为了降低高延性水泥基复合材料的生产成本,提高废弃稻壳的建材资源化利用,利用国产涂油PVA纤维和天然河砂分别替代进口PVA和石英砂,探究本地化高延性水泥基复合材料的配制工艺;在此基础上,试验研究稻壳灰作为辅助胶凝材料替代部分水泥对高延性水泥基复合材料流动度、抗压强度、拉伸性能和弯曲性能的影响。结果表明:采用国产涂油PVA纤维和天然河砂可成功配制强度等级可达C30,且14 d的极限拉伸应变可达到1.44%的国产化高延性水泥基复合材料;水胶比和PVA纤维掺量分别是影响高延性水泥基复合材料抗压强度和拉伸强度的主要因素。相比对照组,随着稻壳灰替代率的增加,浆体流动度由于稻壳灰的吸水性逐渐下降,最大可降低10%;基体14 d抗压强度略有提高后大幅降低;试件抗拉强度呈略微下降趋势,而极限拉伸应变则显著提高,可高达2.94%;基体弯曲强度呈先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,且纯弯段裂纹数量明显增多,裂纹宽度均低于100μm。因此,稻壳灰替代10%的水泥有利于高延性水泥基复合材料抗压强度、极限拉应变和弯曲强度的提高,同时对浆体流动度影响较小。微观分析可知,具有良好火山灰活性的稻壳灰可与水泥水化产物反应,提高胶凝产物总量,同时降低Ca(OH)_(2)数量,进而增强了高延性水泥基复合材料的强度。