Overlapped Tray Seedling Raising Model for Mechanical Transplanting of Rice

With the development of China's social economy,transfer of rural labors,and rise of labor costs,the rice production technologies are changing from manual operation to mechanical operation.The core of mechanical rice production is mechanical planting,while the key to mechanical planting is the seedling raising.On the basis of analyzing and studying the problems and experience of traditional mechanical transplanting of rice,a new overlapped tray seedling raising model was introduced.Main features of this model: substrate seedling raising and overlapped seedling tray.The seedling trays for seeding line are overlapped,and the overlapped trays are moved into the seedling room with controlled temperature and humidity.The temperature of the seedling room is controlled at 30-32℃,and the humidity of the seedling room is controlled at above 90%.After about 48 h,when the seedling height reaches 0.5 cm,move the seedling trays to the nursery.This model consists of one seeding center( seedling raising center) and N nurseries,to realize 1 + N seedling raising for mechanical transplanting of rice.One seeding center can provide seedlings for several hundred to several thousand hectares of mechanical transplanting of rice,and provide a new model for social services.This model could improve the quality of seedlings,increase the seedling survival rate by about 20%,reduce the seedling raising costs by 15%-20%,reduce the seedling raising risks,and greatly increase the utilization rate of the site and equipment of seedling raising center.

Nitrogen Deep Placement Combined with Straw Mulch Cultivation Enhances Physiological Traits,Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice

To assess the effects of straw return coupled with deep nitrogen(N)fertilization on grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE)in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting(MPST)rice,the seedlings of two rice cultivars,i.e.,Yuxiangyouzhan and Wufengyou 615 transplanted by MPST were applied with N fertilizer at 150 kg/hm2 and straw return at 6 t/hm2 in early seasons of 2019 and 2020.The experiment comprised of following treatments:CK(no fertilizer and no straw return),MDS(deep N fertilization and straw return),MBS(broadcasting fertilizer and straw return),MD(deep N fertilization without straw return),MB(broadcasting fertilizer without straw return).Results depicted that the MDS treatment significantly increased the rice yield by 41.69%-72.22%due to total above-ground biomass,leaf area index and photosynthesis increased by 54.70%-55.80%,38.52%-52.17%and 17.89%-28.40%,respectively,compared to the MB treatment.In addition,the MDS treatment enhanced the total N accumulation by 37.74%-43.69%,N recovery efficiency by 141.45%-164.65%,N agronomic efficiency by 121.76%-134.19%,nitrate reductase by 46.46%-60.86%and glutamine synthetase by 23.56%-31.02%,compared to the MB treatment.The average grain yield and NUE in both years for Yuxiangyouzhan were higher in the MDS treatment than in the MD treatment.Hence,deep N fertilization combined with straw return can be an innovative technique with improved grain yield and NUE in MPST in South China.

Effects of Farming and Seedling-raising Methods on Population Growth and Grain Yield of Mechanized Transplanting Rice

The effects of farming method, rice variety and seedling-raising method were studied on the population growth quality and grain yield of the mechanized transplanting rice by way of three-factor split plot design. The results showed that the no-tillage mechanical transplanting treatment was poorer than the conventional mechanical transplanting treatment in transplanting quality in general, but the former was similar to the latter in population growth quality. In regard to grain yield, the no-tillage mechanical transplanting treatment was lower than the conventional me- chanical transplanting treatment. Raising both pot-mat seedling and plastic-tray seedling did not make much difference in population growth and grain yield of mechanized transplanting rice, so both of the seedling-raising methods can be adopted according to practical conditions.

Rice Transplanting Mechanization in Bangladesh: Way to Make It Sustainable

“Rice transplanter” has brought a radical change in the method of rice seedlings transplanting in Bangladesh. The machine is gaining popularity with the increase of labor crisis during the peak period of transplanting, reduction time of in-between crops, rapid urbanization and industrialization, and changing socio-economic status of the farmers. Alternatively, the traditional way of rice transplanting is labor-intensive and involves high drudgery. Mechanical rice transplanter is cost-effective and operation-friendly. It is suitable to plant young seedlings maintaining plant to plant and line to line distance which plays an important role in increasing yield. Moreover, it is easy to take care of the crops planted in rows. It helps in maintaining soil physical properties and is considered to be better from a crop management and productivity point of view. In malignancy of having an edge over the traditional broadcasting, the adoption rate of mechanical transplanters is low due to high primary investment, lack of knowledge in growing mat type nursery, lack of repair and maintenance facility to the end-users, and unavailability of spare parts. Imparting these, available supply, entrepreneurship development, and encouraging custom hire services may be some of the practical results for adding the rice area under mechanical transplanting. This review summarizes the problems and prospects associated with seedling rice transplanting, technological gaps in the adoption of mechanical transplanters in a sustainable manner, and future ways to make transplanters more user-friendly and cost-effective.

