Growth of tandem long-mat rice seedlings using controlled release fertilizers:Mechanical transplantation can be more economical and high yielding

The traditional soil-based rice seedling production methods for mechanical transplanting are resource-intensive,time consuming and laborious.The improvement and optimization of nutrient management in soil-less nursery raising methods like tandem long-mat seedlings(TLMS)are necessary for the resource-efficient cultivation of rice.In the present study,a controlled-release fertilizer(CRF)-polymer-coated compound fertilizer with 3 months release period(PCCF-3M)was applied as seedling fertilizer(SF),and five different dosages of SF(SF-0,SF-10,SF-20,SF-30,and SF-40)were compared with an organic substrate as the control(CK).Among all SF treatments,the best results were obtained with the application of 20 g/tray of SF(SF-20),as the seedling quality and machine transplanting quality were comparable to those of CK.In contrast,the lower dosages(SF-0 and SF-10)resulted in low nitrogen content and reduced shoot growth,while the higher dosages(SF-30 and SF-40)resulted in toxicity(increased malondialdehyde accumulation)and inhibited the root growth.Similarly,SF-20 increased panicle number(5.6-7.0%)and yield(4.3-5.3%)compared with CK,which might be related to the remaining SF entangled in the roots supporting the tiller growth of rice seedlings in the field.Moreover,SF-20 reduced the seedling block weight(53.1%)and cost of seedling production(23.5%)but increased the gross margin,indicating that it was easy to handle and economical.Taken together,our results indicate that SF-20 is a cost-effective way to promote the growth and transplanting efficiency of rice seedlings.To our knowledge,this study is the first to determine the optimum dosage of CRF for the soil-less production of rice seedlings.

Effects of Seed Rate on Root Twining Power and Seedling Quality of Machine-transplanted Super Rice

In order to investigate the effects of seed rate on root twining power and seedling quality of machine-transplanted super rice cultivars, Yongyou 12 and Zhongzheyou No.l, total 6 seed rates were arranged, and the growth characteris- tics, quality and root twining power of machine-transplanted rice seedlings were studied. The results showed that seed rate had great effects on root twining power and qualityof rice seedlings; with the increase of seed rate, the root twining power of rice seedlings was increased, but the quality of rice seedlings was significantly reduced; under the condition of high seed rate, rice seedlings were weak with less accumulate dry matter and nonuniform growth, and the proportion of weak seedlings was higher. When the seed rate of both rice cultivars was reduced by 10 g/tray, the average seedling height was increased by 0.5 cm, leaf age was increased by 0.1, stem base diameter was increased by 0.1 cm, and root number per plant was increased by 0.3. When the seed rate was increased by 10 g/tray, the accumulated dry matter per plant was reduced by 5.1 mg. With the increase of seed rate, the seedling quality of Zhongzheyou No.1 was decreased rapidly, and the proportion of weak seedlings was increased rapidly. However, Yongyou 12 has a larger elasticity in seed rate. When the seed rate reached to 50 g/tray, blanket seedlings of Yongy- ou 12 were nursed with uniform growth and higher quality, but the shoots were sparse with lower leaf area index. However, when the seed rate was up to 50 g/tray, blanket seedlings of Zhongzheyou No.1 were nursed with uniform growth and higher quality, as well as higher-density shoots. From a comprehensive point of view, the optimum seed rates of Yongyou 12 and Zhongzheyou No.1 were 65 and 50 g/tray, respectively.

Study on Seedling Quality of Double-cropping Late Rice Sowed at Different Dates in Guangdong

[Objective] The aim was to study seedling quality of rice sowed at different dates so as to provide theoretical basis for determining the best seeding time.[Method] By investigating the characters of shoot and root of different varieties sowed at different dates,the best seeding time of double-cropping late rice was determined.[Result] The first leaf sheath height and the second leaf length shared significantly positive correlation,which fit the quadratic equation well.The effects of different sowing dates on shoot and root of three rice varieties appeared significant difference.[Conclusion] The best seeding time of Tianyou428 was in June 25-July 2 and that of Tianyou998 and Yuxiangyouzhan was in July 2-9.

