Estimating Glycemic Index of Rice-Based Mixed Meals by Using Predicted and Adjusted Formulae

The estimation of glycemic index(GI) of rice-based mixed meal either by using predicted GI(GI_(pred)) or adjusted GI(GI_(adj)) formula is unclear.This study aimed to determine the glycemic response of rice in rice alone or mixed meals and to identify the appropriate formula for estimating the GI of rice-based mixed meals.The glycemic responses produced by the rice alone(red rice,fragrant white rice or parboiled rice) and the rice-based mixed meals(fried red rice,fried fragrant white rice or fried parboiled rice) which provided 25 g available carbohydrate were assessed in 11 healthy individuals.To determine the measured GI(GImeasured) of rice alone and rice-based mixed meals,participants underwent three repeated tests of a reference food(Glucolin~?).Tests were performed in random order on nine separate visits after an overnight fasting for at least 8 h.Capillary glucose at baseline(0 min),15,30,45,60,90 and 120 min from starting the meals was assessed and used to determine the incremental area under the curve(iAUC_(120)).The agreement between GImeasured and the estimation formulae(GI_(pred) or GI_(adj)) were determined using Bland-Altman analysis.The iAUC_(120) after consuming rice alone was significantly higher than the rice-based mixed meals except for fried fragrant rice,which was comparable to the rice alone(P > 0.05).The GI_(measured) values of rice were categorized as medium(61 for parboiled rice,67 for fragrant white rice,and 68 for red rice).GI_(pred)(r = 0.40,P < 0.01) and GI_(adj)(r = 0.41,P < 0.01) were significantly correlated with iAUC_(120).The agreement between GI_(measured) and GI_(adj) is apparent suggesting the usefulness of GI_(adj) in estimating meal GI of rice-based mixed meals.

Effect of Rice Bran Quality and Protein Supplement, Base Mix, and/or Soybean Meal on Growing Pig Performance in Cambodia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rice bran quality and dietary supplement source on growing pig performance. A total of 60 castrated male pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 16.1 kg) were used for 52-day trial. Pigs were allotted to pens in a completely randomized design (4 pigs per pen) and assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial with factors being rice bran source (high or low-quality) and source of protein, vitamins, and minerals (supplement or soybean meal and base mix). Analyzed protein and fat level for the high- and low-quality rice bran was 11.07% and 5.86% and 11.20% and 4.50%, respectively. Crude fiber content for high- and low-quality rice bran was 13.44% and 27.79%. Diets were formulated in two phases (phase 1: 16 to 27 and phase 2: 27 to 48 kg) to adjust to the pig’s nutrient requirements. There was no evidence for an interaction (P > 0.05) between rice bran quality × supplement type or main effect of supplement type (soybean meal + base mix vs protein supplement) for final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F/G). However, pigs fed high-quality rice bran had improved (P < 0.001) ADG and F/G and lower ADFI compared to pigs fed low protein rice bran. In conclusion, rice bran quality as measured by protein, crude fiber, and fat influenced growing pig performance, while the type of dietary protein supplement did not. Additionally, rice bran with high protein, fat, and low fiber improved ADG and F/G.

Nutritional value of high fiber co-products from the copra,palm kernel,and rice industries in diets fed to pigs