Effects of Seed Rate on Root Twining Power and Seedling Quality of Machine-transplanted Super Rice

In order to investigate the effects of seed rate on root twining power and seedling quality of machine-transplanted super rice cultivars, Yongyou 12 and Zhongzheyou No.l, total 6 seed rates were arranged, and the growth characteris- tics, quality and root twining power of machine-transplanted rice seedlings were studied. The results showed that seed rate had great effects on root twining power and qualityof rice seedlings; with the increase of seed rate, the root twining power of rice seedlings was increased, but the quality of rice seedlings was significantly reduced; under the condition of high seed rate, rice seedlings were weak with less accumulate dry matter and nonuniform growth, and the proportion of weak seedlings was higher. When the seed rate of both rice cultivars was reduced by 10 g/tray, the average seedling height was increased by 0.5 cm, leaf age was increased by 0.1, stem base diameter was increased by 0.1 cm, and root number per plant was increased by 0.3. When the seed rate was increased by 10 g/tray, the accumulated dry matter per plant was reduced by 5.1 mg. With the increase of seed rate, the seedling quality of Zhongzheyou No.1 was decreased rapidly, and the proportion of weak seedlings was increased rapidly. However, Yongyou 12 has a larger elasticity in seed rate. When the seed rate reached to 50 g/tray, blanket seedlings of Yongy- ou 12 were nursed with uniform growth and higher quality, but the shoots were sparse with lower leaf area index. However, when the seed rate was up to 50 g/tray, blanket seedlings of Zhongzheyou No.1 were nursed with uniform growth and higher quality, as well as higher-density shoots. From a comprehensive point of view, the optimum seed rates of Yongyou 12 and Zhongzheyou No.1 were 65 and 50 g/tray, respectively.

Effects of soilless substrates on seedling quality and the growth of transplanted super japonica rice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soilless substrates of hydroponically grown long-mat seedlings （HLMS） on seedling quality and field growth characteristics of transplanted super japonica rice. A widely grown conventional super japonica rice cultivar （Wuyunjing 23） was selected as the test material. The effect of HLMS on seedling quality, mechanical transplantation quality, field growth characteristics, yield, and benefit-cost ratio were compared with seedlings grown in organic substrates and traditional nutritive soil, whJch was selected as the control. Root number, root twJstJng power and root activity of seedlings cultivated by HLMS were decreased compared to that of the organic substrates andcontrol. However, seedling root length as well as aboveground growth were increased compared to the organic substrates and control seed- lings. In the HLMS, the content of gibberellin acid （GA3） decreased while abscisic acid （ABA） content increased compared to that of the organic substrates and control seedlings. During the early stages after transplanting, the re-greening of HLMS was delayed compared to that of the organic substrates and control seedlings. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in tiller dynamics and crop yield among the HLMS, organic substrates and control treatments. The effects of HLMS on seedling production were similar to those of the organic substrates and traditional nutritive soil in the present study, suggesting that HLMS have the potential to replace traditional nutritive soil in seedling production without decreasing crop yield. Finally, it is important to reduce organic substrates and topsoil dependence during rice seedling production and worthwhile to consider HLMS popularization and its application on a larger scale.