Effects of soilless substrates on seedling quality and the growth of transplanted super japonica rice

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soilless substrates of hydroponically grown long-mat seedlings （HLMS） on seedling quality and field growth characteristics of transplanted super japonica rice. A widely grown conventional super japonica rice cultivar （Wuyunjing 23） was selected as the test material. The effect of HLMS on seedling quality, mechanical transplantation quality, field growth characteristics, yield, and benefit-cost ratio were compared with seedlings grown in organic substrates and traditional nutritive soil, whJch was selected as the control. Root number, root twJstJng power and root activity of seedlings cultivated by HLMS were decreased compared to that of the organic substrates andcontrol. However, seedling root length as well as aboveground growth were increased compared to the organic substrates and control seed- lings. In the HLMS, the content of gibberellin acid （GA3） decreased while abscisic acid （ABA） content increased compared to that of the organic substrates and control seedlings. During the early stages after transplanting, the re-greening of HLMS was delayed compared to that of the organic substrates and control seedlings. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in tiller dynamics and crop yield among the HLMS, organic substrates and control treatments. The effects of HLMS on seedling production were similar to those of the organic substrates and traditional nutritive soil in the present study, suggesting that HLMS have the potential to replace traditional nutritive soil in seedling production without decreasing crop yield. Finally, it is important to reduce organic substrates and topsoil dependence during rice seedling production and worthwhile to consider HLMS popularization and its application on a larger scale.

EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT ON DRY NURSERY SEEDLING QUALITY OF LATE DOUBLE CROPPING RICE IN SOUTH CHINA

In the present paper, an experiment was conducted to study the effects of soil moisture content on dry nursery seedling quality in Guangzhou in 1995. Through comparing the difference of dry nursery seedlings and wet nursery seedlings, we found a close relationship between soil moisture content and seedling growth. The seedling emergence of dry nursery seedling was more even, tidy and faster, and the survival rate was higher than that of wet nursery seedling. Dry nursery seedlings had small plant stature, slow leaf stretching speed and low individual seedling dry weight, but had high dry/fresh weight ratio. This was abeneficial factor for seedlings to recover from transplanting shock more quickly. As com-pared with the wet nursery seedlings, dry nursery seedlings had poor rooting ability,but had more vigorous white roots and fewer rust roots. It was the possibly important reasonfor dry nursery seedlings to form strong“explosive force”.

Effects of Different Seedling Raising Substrates on Quality of Rice Seedlings

Five different seedling raising substrates were used to take the place of the nutrient soil to cultivate rice seedling mechanical transplanting in Anqing,Anhui Province.The emergence rate,survival rate,quality of aboveground parts of seedlings,root system and dry weight and fresh weight were surveyed and analyzed.The results showed that the rice seedling raising substrates could significantly improve the seedling quality and survival rate of mechanically transplanted seedlings,especially the seedling raising substrates produced by Anhui Province Lufu Agriculture Science and Technology Stock Co.,Ltd.and Anhui Anqing Yike Seedling Material Co.,Ltd.Finally,it is recommended to promote the seedling raising substrate in large area,to lay a solid foundation for realizing high yield,high quality,and high efficiency of rice.

Effects of SSA Dosages on Seedling Quality and Yield by Mechanical Transplanting

[Objective] The aim was to research the influence of gradient dosages of seedling-strengthening agent （SSA） on rice seedling quality and yield. [Method] The influence of four dosages of SSA on late rice seedling quality and yield was investi- gated, using Oryza sativa cv. Yongyou 9 and Huanghuazhan as test materials. [Re- sult] The results showed that applying SSA significantly increased several indexes of seedling quality including the leaf age, basal stem width and dry matter weight. In addition, SSA greatly increased the rice yield, mainly through influencing two yield component factors, effective panicle number and grain number per panicle. [Conclu- sion] SSA was beneficial to nurse strong seedling which satisfied mechanical trans- plant and improve yield. Considered both seedling quality and yield trait, the optimal SSA dosage is 50 g/m2 under this cultivating condition.

Effects of Organic Fertilizer Application Amount on Seedling Quality under No-tillage Semi-Solid State Direct Seeding

With early rice variety Zhongzao 39 as test material,this paper investigated the effects of organic fertilizer application rate on seedling quality under no-tillage semi-solid state direct seeding.The results showed that the seedling quality of no-tillage semi-solid direct seeding was better than that of traditional direct seeding,and different application rates of organic fertilizer under no-tillage semi-solid direct seeding also had signi ficant effects on seedling emergence rate,dry matter weight in ground and underground,stem base width,root activity,chlorophyll content and seedling growth index of rice seedlings.When the organic fertilizer dosage was A4(0.10∶1),it was most beneficial to the growth and development of rice seedlings under no-tillage semi-solid state direct seeding,it could effectively improve the quality of rice seedlings and enhance their resistances,the cultivated seedlings could lay a good foundation for high yield of rice in late stage.