High fiber co-products from the copra and palm kernel industries are by-products of the production of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. The co-products include copra meal, copra expellers, palm kernel meal, and palm kernel expellers. All 4 ingredients are very high in fiber and the energy value is relatively low when fed to pigs. The protein concentration is between 14 and 22 % and the protein has a low biological value and a very high Arg：Lys ratio. Digestibility of most amino acids is less than in soybean meal but close to that in corn. However, the digestibility of Lys is sometimes low due to Maillard reactions that are initiated due to overheating during drying.Copra and palm kernel ingredients contain 0.5 to 0.6 % P. Most of the P in palm kernel meal and palm kernel expellers is bound to phytate, but in copra products less than one third of the P is bound to phytate. The digestibility of P is, therefore, greater in copra meal and copra expellers than in palm kernel ingredients. Inclusion of copra meal should be less than 15 % in diets fed to weanling pigs and less than 25 % in diets for growing-finishing pigs. Palm kernel meal may be included by 15 % in diets for weanling pigs and 25 % in diets for growing and finishing pigs.Rice bran contains the pericarp and aleurone layers of brown rice that is removed before polished rice is produced.Rice bran contains approximately 25 % neutral detergent fiber and 25 to 30 % starch. Rice bran has a greater concentration of P than most other plant ingredients, but 75 to 90 % of the P is bound in phytate. Inclusion of microbial phytase in the diets is, therefore, necessary if rice bran is used. Rice bran may contain 15 to 24 % fat, but it may also have been defatted in which case the fat concentration is less than 5 %. Concentrations of digestible energy（DE） and metabolizable energy（ME） are slightly less in full fat rice bran than in corn, but defatted rice bran contains less than 75 % of the DE and ME in corn. The concentration of crude protein is 15 to 18 % in rice bran and the protein has a high biological value and most amino acids are well digested by pigs. Inclusion of rice bran in diets fed to pigs has yielded variable results and based on current research it is recommended that inclusion levels are less than 25 to 30 % in diets for growing-finishing pigs, and less than 20 % in diets for weanling pigs.However, there is a need for additional research to determine the inclusion rates that may be used for both full fat and defatted rice bran.

Effect of Dietary Supplement, Base Mix, and/or Soybean Meal on Growing Pig Performance

A total of 60 crossbred pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 56.5 kg) were used in a 42-day trial to evaluate the effect of replacing a commercial high protein supplement with soybean meal and/or a base mix in rice bran-based diets on pig growth performance. Pigs were allotted to pens by body weight and pens were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in completely randomized design. There were 4 dietary treatments with 3 or 4 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: 1) 80% rice bran with 20% high protein supplement (RBS20), 2) 95% rice bran with 5% high protein supplement (RBS5), 3) 97.5% rice bran with 2.5% base mix (RBB2.5), and 4) 92.5% rice bran with 5% soybean meal and 2.5% base mix (RBSBB). The base mix included vitamins, macro and trace minerals, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, and DL-Methionine. Overall (d 0 to 42) average daily gain was greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets than pigs fed the RBS5 or RBB2.5 diets. Pigs fed the RBS5 diet had reduced (P < 0.004) average daily feed intake compared to all other treatments. Similarly, feed efficiency (feed/gain) was improved (P < 0.004) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets compared with pigs fed RBS5 or RBB2.5. For economics, income over feed cost was the greatest (P < 0.01) for the diet containing soybean meal and base mix compared to pigs fed the RBS20 diet, SBS5, and RBB2.5. In conclusion, feeding pigs a rice bran diet with base mix and soybean meal had similar growth performance and increased economic return compared to feeding a rice bran diet with high protein supplement. Use of soybean meal and base mix provides an opportunity for increased economic return for pig farmers.

米糠粕中非淀粉多糖体外酶解工艺研究

试验旨在通过体外酶解预消化处理,研究木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶在米糠粕非淀粉多糖降解过程中的作用效果。试验以去除淀粉的米糠粕为原料,采用单因素试验和响应面试验优化木聚糖酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶降解米糠粕中非淀粉多糖的工艺条件。结果显示,体外降解米糠粕中非淀粉多糖的最适条件为酶解pH值3.7、酶解温度50℃、木聚糖酶添加量2.0%、纤维素酶添加量1.0%、植酸酶添加量1.8%、酶解时间3.5 h。酶解预消化处理后,米糠粕中还原糖含量提高了7531%,肌醇含量提高了1620%,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤木质素、粗纤维的降解率分别为47.4%、24.0%、12.1%、21.3%,植酸降解率为99.9%。研究表明,体外酶解预消化技术有效降低了米糠粕中抗营养因子的含量,提高了米糠粕的营养价值。