Comparison of yield traits in rice among three mechanized planting methods in a rice-wheat rotation system

Understanding the differences in yield traits of rice among pothole seedling of mechanical transplanting （PSMT）, carpet seedling of mechanical transplanting （CSMT） and mechanical direct seeding （MDS） is of great importance not only for rice scientists but also for rice farmers to develop a high-yield production system under mechanical conditions in a rice-wheat rotation system. However, such traits are yet to be studied among rice varieties ofjaponica-indica hybrid rice （JIHR）,japonica conventional rice （JCR） and indica hybrid rice （IHR）. Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015, where six cultivars of the three rice types JIHR, JCR and IHR were grown individually with PSMT, CSMT and MDS methods, under respective managements for each method to achieve the maximum attainable yield. Results showed that （i） the PSMT significantly increased grain yield of JIHR by 22.0 and 7.1%, of JCR by 15.6 and 3.7% and of I HR by 22.5 and 7.4%, compared to MDS and CSMT on average across the two years, respectively. The highest yield was produced by the combination of JIHR and PSMT; （ii） high yield under PSMT was mainly attributed to large sink capacity and high-efficient dry matter accumulation. With sufficient panicles per hectare, the increase of spikelet number per panicle, especially the increase in spikelet number of the secondary rachis-branches was determined to be the optimal approach for developing a large sink capacity for rice under PSMT. The optimal tillers development, large leaf area index at heading stage, and high leaf area duration, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate during grain-filling phase could be the cause of sufficient dry matter accumulation for rice under PSMT; （iii） moreover, the PSMT favored plant growth as well as enriched the stems plus sheaths during grain-filling phase, as compared with CSMT and MDS. These results suggest that PSMT may be an alternative approach to increasing grain yield in a rice-wheat rotation system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China.

Optimized design and experiment of the three-arm transplanting mechanism for rice potted seedlings

The transplanting arm of two-arm transplanting mechanism is easy to cause seedlings injury and missing due to its faster speed relative to the seedlings.In order to solve the existed problems,a three-arm transplanting mechanism for rice potted seedlings was developed in this study.The developed three-arm transplanting mechanism for rice potted seedling can make the transplanting arm realize special trajectory and attitude through the unequal planetary gear transmission.The kinematic model of three-arm transplanting mechanism for rice potted seedling was established,and the optimal design software was developed.Based on the heuristic optimization algorithm named“parameter guide”,a set of satisfied mechanism parameters required by the rice potted seedling transplanting were obtained.The trajectory and attitude of three-arm transplanting mechanism used for the rice potted seedling were analyzed.Besides,the virtual simulation results were basically consistent with the optimization software results,and the correctness of theoretical analysis and virtual simulation were also verified by each other.When the developed transplanting mechanism picked up the seedling,the velocity of transplanting arm relative to the seedling was reduced by about 30%.The results showed that the injury rate of rice potted seedling transplanting mechanism was 0.04%,the missing rate of seedling was 1.4%,the integrity rate of seedling pot matrix was 96%,and the success rate of picking seedling was 99.92%.

非圆齿轮-连杆组合式水稻钵苗膜上移栽机构优化设计与试验

为实现机械化一体式水稻钵苗膜上移栽要求,提出非圆齿轮-连杆组合式行星轮系移栽机构,用一套机构实现取苗、送苗、破膜挖穴和栽植4个工序协同配合作业,满足水稻钵苗膜上移栽所需的轨迹与姿态要求。对移栽机构进行理论分析并建立运动学模型,结合优化目标,基于Matlab GUI平台开发了数字可视化优化设计软件,通过人机交互获得1组满足移栽要求的机构参数。根据优化参数对机构开展结构设计与三维建模,通过ADAMS软件完成了虚拟样机仿真验证。研制了水稻钵苗膜上移栽机构物理样机与多功能试验测试台架,开展了移栽机构在空转和带苗状态下运动学特性和工作性能试验,结果表明,理论轨迹、虚拟样机仿真轨迹和物理样机台架试验轨迹在误差允许范围内保持一致,验证了移栽机构设计的一致性与正确性,性能试验结果:取苗成功率为94%,移栽成功率为92.36%,栽植株距变异系数为2.67%,满足移栽作业要求,验证了水稻钵苗膜上移栽机构设计的合理性与可行性。

水稻工厂化育秧机械插秧技术要点

水稻工厂化育秧以及机械化插秧技术的应用有助于实现用种良种化、育秧规范化、插秧机械化,改进了传统水稻的种植技术与模式,提升水稻种植效率,增加水稻产量,提升种植户的经济收入。本文主要阐述了水稻工厂化育秧以及机械插秧技术优点、工厂化育秧技术要点以及机械插秧技术要点,旨在为水稻高效种植提供相关技术指导。