Effects of Different Seed Coating Agents on the Quality of"Grey-matter"Hybrid Rice Seeds

[Objectives]This study was conducted to select suitable mixed seed coating agents for improving the quality of"grey-matter"hybrid rice seeds.[Methods]Three different mixed seed coating agents(A,B,C)were used to coat the seeds of two varieties(Taiyou 390 and Zhenliangyou 8612)of hybrid rice with different"grey-matter"content(5%,15%,25%),and the results were investigated and compared.[Results]The combinations of treatment B(seed coating agent A+Linong)and treatment C(Manshijin+seed coating agent A)could significantly improve indexes including seed germination potential,germination rate,seed vigor,seedling height,fibrous roots and fresh weight of the two varieties with a"grey-matter"content greater than 15%,but had no significant effects on main root length,dry weight,leaf number and tiller number,and the effects of treatment B was better than those of treatment C.That is to say,mixed seed coating agent B(seed coating agent A+Linong)was suitable for use as a seed coating agent to improve the quality of"grey-matter"seeds.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference plan for the safe use of mixed seed batches with"grey-matter"deterioration.

Effect of Seed-coating Agents on Rice Seeds with Dehiscent Glumes

In order to improve the utilization efficiency of hybrid rice seeds, the effects of seed-coating agents on hybrid rice seeds with dehiscent glumes were investigated. Total six kinds of seed-coating agents were selected, i.e., 20.5% imidacloprid ·prochloraz FS, 30.5% imidacloprid oprochloraz FS, 23.0% thiamethoxam · hymexazol·prochloraz FS, Ruisheng WS, Shileshi FS and Liangdun FS, and their effects of seeds of Longliangyou Huazhan and T You 272 were investigated. The results showed that when the percentage of glume-dehiscent seeds reached 10%, 20.5% imidacloprid .prochloraz significantly improved the germination rate of Longliangyou Huazhan, which was 4.33% higher than that in the control group, and the seedling rate of Longliangyou Huazhan remained unchanged; 30.5% imidacloprid. prochloraz did not improved the germination rate of T You 272, but improved its seedling rate, which was 7.66% higher than that in the control group. When the percentage of glume-dehiscent seeds reached 20%, 20.5% imidacloprid ·prochloraz and 30.5% imidacloprid.prochloraz improved the germination rate of T You 272 by 3.50% and 4.83%, respectively, and its seedling rate did not decline. In conclusion, seed-coating agents have certain repair effect on glume-dehiscent rice seeds; 20.5% imidacloprid ·prochloraz and 30.5% imidacloprid ·prochloraz could improve the efficiency of Longliangyou Huazhan and T You 272 with small amounts of glume-dehiscent seeds.

不同育苗方式对机插秧苗素质、栽插质量及水稻产量的影响

为探明常规育苗、托盘育苗和漂浮育苗3种方式对水稻育苗及大田生长的影响,以‘南粳9108’为供试材料,比较相同播量下3种方式所育秧苗素质差异及对栽插质量、大田生长和产量的影响。结果表明:3种育苗方式成苗率在71.7%-75.0%,其中漂浮育苗最高,三者的地上部性状无显著差异,但常规育苗根系数量及长度较托盘育苗和漂浮育苗分别增加21.4%、16.1%和3.3%、9.8%;漂浮育苗的空穴率和伤秧率分别为0.39%、0.78%,栽插质量最优;漂浮育苗分蘖高峰期分蘖数较托盘育苗和常规育苗分别增加9.8%和24.0%,但单株生物量积累有所降低;漂浮育秧最终成穗数较托盘育苗、常规育苗增加7.2%和8.1%,但每穗实粒数降低4.9%、4.6%,在最终产量上三者之间无显著差异。综合来看,3种育苗方式都可育出健壮秧苗,并且栽插质量、大田生长和产量表现良好,在生产上可根据实际情况进行选择。

不同光质配比的LED光源补光对水稻机插秧苗生长发育的影响

以甬优12和扬两优6号作为试验材料,育秧期间采用纯蓝LED光源、纯红LED光源及红蓝光质各50%配比光源补光,以自然光下育秧为对照,研究不同红蓝光质配比LED光源补光对水稻机插秧苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同光质配比的LED光源补光对水稻秧苗生长有显著影响。蓝光能够抑制幼苗株高,提高充实度和根冠比,在培育壮苗方面发挥重要作用。红光处理下的水稻幼苗茎和叶鞘显著伸长,秧苗生长进程加快。此外,参试2个品种经红蓝光处理后的幼苗叶龄显著提高。试验结果探明了使用LED补光处理对水稻幼苗形态的影响,为调控水稻工厂化育秧的光环境提供了科学依据。

