Estimating daily actual evapotranspiration of a rice–wheat rotation system in typical farmland in the Huai River Basin using a two-step model and two one-step models

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of three models for estimating daily evapotranspiration(ET) by employing flux observation data from three years(2007, 2008 and 2009) during the growing seasons of winter wheat and rice crops cultivated in a farmland ecosystem(Shouxian County) located in the Huai River Basin(HRB), China. The first model is a two-step model(PM-Kc);the other two are one-step models(e.g., Rana-Katerji(R-K) and advection-aridity(AA)). The results showed that the energy closure degrees of eddy covariance(EC) data during winter wheat and rice-growing seasons were reasonable in the HRB, with values ranging from 0.84 to 0.91 and R2 of approximately 0.80. Daily ET of winter wheat showed a slow decreasing trend followed by a rapid increase, while that of rice presented a decreasing trend after an increase. After calibrating the crop coefficient(Kc), the PM–Kc model performed better than the model using the Kc recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO). The calibrated key parameters of the R-K model and AA model showed better universality. After calibration, the simulation performance of the PM-Kc model was satisfactory. Both the R-K model and AA model underestimated the daily ET of winter wheat and rice. Compared with that of the R-K model, the simulation result of the AA model was better, especially in the simulation of daily ET of rice. Overall, this research highlighted the consistency of the PM-Kc model to estimate the water demand for rice and wheat crops in the HRB and in similar climatic regions in the world.

Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Rice-Wheat Rotation as Affected by Crop Residue Incorporation and Temperature

Field measurements were made from June 2001 to May 2002 to evaluate the effect of crop residue application and temperature on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions within an entire rice-wheat rotation season. Rapeseed cake and wheat straw were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 2.25 t hm(-2) when the rice crop was transplanted in June 2001. Compared with the control, the incorporation of rapeseed cake enhanced the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the rice-growing season by 12.3%, 252.3%, and 17.5%, respectively, while no further effect was held on the emissions of CO2 and N2O in the following wheat-growing season. The incorporation of wheat straw enhanced the emissions of CO2 and CH4 by 7.1% and 249.6%, respectively, but reduced the N2O emission by 18.8% in the rice-growing season. Significant reductions of 17.8% for the CO2 and of 12.9% for the N2O emission were observed in the following wheat-growing season. A positive correlation existed between the emissions of N2O and CO2 (R-2 = 0.445, n = 73,p < 0.001) from the rice-growing season when N2O was emitted. A trade-off relationship between the emissions of CH4 and N2O was found in the rice-growing season. The CH4 emission was significantly correlated with the CO2 emission for the period from rice transplantation to field drainage, but not for the entire rice-growing season. In addition, air temperature was found to regulate the CO2 emissions from the non-waterlogged period over the entire rice-wheat rotation season and the N2O emissions from the nonwaterlogged period of the rice-growing season, which can be quantitatively described by an exponential function. The temperature coefficient (Q(10)) was then evaluated to be 2.3+/-0.2 for the CO2 emission and 3.9+/-0.4 for the N2O emission, respectively.

A Field Study on Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Modes on Nutrient Uptake,Crop Yield and Soil Biological Properties in Rice-Wheat Rotation System

Rational application of nitrogen （N） fertilizers is an important measure to raise N fertilizer recovery rate and reduce N loss.A two-year field experiment of rice-wheat rotation was employed to study the effects of N fertilization modes including a N fertilizer reduction and an organic manure replacement on crop yield,nutrient uptake,soil enzyme activity,and number of microbes as well as diversity of microbes.The result showed that 20% reduction of traditional N fertilizer dose of local farmers did not significantly change crop yield,N uptake,soil enzyme activity,and the number of microbes （bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi）.On the basis of 20% reduction of N fertilizer,50% replacement of N fertilizer by organic manure increased the activity of sucrose,protease,urease,and phosphatase by 46-62,27-89,33-46,and 35-74%,respectively,and the number of microbes,i.e.,bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi by 36-150,11-153,and 43-56%,respectively.Further,organic fertilizer replacement had a Shannon＇s diversity index （H） of 2.18,which was higher than that of other modes of single N fertilizer application.The results suggested that reducing N fertilizer by 20% and applying organic manure in the experimental areas could effectively lower the production costs and significantly improve soil fertility and biological properties.

Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Carbon Exchange over a Rice–Wheat Rotation System on the North China Plain

Rice-wheat （R-W） rotation systems are ubiquitous in South and East Asia, and play an important role in modulating the carbon cycle and climate. Long-term, continuous flux measurements help in better understanding the seasonal and interannual variation of the carbon budget over R-W rotation systems. In this study, measurements of CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables over an R-W rotation system on the North China Plain from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed. To analyze the abiotic factors regulating Net Ecosystem Exchange （NEE）, NEE was partitioned into gross primary production （GPP） and ecosystem respiration. Nighttime NEE or ecosystem respiration was controlled primarily by soil temperature, while daytime NEE was mainly determined by photosythetically active radiation （PAR）. The responses of nighttime NEE to soil temperature and daytime NEE to light were closely associated with crop development and photosynthetic activity, respectively. Moreover, the interannual variation in GPP and NEE mainly depended on precipitation and PAR. Overall, NEE was negative on the annual scale and the rotation system behaved as a carbon sink of 982 g C m 2 per year over the three years. The winter wheat field took up more CO2 than the rice paddy during the longer growing season, while the daily NEE for wheat and rice were -2.35 and -3.96 g C m-2, respectively. After the grain harvest was subtracted from the NEE, the winter wheat field became a moderately strong carbon sink of 251-334 g C m-2 per season, whereas the rice paddy switched to a weak carbon sink of 107-132 per season.

A Brief Study on pH, Exchangeable Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺in Farmlands under Tobacco-Rice Rotation in Xuancheng City of South Anhui

pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of soil can influence the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. Xuancheng city is the dominant tobacco-planting region in Anhui province since 2008. A general soil survey was conducted in Xuancheng city to understand the current situations of pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ of farmlands under tobacco-rice rotation and to decide whether continuous applying dolomite powders to abate soil acidification. In total 124 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from the typical farmlands and soil pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were measured. The results showed that soil pH and Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Xuancheng city were generally in the suitable grades, pH ranged from 4.56 to 8.42 with an average of 5.87, exchangeable Ca2+ ranged from 1.01 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1 to 100.55 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1 with an average of 11.07 cmol(1/2Ca2+) kg-1, and exchangeable Mg2+ ranged from 0.14 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1 to 2.86 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1 with an average of 0.81 cmol(1/2Mg2+) kg-1, all spanned from the low grades to the high grades. To the whole Xuancheng city, 37.10%, 62.10% and 72.58% of the surveyed farmlands were in the low grades of pH, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+, respectively, while 52.42%, 25.00% and 20.97% of the farmlands were in the suitable grades, respectively. pH had an extremely significantly positive Napierian logarithm correlation with exchangeable Ca2+ and an extremely significantly positive power correlation with exchangeable Mg2+. In total about 338.2 kg·hm-2 of Ca2+ and 202.4 kg·hm-2 of Mg2+ are annually input into the farmlands, while about 110.4 kg·hm-2 of Ca2+ and 7.4 kg·hm-2 of Mg2+ are annually moved out from the farmlands, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were annually increased by 225.2 kg·hm-2 and 187.6 kg·hm-2 in the farmlands, respectively. It is necessary to monitor the farmlands dynamically in order to decide whether continuous applying dolomite powders which should be dependent upon the specific conditions of individual farmlands.