一体化旱耕整地泡田模式对稻田还原性物质和机插秧早期生长的影响

针对稻麦轮作地区稻田耕整地质量不高以及还原性物质积累不利于机插秧早期生长等问题,探讨了应用一体化旱耕整泡田模式促进机插秧早期高质量生长的可行性。于2021—2022年在江苏省宿迁市泗洪县试验基地设置3种耕整地模式:一体化旱耕整地+泡田模式(Treatment 1,T1)、旱旋+泡田+水旋整地模式(Treatment 2,T2)、泡田+水旋整地模式(Treatment 3,T3),测定了稻田土壤氧化还原电位、不同土层还原性物质含量和机插稻生长早期根系和地上部性状。结果表明,土壤氧化还原电位以T1最高,在最低点较T2和T3分别提高19.3%~24.7%和31.6%~41.1%。不同耕整地模式显著影响了0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层内还原性物质总量、活性还原性物质、亚铁离子和二价锰离子的含量。其中,相较于T2和T3的均值,T1在0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层内活性还原性物质含量分别降低31.9%~37.6%和22.6%~23.5%,亚铁离子含量分别降低30.5%~40.3%和25.3%~27.3%。这一结果主要与T1显著降低了0~5 cm和5~10 cm土层的土壤容重,并提高了相应土层的土壤总孔隙度有关。机插秧根系性状(总根数、根干重、根系氧化力)和地上生长(茎蘖数、干物质积累量)均以T1最高,T2次之,T3最低。相比较于T2和T3的均值,移栽后30 d条件下T1的总根数增加9.6%~32.9%,根干重增加19.5%~53.8%,根系氧化力增加27.3%~34.7%,茎糵数增加9.0%~15.4%,干物质积累量增加30.7%~44.7%。相关性分析表明,T1条件下机插秧早期的高质量生长主要是由于0~5 cm土层内还原性物质含量的降低,特别是活性还原性物质和亚铁离子含量的显著降低(P<0.05)。综上,在稻麦轮作地区应用一体化旱耕整地泡田模式有助于降低稻田土壤中还原性物质含量,促进机插秧早期高质量生长。

播种量和秧龄对机插籼粳杂交稻秧苗素质、产量和加工品质的影响

适宜的播种量与秧龄搭配是保障水稻丰产优质的前提。以籼粳杂交稻甬优6711为供试品种,采用两因素(播种量、秧龄)裂区设计,以探明不同秧龄和播种量处理(T1,秧龄20 d、播种量50 g/盘;T2,秧龄20 d、播种量70 g/盘;T3,秧龄30 d、播种量50 g/盘;T4,秧龄30 d、播种量70 g/盘)对机插稻秧苗素质、产量和加工品质的影响。结果表明,T2和T3处理的产量较高,较T1处理分别增产24.7%和25.2%,较T4处理分别增产17.4%和17.8%。与20 d秧龄处理相比,30 d秧龄处理显著增加苗高、茎基宽、百苗地上及地下部干物质量;70 g/盘播种量处理较50 g/盘播种量处理显著降低苗高、茎基宽和发根力。整体而言,T3处理的秧苗素质最好。从稻米加工品质来看,与20 d秧龄处理相比,30 d秧龄处理的精米率和整精米率均显著下降,但糙米率差异不显著;与50 g/盘播种量处理相比,70 g/盘播种量处理能显著提高糙米率和精米率,但对整精米率影响小。综合来看,T2处理的稻米加工品质最优,而T3处理降低了稻米加工品质。因此,在苏北杂交中粳稻种植区,选择短秧龄、高播量搭配(T2)能同时获得丰产优质,长秧龄、低播量搭配(T3)能获得丰产,但稻米加工品质显著下降。

洞庭湖区水稻高效机械化育插秧技术集成研究与示范推广

针对水稻机插技术推广应用的瓶颈,采用高速播种流水线、高速传输带、大网袋托架、配套品种、低成本基质、中拱双层覆盖保温规模化育秧等先进实用设备及技术,进行技术集成研究,形成洞庭湖区高效机械化育插秧集成技术体系。相比原机插育秧技术,该集成技术适合在洞庭湖区及类似地区规模化集中育秧中应用,生产效率明显提高,育秧成本大幅降低。