烘烤加工对谷物代餐粉GI值及其理化特性的影响

为开发一款适合糖尿病人食用的中低血糖生成指数(GI)的谷物代餐粉,以富硒发芽糙米、红小豆、薏米、苦荞、豆渣和桑叶提取物为原料,以感官评分和GI值加权评分为指标,通过响应面试验优化烘烤加工工艺,探讨烘烤与挤压加工两种加工方式对富硒发芽糙米代餐粉的微观结构、晶体特性、糊化特性、糊化度、冲调性、结块率等理化特性的影响。结果显示,在烘烤时间35 min、烘烤温度140℃、液料比1:1(L/kg)最优条件下,GI值为62.75,感官评分为91.17,加权综合评分最高为60.69。与未加工代餐粉相比,烘烤最优代餐粉与挤压代餐粉相对结晶度下降为15.15和4.28,B型和V型晶型都有所增加,微观结构中圆形淀粉颗粒均减少,不规则颗粒增多;电子鼻综合评价方程中,气味综合得分从高到低依次是烘烤最优代餐粉>挤压代餐粉>未加工代餐粉。实验结论表明烘烤最优代餐粉GI值在55~70之间,属于中低GI范围,适合糖尿病人食用,可推荐作为开发中低血糖生成指数代餐粉的优选加工参数。

不同粒度超微粉碎米粉理化特性研究

试验比较了早籼米经超微粉碎后再进行分级的三个不同粒度范围米粉的理化特性 ,并以普通粉碎米粉为对照。实验结果表明 ,随着米粉颗粒粒径的减小 ,其粒度分布范围减小 ,蛋白质含量、糊化温度、糊化液的透光率和冻融稳定性降低 ,酶解速度、糊化液热稳定性、冲调性能及溶解度提高 ,米粉的休止角和滑角增大 ,糊化液沉降性能和对蛋白发泡体系的持泡能力增强 ,耐酸性基本稳定。实验表明大米经超微粉碎处理能改善米粉的特性 ,而且不同粒径范围的米粉理化特性也有一定的差异。

发酵糙米粉对小麦粉品质、流变学及面包的影响研究

研究发酵糙米粉对小麦粉的粉质、面团的糊化、拉伸等流变学特性及面包质构的影响。结果表明:随着发酵糙米粉添加量的增大,小麦粉的糊化黏度呈现下降的趋势;发酵糙米粉使面团的形成时间和稳定时间下降,而变柔程度增强;在一定时间范围下,面团的延伸度减小,最大拉伸阻力和拉伸比例增大;发酵糙米粉使焙烤面包的硬度变小、断裂能力较好,弹性达到理想值;咀嚼性、回复性在一定的添加范围内较好。

微生物发酵法提取米糠粕中可溶性膳食纤维的研究

以米糠粕为原料,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)B4为发酵菌种,探讨不同条件下微生物发酵法对米糠粕可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)得率的影响。选择时间、温度、接菌量、pH值进行单因素试验,在此基础上进行3因素3水平中心组合设计试验。结果表明,发酵法提取可溶性膳食纤维最佳条件为发酵时间22.4 h、发酵温度35.0℃、接种量6.6%。在此最佳条件下,SDF得率为12.88%,比优化前提高了8.88%,微生物发酵法是一种较好的提取可溶性膳食纤维的方法。

高温米糠粕制备米糠多肽的研究

摘要：以高温米糠粕为原料，采用碱溶酸沉法制取米糠蛋白，并将米糠蛋白用碱性蛋白酶水解制备米糠多肽。在单因素实验的基础上，通过二次回归正交旋转组合设计确定最佳的水解条件为：水解温度55℃，加酶量0．3％（占高温米糠粕的质量），pH9．6，水解时间3h。在最佳水解条件下，米糠蛋白水解度为10．3％。所得米糠多肽粗蛋白含量为85．7％，蛋白质分散指数（PDI）为76．4％，氮溶解指数（NSI）为64．1％，相对分子质量在180～3000之间的米糠多肽占78．88％。