A Process-based Model of N_2O Emission from a Rice-Winter Wheat Rotation Agro-Ecosystem:Structure,Validation and Sensitivity

In order to numerically simulate daily nitrous oxide （N2O） emission from a rice-winter wheat rotation cropping system, a process-based site model was developed （referred to as IAP-N-GAS） to track the movement and transformation of several forms of nitrogen in the agro-eeosystem, which is affected by climate, soil, crop growth and management practices. The simulation of daily N2O fluxes, along with key daily environmental variables, was validated with three-year observations conducted in East China. The validation demonstrated that the model simulated well daily solar radiation, soil temperature and moisture, and also captured the dynamics and magnitude of accumulated rice aboveground biomass and mineral nitrogen in the soil. The simulated daily N2O emissions over all three years investigated were generally in good agreement with field observations. Particularly well simulated were the peak N2O emissions induced by fertilizations, rainfall events or mid-season drainages. The model simulation also represented closely the inter-annuM variation in N2O emission. These validations imply that the model has the capability to capture the general characteristics of N2O emission from a typical rice-wheat rotation agro-ecosystem. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the simulated N2O emission is most sensitive to the fertilizer application rate and the soil organic matter content, but it is much less sensitive to variations in soil pH and texture, temperature, precipitation and crop residue incorporation rate under local conditions.

Yield Gap Analysis of Wheat in Rice-wheat Rotation Regions of Anhui Province,China

The present study was planned to analyze the yield gap of wheat and its production constraints in order to explore the approaches for narrowing the yield gap of wheat in different wheat-rice rotation regions of Anhui Province. The production status and limiting factors of wheat in three rice-wheat rotation regions which are named Region Ⅰ,Region Ⅱ and Region Ⅲ were surveyed by using participatory rural appraisal method. The personnel,who were engaged in wheat production in rice-wheat rotation regions of Anhui Province,mainly ageing from 41 to 60,accounted for 79% of the total personnel in the regions. There were significant differences in yield of wheat which was planted after rice in Anhui. The yield was ranging from 8 907. 00 to 2 700. 00 kg/ha from north to south with an average of 4 978. 5 kg/ha,and the rank of overall average yields at province level was Region Ⅰ( 5 685. 60 kg/ha) > Region Ⅱ( 5 600. 10 kg/ha) > Region Ⅲ( 3 048. 60 kg/ha). The average yield gap of wheat in wheat-rice rotation regions at province level was up to 2 637. 00 kg/ha,and the extreme yield gaps per hectare in the same region were 2 778. 00 kg( Region Ⅰ),2 502. 00 kg( Region Ⅱ) and 1 575. 00 kg( Region Ⅲ) respectively. The objective constraints were Fusarium head blight and pre-harvest sprouting;the subjective constraints were variety selection and layout,poor sowing quality and low seedling quality;social constraints were high cost,low market price and poor efficiency;and ecological constraints were poor soil texture,soil infertility and poor water-and-fertilizer retention. The yield gap of wheat in rice-wheat rotation regions can be effectively reduced by improving yield potential of low-and-medium-yielding fields. Selecting appropriate wheat varieties and layout,constructing disease forecast system,improving agricultural machinery and social service organizations of plant protection,and strengthening scientific training as well as technological training of new agricultural operators and agricultural machinery technicians are the core means to narrowing the yield gap of wheat in rice-wheat rotation regions at province scale.

Increasing the appropriate seedling density for higher yield in dry direct-seeded rice sown by a multifunctional seeder after wheatstraw return