基于育秧机插新技术创制的中国双季稻区“稻-稻-油”三熟制模式优化研究

本研究围绕提高中国双季稻区“稻-稻-油”三熟制的发展现状及可持续性展开,以江西省为研究对象,深入分析了该模式当前面临的主要挑战。研究发现,由于茬口紧张和较低的比较效益,农民对该模式的采纳率不高。通过解决水稻、油菜机播育苗移栽环节的瓶颈问题,本研究提出了培育长秧龄带蘖壮秧的新技术目标。利用钵体毯盘技术实现了精量稀播匀播,成功培育了早稻35 d的长秧龄壮秧以及中、晚稻30 d的长秧龄带蘖壮秧,有效缓解了“稻-稻-油”三熟制的茬口紧张问题。本研究的成果不仅提高了“稻-稻-油”模式的实际可操作性,还为促进农业机械化和提升作物生产效率提供了新的思路。

水稻机械化育插秧技术在现代农业中的应用

现代农业生产中,应用水稻机械化育插秧技术能显著提高育秧效率和插秧质量,以提升水稻产量和质量。通过选择适宜机插水稻品种,优化育秧介质以适应不同生长阶段需求,采用叠盘暗化处理促进均一催芽,利用机械化播种技术精准播种。试验结果表明,该技术能够明显提升秧苗质量,确保秧苗均匀生长和健康生长。

水稻钵苗机械化移栽技术应用现状分析

以贵定县盘江镇水稻种植业为研究对象,分析了水稻钵苗机械化移栽技术的应用现状,论述了移栽技术的应用流程。为明确水稻钵苗机械化移栽技术的应用效果,选择两块面积相同的试验田进行试验,结果表明,采用机械化移栽技术的试验田水稻栽插质量高,移栽效率高、经济效益突出。建议在农业生产中推广应用水稻钵苗机械化移栽技术。

水稻机械化育插秧高产栽培技术

以永州市为例,着重对水稻机械化育秧插秧高产栽培技术要点展开了深入研究,以期为实现水稻产业提质增效、增产增收的目标提供参考依据。

机插稻超秧龄秧苗的生长特点研究

水稻机插移栽中秧苗不能及时机插而生长过度,形成超秧龄秧苗。本试验以扬粳9538为供试品种,在不同床土培肥条件下,观测了超秧龄秧苗的生长特征。在超秧龄初期阶段(至播种后28d),秧苗地上部仍维持一定的生长,秧苗干重和单位苗高干重尚有一定增加,尚能维持糖氮代谢。但秧苗叶色(SPAD值)迅速下降,地下部生长停滞,根长、根数停止增加,根系活力迅速下降,根冠比明显降低。在严重超秧龄阶段(至播种后36d),苗高依然快速增加,单位苗高干重大幅下降,秧苗叶色维持在较低水平。根系活力低,根系生长处于最低水平。超秧龄生长过程中秧苗糖代谢反应敏感,氮代谢相对稳定,糖氮比在严重超秧龄时大幅下降。床土肥力显著影响超秧龄秧苗生长,高培肥水平下的秧苗茎基粗没有显著变化,但苗高迅速增加,单位苗高干重大幅降低,地下部生长较低培肥处理更弱,根数和根长较低,根系活力下降迅速,根冠比与低培肥处理相比大幅减小。床土培肥水平对秧苗的碳氮代谢影响显著,高培肥处理的超龄秧苗营养状态更为劣化。以上结果表明,超秧龄阶段特别是在严重超秧龄阶段的秧苗生长,很大程度上取决于育秧阶段(适栽期)的育秧条件和生长状况,低培肥处理的秧苗在超秧龄生长中糖氮比能维持相对较高的水平,从而维持秧苗相对较好的营养状态。

水稻机插秧田间育秧秧苗素质影响因素研究

为明确影响机插育秧秧苗素质的因素,该文以镇稻6217为材料,研究了机插稻育秧中的播种量、秧田水分管理及施用旱秧壮秧剂对秧苗素质的影响。结果表明:播种量较低时,秧苗个体性状优势明显,但盘根性差,不利于起秧机插;播量过高时,秧苗素质弱,不利于机插后的返青活棵。水分运筹中,旱育较水育更有利于健壮秧的形成,同时有助于延长秧龄、增加秧龄弹性。施用旱秧壮秧剂在短期内可起到培肥的效果,但用量不宜超过1%。

水稻钵苗对辊式拔秧机构

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