稻谷加工副产物的营养及功能成分分析

为探明稻谷加工主要副产物米糠、米糠粕和白米糠的成分差异,对三者的营养成分及其功能性成分进行了测定和分析。结果表明:米糠、米糠粕和白米糠的碳水化合物含量均在50%以上,白米糠的淀粉含量最高,米糠粕中膳食纤维含量最高。米糠富含油脂和维生素E,可作为浸油的原料。白米糠富含淀粉,可作为微生物发酵原料或酿造原料。米糠粕富含优质蛋白质和膳食纤维,与白米糠和米糠相比,微生物感染小、有利于保藏。此外,米糠、白米糠和米糠粕中的人体必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的45%左右,是必需氨基酸的良好来源。

利用巨胚米和黑米研制婴儿营养米粉

以巨胚米和黑米为主要原料,通过挤压膨化工艺,适当添加铁、锌、钙和α-乳白蛋白,研制出适合婴儿生理特点的婴儿营养米粉,并对巨胚米和黑米在婴儿营养米粉中的应用进行了讨论。

高温米糠粕碱不溶蛋白的酶法提取

以高温米糠粕为基础原料,通过酶解能力比较,确定碱性蛋白酶对高温米糠粕中碱不溶性蛋白的作用效果最佳。通过单因素试验分析酶添加量、作用温度、pH值和酶解时间对蛋白提取效果的影响。通过正交试验确定最佳提取工艺:碱性蛋白酶添加量300U/g、提取温度55℃、pH8.5,蛋白提取率可达28.9%。

固体发酵生产冬虫夏草多糖的研究

本研究以豆粕和米糠为固态培养基,固体发酵生产冬虫夏草多糖。通过对培养基组成配比、接种量、温度、培养基相对湿度、空气相对湿度和培养时间的研究,初步确定了在豆粕:米糠为1:2(W/W)固体培养基发酵生产冬虫夏草多糖的最佳条件为:接种量20%、温度26℃、培养基含水量为60%、空气相对湿度为60%和培养时间7d。经傅立叶红外光谱分析,本研究生产的冬虫夏草多糖为β-葡聚糖。

采用回—直肠吻合术猪测定麦麸、米糠氨基酸消化率的试验研究

选择3头回—直肠吻合术猪测定麦麸、米糠饲料原料的氨基酸消化率。结果为:麦麸的表观氨基酸消化率平均值为77.0%,平均真消化率为83.0%;米糠平均氨基酸表观消化率为69.6%,平均真消化率为82.5%。麦麸、米糠氨基酸真消化率分别比表观消化率高6%和12%。研究表明,以可消化氨基酸为基础配制猪饲粮,有必要测定麦麸、米糠氨基酸真消化率。

米糠增值转化应用的研究进展

米糠是一种营养丰富、应用前景广阔的高附加值资源,实现米糠的增值转化对提高我国粮食加工水平具有重要意义。从米糠的性质、稳定化、活性因子、在发酵及食品工业中的应用等方面综述了米糠增值转化应用的研究进展。