Dry direct-seeded rice(DDR) sown using a multifunctional seeder that performs synchronous rotary tillage and sowing has received increased attention because it is highly efficient,relatively cheap,and environmentally friendly.However,this method of rice production may produce lower yields in a rice–wheat rotation system because of its poor seedling establishment.To address this problem,we performed field experiments to determine the rice yield at five seedling density levels(B1,B2,B3,B4,and B5=100,190,280,370,and 460 seedlings m-2,respectively) and clarify the physiological basis of yield formation.We selected a representative high-quality rice variety and a multifunctional seeder that used in a typical rice–wheat rotation area in 2016 and 2018.The proportion of main stem panicle increased with increasing seedling density.There was a parabolic relationship between yield and seedling density,and the maximum yield(9.34-9.47 t ha-1) was obtained under B3.The maximum yield was associated with a higher total spikelet number m-2 and greater biomass accumulation from heading to maturity.The higher total spikelet number m-2 under B3 was attributed to an increase in panicle number m-2 compared with B1 and B2.Although the panicle numbers also increased under B4 and B5,these increases were insufficient to compensate for the reduced spikelet numbers per panicle.Lower biomass,smaller leaf area,and lower N uptake per plant from the stem elongation stage to the heading stage were partially responsible for the smaller panicle size at higher seedling density levels such as B5.The higher biomass accumulation under B3 was ascribed to the increases in the photosynthetic rate of the top three leaves m-2 of land,crop growth rate,net assimilation rate,and leaf area index.Furthermore,the B3 rice population was marked by a higher grain–leaf ratio,as well as a lower export ratio and transport ratio of biomass per stem-sheath.A quadratic function predicted that 260-290 seedlings m-2 is the optimum seedling density for achieving maximum yield.Together,these results suggested that appropriately increasing the seedling density,and thereby increasing the proportion of panicles formed by the main stem,is an effective approach for obtaining a higher yield in DDR sown using a multifunctional seeder in a rice–wheat rotation system.

Composition of Wheat Rhizosphere Antagonistic Bacteria and Wheat Sharp Eyespot as Affected by Rice Straw Mulching

To assess the effect of rice straw mulching on changes of antagonistic bacteria and the incidence of wheat sharp eyespot, a multi-year field study was performed to compare unmulched plots and the plots mulched with rice straw for two or three years. Bacterial and fungal populations were evaluated in the cultures prepared from the wheat rhizosphere and bulk soils. Rice straw mulching increased the number of pseudomonas colony forming units in wheat rhizosphere and bulk soils. The proportion of total bacteria that were fluorescent pseudomonads was higher in mulched than in unmulched soil. Bacterial isolates antagonistic to Rhizoctonia cerealis were identified using an inhibition zone test. A series of these isolates were typed by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Pseudomonads had higher antagonistic activity against R. cerealis than other species, and more than 80% of rhizosphere fluorescent pseudomonads were antagonistic to R. cerealis. The disease indices were lower in the mulched plots than in the unmulched control. These results suggest that rice straw mulching in a rice-wheat rotation increases the number of fluorescent pseudomonads. Additionally, these fluorescent pseudomonads may contribute to the control of wheat sharp eyespot.

Experiences and Research Perspectives on Sustainable Development of Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems in the Chengdu Plain, China

The rice and wheat cropping pattern is one of the main cropping systems in the world. A large number of research results showed that successive cropping of rice and wheat resulted in a series of problems such as hindering nutrition absorption, gradual degeneration of soil fertility, decline of soil organic matter, and increased incidence of diseases and pests. In China, especially in the Chengdu plain where rice-wheat cropping system is practiced, productivity and soil fertility was enhanced and sustained. This paper reviews the relevant data and experiences on rice-wheat cropping in the Chengdu Plain from 1977 to 2006. The principal sustainable strategies used for rice-wheat cropping systems in Chengdu Plain included： 1） creating a favorable environment and viable rotations; 2） balanced fertilization for maintenance of sustainable soil productivity; 3） improvement of crop management for higher efficiency; and 4） use the newest cultivars and cultivation techniques to upgrade the production level. Future research is also discussed in the paper as： 1） the constant topic： a highly productive and efficient rice-wheat cropping system for sustainable growth; 2） the future trend： simplified cultivation techniques for the rice-wheat cropping system; 3） the foundation： basic research for continuous innovation needed for intensive cropping. It is concluded that in the rice-wheat cropping system, a scientific and reasonable tillage/cultivation method can not only avoid the degradation of soil productivity, but also maintain sustainable growth in the long run.