大米蛋白替代鱼粉对团头鲂生长、肠道消化吸收功能以及氨基酸代谢的影响

[目的]本文旨在探究大米蛋白替代鱼粉以及补充微囊或者晶体赖氨酸对团头鲂生长、肠道消化吸收功能以及氨基酸代谢的影响。[方法]制备了4组等氮等能的饲料,分别为鱼粉组(FM)、大米蛋白组(RPC)、大米蛋白添加微囊赖氨酸组(MRPC)和大米蛋白添加晶体赖氨酸组(CRPC)。将鱼饱食投喂8周,每日投喂3次。[结果]FM组团头鲂每日生长指数和饲料效率显著高于RPC组(P<0.05),而与其他各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。RPC组肠道蛋白酶、脂肪酶、Na+,K+-ATP酶、碱性磷酸酶、肌酸激酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶的活性显著低于FM组(P<0.05),而MRPC与CRPC组和FM组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。RPC组肝脏天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性显著低于其他组(P<0.05),而琥珀酸脱氢酶活性显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。RPC组血浆中蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、总蛋白和白蛋白含量显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),而尿素氮含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。此外,FM组血浆中牛磺酸水平显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。各组间肠道淀粉酶、肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶以及血浆谷草和谷丙转氨酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。[结论]大米蛋白替代鱼粉对团头鲂生长、肠道消化吸收功能以及氨基酸代谢有一定影响,但在饲料中补充微囊或者晶体赖氨酸可以弥补这一缺陷。

豆粕替代部分鱼粉对黄鳝生长性能的影响

以豆粕为蛋白源等氮替代0%、7.5%、15%、22.5%、30%、37.5%的鱼粉,对黄鳝(平均体重8.05 g)进行了生长试验。结果表明,随着饲料中豆粕的增加,黄鳝增重率下降,饵料系数增加,蛋白质利用率下降;对照组与7.5%的替代组之间增重率无显著差异。考虑到增重率、饵料系数和蛋白质的利用率及经济因素,在黄鳝配合饲料中,添加豆粕在15.0%以内,且鱼粉含量仍不低于30%,对黄鳝的生长不会造成明显的影响。

黄酒降度的工艺研究

以大黄米为主料,豆粕为辅料制备黄酒,优化主要工艺参量以降低黄酒酒精度。在传统发酵工艺的基础上,采取正交试验法将发酵时间、酵母菌和麦曲加入量、料水比等工艺参数优化配合,并添加豆粕以提高氨基酸态氮含量。结果表明,加入酵母菌量和麦曲量为原料米质量的0.6%和4%,料水比为1∶3,最终得到半干黄酒的酒精度是9.4%,总糖33.91g/L;添加12%豆粕后,氨基酸态氮达到0.47g/L,检测指标符合国标要求。

大米蛋白肽和制粒对肉杂鸡杂粕型日粮主要养分利用率的影响

研究大米蛋白肽和制粒对杂粕型日粮养分利用率及能量代谢的影响。选择8周龄的健康肉杂公鸡63只，随机分为7组，每组3个重复。一组是内源组，其余6组分别饲喂豆粕型粉料日粮（对照组）、杂粕型粉料日粮（试验1组）、杂粕＋1．4％大米蛋白肽粉料日粮（试验2组）、杂粕＋1．8％大米蛋白肽粉料日粮（试验3组）、杂粕＋1．8％大米蛋白肽颗粒料日粮（试验4组）、杂粕＋2．2％大米蛋白肽粉料日粮（试验5组）。强饲后禁食，每12h收集一次排泄物，共收集3次，测定有机物、Ca、P、粗蛋白、氨基酸的表观和真利用率、表观代谢能和真代谢能。结果表明：杂粕日粮添加大米蛋白肽，能显著提高蛋白质的表观和真利用率（P〈0．05），添加1．4％的大米蛋白肽能显著提高总氨基酸的表观和真利用率（P〈0．05），并提高蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、酪氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和精氨酸的表观和真利用率，添加1．8％和2．2％的大米蛋白肽能极显著提高总氨基酸、蛋氨酸的表观和真利用率（P〈0．01），还明显提高异亮氨酸、苏氨酸和缬氨酸的表观和真利用率（P〈0．05）；杂粕日粮添加大米蛋白肽并制粒后，进一步提高钙、磷、有机物、胱氨酸、苯丙氨酸的表观和真利用率及表观代谢能和真代谢能（P〈0．05）。显示在肉杂鸡杂粕日粮中添加1．8％～2．4％的大米蛋白肽并制粒，能显著提高饲料中主要养分的利用率、表观代谢能和真代谢能。