江汉平原典型种植模式稻田土壤中农药残留特征

在江汉平原中稻-油菜/小麦轮作田、一季中稻田及再生稻田3种种植模式稻田采集土壤样品86个。调查了土壤样品中滴滴涕(DDTs,包括o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDD)、六六六(HCHs,包括α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH)、甲胺磷、甲基对硫磷、氧乐果、乐果、敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱、氯虫苯甲酰胺、吡蚜酮、吡虫啉、啶虫脒、三环唑、戊唑醇、氰氟草酯、二氯喹啉酸、乙草胺及异丙甲草胺等25种农药及其代谢产物的残留。结果表明,检出率最高的3种农药为当前常用杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺(87.21%),杀菌剂三环唑(91.86%)及戊唑醇(72.09%),其残留均值分别为0.0397、0.0734 mg/kg及0.0276 mg/kg;已经禁用的有机氯农药滴滴涕(o,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDT、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDD)仍能检出,检出率为36.05%~66.28%。3种模式田块中检出的滴滴涕主要来源于历史上滴滴涕的使用。杀虫剂吡蚜酮及杀菌剂三环唑在再生稻田的残留量均值显著高于中稻-油菜/小麦轮作田及一季中稻田;但其他农药在不同种植模式稻田中的残留没有显著差异。本研究为江汉平原农药残留的治理及农药的合理使用提供了参考信息。

稻麦轮作高标准农田控制排水对排水与氮素输出削减效果模拟

稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设中,通过加深排水沟提高麦作期农田排水降渍能力的同时,加大稻作期农田排水输出,不仅降低了水资源利用效率,而且加重了接纳水体的污染。本文基于江苏省扬州市沿运灌区稻麦轮作农田排水水文水质过程的监测结果,利用田间水文模型(DRAINMOD)模拟了长序列气象条件下,灌区提高农田降渍能力对稻田排水、氮素流失及灌溉需求的负面影响以及控制排水措施的积极效果。结果表明,在节水灌溉模式下,研究区排水沟深度由现状的60 cm加深至120 cm,排水间距由120 m加密至20 m时,稻作期排水量与总氮(TN)输出负荷增加9.0%~22.2%、氨氮(NH_(3)-N)输出负荷增加4.0%~16.8%、灌溉用水量增加9.6%~23.4%。若结合田间管理要求,实施控制排水则可有效缓解提高农田降渍能力造成的负面影响;当排水沟深为120 cm,间距为120~20 m时,稻作期控制排水可使排水量和TN输出负荷减少19.3%~35.3%、NH_(3)-N输出负荷减少7.6%~27.2%、灌溉用水量减少22.9%~40.0%。由于控制排水降低了地下排水梯度,相较于传统排水,农沟从60 cm加深至120 cm时,地下排水平均占比降至50.7%,灌溉用水量相应减少。综上,稻麦轮作农田控制排水具有显著的节水减排作用,可有效降低高标准农田建设中提高降渍能力所产生的负面影响。研究成果可为稻麦轮作区高标准农田建设与水环境保护提供理论依据与技术支撑。

湖北襄阳地区水稻落粒、杆枯等不正常生长现象的解析

襄阳地区是湖北省重要的粮仓地,稻-麦轮作是当地主要的栽培模式。农户多年自留种后水稻生产上出现落粒和穗腐,为了探讨引起水稻不良生长的原因,进行现场取样和调查分析。采用形态特征观察以及分子生物学鉴定,以市场所购‘黄华占’作对照、经41对水稻分子特异性标记检测,以及使用生长速率法测定化学药剂对分离到的病原菌的毒力。结果表明:病样分离获得4种致病菌,分别为稻黑孢菌、层出镰孢菌、木贼镰孢菌和禾谷镰孢菌;显示农户连续6年自留的‘黄华占’种子未发生变异,连续6年自留的稻种播于免耕田中,所获的稻谷有12个指纹不同于对照,表明自留6年的‘黄华占’稻种在田间生长中出现变异;70%唑醚·丙森锌WG和23%醚菌·氟环唑SC对致病菌的生长均有抑制作用。多年连续留种会引起稻种生命力衰减,导致田间水稻长势衰弱,易遭受病害侵袭,出现异常生长现象。正确用种、科学管理及适期药剂防治是保障水稻安全生产的重要举措。

平原河网地区稻麦轮作农田排水与氮素流失特征研究

长江下游稻麦轮作区农田排水是区域面源污染的主要来源,明确农田排水与氮素流失特征对于区域农业生产可持续发展与生态环境保护具有重要意义。现有稻麦轮作农田排水与氮素流失研究中,一般采用农田测筒观测地表径流与深层渗漏量来估算农田氮素流失量,这与农田土壤水分与氮素主要通过侧向径流进入农田排水系统的实际情况存在偏差。本文基于4年的大田监测数据,运用田间水文水质模型DRAINMOD-NⅡ,模拟研究了不同气象条件下稻麦轮作农田排水与氮素流失规律。结果表明,稻麦轮作周年内,由排水造成的氮素流失量多年平均值为28.4 kg/hm^(2),占施肥量的6.0%,其中大部分集中在稻季,平均为25.6 kg/hm^(2),麦季氮素流失量仅为2.8 kg/hm^(2)。与现有文献报道值相比,本文模拟得出的排水总量高35.4%,氮素流失总量则低44.6%;差异主要来自麦作期,文献报道平均值(31.8 kg/hm^(2))是本文的11倍,估算方法不同可能是造成这一差异大的主要原因。结合降雨规律分析发现,农田排水量和氮素流失量与降雨变化关系显著(决定系数R^(2)>0.56),三者相对增量的变化规律几乎一致;在降雨频率为20%~80%的年份内,氮素流失量相对稳定,维持在均值的0.8~1.2倍之间;只有在重现期大于5年的干旱或湿润年份,氮素流失量才会出现较大变化。因此,通过排灌控制措施稳定农田水文过程是有效控制农田排水氮素流失的关键。

水稻生长季CO_(2)通量的时间动态和影响因子研究

为了明确长三角地区稻麦轮作生态系统中水稻生长季CO_(2)通量的多时间尺度变化特征,量化环境因子对农田CO_(2)通量变化的贡献度,拆分环境因子的直接影响和间接影响,该研究利用涡度相关观测系统进行了2年CO_(2)通量的连续观测,分析了辐射类、温度类、水汽类和风速对CO_(2)通量的影响。结果表明:稻麦轮作生态系统在水稻生长季是一个二氧化碳汇,2020、2021年水稻生长季的总固碳量分别为396.3、491.9 g/m^(2)(以C计);CO_(2)通量也有明显的日变化,呈现出“U形”和“V型”的单峰曲线,吸收峰值出现在第200~250天。在不同时间尺度上,影响CO_(2)通量的主控因子始终是光合有效辐射;但随时间尺度的增加,各个因子贡献度的差异逐渐减小。饱和水汽压差也是影响CO_(2)通量的重要因子,它与光合有效辐射的交互作用会抑制彼此对CO_(2)通量的直接贡献。

太湖地区稻麦轮作系统有机氮肥替代率的演变特征及其影响因素

有机肥替代化肥是化肥减量的关键措施。本研究的主要目标是明确太湖地区稻麦轮作体系中有机氮肥替代率的主要限制因素,为提高有机氮肥替代率提供理论基础。依托40 a长期定位观测试验,分别选择不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)和单施有机肥(OM)3个处理,研究有机氮肥替代率与土壤碳氮关系。其中,化肥采用尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾,年均施氮225~300 kg/hm^(2),年均施磷(P2O5)119.4 kg/hm^(2),年均施钾(K2O)179.1 kg/hm^(2);有机肥采用猪粪和菜籽饼,年均折合施氮103.1 kg/hm^(2),折合施磷(P2O5)82.7 kg/hm^(2),折合施钾(K2O)70.1 kg/hm^(2)。测定指标包括土壤有机碳、总氮,计算有机氮肥替代率和土壤碳氮比。结果表明,长期施肥提高了土壤有机碳水平,OM、NPK和CK处理土壤有机碳含量可用米氏方程拟合,且前10 a内快速累积、后30 a趋近平衡,平均含量分别为16.8、15.8、15.1 g/kg。长期施肥处理线性提高了土壤总氮含量,OM、NPK和CK处理土壤平均总氮含量分别为1.71、1.64、1.47 g/kg。有机氮肥替代率的时序演变可用分段线性模型拟合,有机氮肥替代率前期略降低后期增加,稻麦两季有机氮肥替代率的时间拐点分别出现在第11年和第15.5年。线性回归分析表明,有机氮肥替代率与土壤总有机碳无显著关系,但与土壤总氮和碳氮比显著线性相关。在太湖地区稻麦轮作系统中,长期施用有机肥可有效提高土壤碳氮库容,具有较高水平土壤有机碳(>17.0 g/kg)是提升有机氮肥替代率的前提,但在有机碳趋近饱和后,土壤总氮和碳氮比是限制有机氮肥替代率提升的主要因素。

稻麦轮作农田近地层湍流通量计算方案对比研究

稻麦轮作农田是我国典型农田类型,其模拟效果对我国农田气候模拟具有重要参考价值。气候中尺度模拟结果对近地层通量极为敏感,选择合适的通量计算方案对模拟效果至关重要。因此,对比分析稻麦轮作农田下不同的通量计算方案具有重要意义。本文选取了8种具有代表性的近地层湍流通量计算方案,采用寿县国家气候观象台实测资料对比分析了各方案在稻麦轮作农田的计算特征和差异。结果表明,在不同稳定度和不同风速情况下,各方案的误差特征各异。本文基于归一化标准差综合评价了各方案的准确度,总体而言,所有方案的动量通量总体平均归一化平均差为0.536,其中SS14(Sharan和Srivastava, 2014年)方案最大为0.575,SS20(Sharan和Srivastava等,2020年)方案最小为0.517;所有方案的感热通量总体平均归一化标准差为0.638,其中GLGS20(Gryanik等,2020年)方案最大为0.871,SS14方案最小为0.476。此外,本研究还给出了稻麦轮作农田不同稳定层结和不同风速情况下各通量计算方案的误差特征。本文的研究结论,可为准确计算近地层湍流通量提供支撑。

有机肥等氮量替代化肥对稻麦轮作水稻土有机碳矿化特征的影响

采用大田试验和室内培养试验相结合的方法,研究有机肥等氮量替代化学氮肥对稻麦轮作模式下土壤有机碳赋存转化及功能酶活性的影响。结果表明:连续3年有机肥等氮量替代化学氮肥后土壤有机碳含量提高2.0%~17.5%,全氮含量提高1.4%~30.5%。替代10%最有利于提升>2.00和<0.053 mm团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,替代40%最有利于提升0.25~2.00和0.053~0.25 mm团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量。有机肥等氮量替代化学氮肥各处理土壤有机碳矿化速率整体上高于仅施化学氮肥处理,其中替代30%、40%最有利于提升土壤有机碳累积矿化量,前者也最有利于提升土壤有机碳矿化率。有机肥等氮量替代化学氮肥处理会导致土壤外切-β-1,4-葡聚糖酶/纤维二糖苷酶(S-C1酶)活性下降,替代20%最有利于提升土壤蔗糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,替代50%最有利于提升土壤酸性磷酸酶活性。综上,有机肥等氮量替代化学氮肥可显著提高土壤0.025~2.00和>2.00 mm团聚体碳氮含量,土壤有机碳含量与土壤全氮含量以及β-葡萄糖苷酶与土壤蔗糖酶呈显著正相关,替代20%有利于土壤有机碳矿化,替代40%有利于土壤碳固定。

Effects of Land Management Practices on Labile Organic Carbon Fractions in Rice Cultivation

A research trial with four land management practices, i.e., traditional tillage-fallow (TTF), traditional tillage-wheat (TTW), conservation tillage-fallow (CTF) and conservation tillage-wheat (CTW), was sampled in the 15th year after its establishment to assess the effects of different management practices on labile organic carbon fractions (LOCFs), such as easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in a typical paddy soil, Chongqing, Southwest China. The results indicated that LOCFs were significantly influenced by the combination of no-tillage, ridge culture and crop rotation. And, different combination patterns showed different effectiveness on soil LOCFs. The effects of no-tillage, ridge culture and wheat cultivation on EOC, DOC, POC and MBC mainly happened at 0-10cm. At this depth, soil under CTW had higher EOC, DOC, POC and MBC contents, compared to TTF, TTW and CTF, respectively. Moreover, the contents of LOCFs for different practices generally decreased when the soil depth increased. Our findings suggest that the paddy soil in Southwest China could be managed to concentrate greater quantities of EOC, DOC, POC and MBC.

栽培模式对稻茬小麦籽粒产量、氮素吸收利用和群体质量的影响

【目的】为稻茬小麦优质、高产、高效协同栽培提供理论与技术支撑。【方法】2017—2018和2018—2019年在江苏苏北的睢宁和苏中的邗江与仪征,分别设置传统(TCP)、高产(HCP)、节肥(RFCP)和节肥增密(IDCP)4种栽培模式,研究不同模式间籽粒蛋白质含量、产量、氮效率、经济效益的差异,明确高产、高效模式及其产量构成、群体质量和氮素吸收转运特征,探明产量、氮效率与农艺生理性状间关系,进而揭示高产高效协同实现途径。【结果】受年度和地点间生态条件差异的影响,栽培模式对籽粒产量、经济净效益、氮效率的影响不尽相同。不同栽培模式下籽粒蛋白质含量均>12.5%,其中HCP和RFCP下达13%—14%。2018年度,籽粒产量和经济净效益均以IDCP最高,较TCP分别提高31.5%—33.5%和104.4%—239.1%,其次为HCP和RFCP。2019年度,籽粒产量以HCP最高,较TCP提高8.1%—13.2%,其次为RFCP和IDCP;此外,IDCP因施肥少,较TCP稳定或增加了经济净效益。可见,TCP相对低产、低效益、低氮效率;HCP可稳定高产,且蛋白质含量高;IDCP最具高产、高效益、氮高效潜力,但蛋白质含量偏低。高产均是通过在获得高穗数基础上提高单穗产量来实现,但HCP主要提升每穗粒数而IDCP依赖于高粒重。HCP主要通过高茎蘖成穗率,IDCP则是协同高的茎蘖数和茎蘖成穗率,实现高穗数。高产群体的冬前茎蘖数/最终穗数存在适宜范围,在0.9—1.1。此外,相对高产的模式均可在维持高花后绿叶光合面积基础上协同提高绿叶净光合速率,实现扩源基础上高水平协调源库关系。高氮肥利用效率的实现关键是较高氮素生理利用效率基础上提高氮素吸收效率。HCP群体生育前期积累氮素少、中后期吸收能力逐渐增强、转运量多;而IDCP群体在生育中前期吸收能力强、转运量足。分析不同生态条件和栽培模式下籽粒产量、氮肥利用效率与农艺生理性状间关系,发现提高群体茎蘖成穗率有助于维持灌浆期较高的单茎光合面积和光合速率,进而增加单穗和群体籽粒产量;还可促进花前氮素吸收能力、增加氮素转运量,提升氮肥利用效率。【结论】稻茬小麦高产高效协同途径是在获得充足穗数基础上,攻大穗,重点是增粒重;构建数量足、质量高的群体,越冬前群体茎蘖数满足预期穗数、重点提高茎蘖成穗率,花前高效吸收氮素、提升转运水平,花后维持较高单茎光合面积和强度、提升灌浆水平。实现高产高效栽培,技术上应强调“适量增密、适度减肥、前氮后移、精准施肥”。