不同浓度微生物菌剂蘸根对番茄幼苗质量的影响

以番茄品种爱绿士T147幼苗为试材,研究不同浓度微生物菌剂(侧孢短芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、胶冻样芽孢杆菌按照体积比7∶2∶1混配)蘸根处理对番茄幼苗质量的影响,以期为定植期使用该微生物菌剂灌根提供理论依据。试验共设8个处理:清水蘸根(CK)、不同浓度微生物菌剂(分别稀释300、400、500、600、700、1 000、1 500倍)蘸根。结果表明,蘸根微生物菌剂存在浓度效应,随稀释倍数增加,番茄幼苗地上部和地下部生长均呈先升高后降低的趋势,稀释500倍效果最好,该处理下番茄幼苗株高、茎粗、地上部鲜质量和干质量、地下部鲜质量和干质量、壮苗指数、根系长度、根系表面积、根系体积、根系活力分别较CK提高3.3%、18.9%、34.0%、31.3%、22.0%、114.3%、92.9%、22.2%、33.2%、45.5%、24.4%,且差异均达显著水平。综上,用稀释500倍的微生物菌剂蘸根对番茄幼苗生长具有明显促进作用,番茄幼苗定植前可以使用该浓度微生物菌剂蘸根,促进番茄缓苗和生长。

水田覆膜直播压槽与覆盖物对水稻出苗的影响

为探讨水田覆膜直播压槽与覆盖物对土壤温度、出苗率及秧苗素质的影响,以籼型常规水稻中早39为材料,进行了池栽模拟试验。结果表明,膜上压槽及覆盖能提高土壤温度、缩短出苗时间;在体积较大的覆盖物中加入一定基质有利于提高秧苗素质和干物质积累;在体积较小的覆盖物中加入基质对秧苗素质影响不大。本研究中,条播条件下,每1 m覆盖205.9 mL细沙的处理出苗齐、快,秧苗更壮。

苗期喷施茉莉酸甲酯对香稻品种象牙香占香气的影响

茉莉酸甲酯能够提高植物的抗逆境胁迫能力,但在对香稻香气物质2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉(2-AP)的影响研究还鲜有报道。以香稻品种象牙香占为试验材料,设置茉莉酸甲酯3种喷施浓度(0.25、0.50和1.00 mmol/L),研究苗期喷施对香稻幼苗2-AP合成与累积、香气前体物质含量、香气相关酶活性、香气相关基因表达量调控、抗性酶活性变化和秧苗素质的影响。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,喷施适当的茉莉酸甲酯浓度(0.50~1.00 mmol/L),香稻幼苗2-AP含量增加,香气合成前体物质1-吡咯啉、丙酮醛和1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸(P5C)含量提高,二胺氧化酶2基因(DAO4)、鸟氨酸转氨酶基因(OAT)和脯氨酸脱氢酶基因(ProDH)表达量提升。茉莉酸甲酯处理还提高了香稻秧苗素质,增加了抗性酶活性,提高了抗氧化能力。适度的茉莉酸甲酯能提高香稻2-AP含量和秧苗素质,归因于相关酶活性和基因表达量的提高。

不同生物菌剂对水稻秧苗素质及产量品质的影响

试验采用完全随机区组设计,共6个处理(含CK),探讨了不同生物菌剂对龙粳31秧苗素质、田间防效及产量、品质的影响。结果表明:应用NK3-4生物菌剂的处理秧苗素质表现最佳,叶龄、根长、根数、茎基宽、百株地上干重分别较CK增加了0.3叶、0.7 cm、0.3条、0.3 cm、0.3 g;NK3-4生物菌剂田间防效达到36.6%;应用三环唑制剂的处理产量最高,其次是NK3-4生物菌剂处理,与CK相比较分别增产29.4%、21.2%。根据促进水稻秧苗素质、稻瘟病防治以及水稻产量、品质的综合测评,自主研发的NK3-4生物菌剂表现优于其它生物菌剂,可作为防病促生菌进一步研究,为NK3-4生物菌剂后续开发成生物肥料、生防菌剂提供理论基础。

水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌装置设计与试验

为解决南方水稻工厂化田间育秧水肥药人工管理作业中存在的灌溉均匀性差、化肥和农药浪费以及劳动强度大等问题,该研究设计了一种水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌装置,阐述了水肥药变量喷灌装置总体结构和工作原理,进行了关键部件设计与试验;以可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller,PLC)为控制核心,构建了注肥量在线调控及整机变量喷灌控制系统。采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法,对装置喷灌均匀性与主要影响因素进行试验研究,应用单目标优化方法对喷灌关键参数进行优化,并通过验证试验,得到最优参数组合为:干管入口水压0.20 MPa、球阀开度90°、喷头喷角80°,此时装置的喷灌均匀性为92.69%;构建了氯化钾肥液质量浓度与电导率(electrical conductance,EC)值的线性模型,开展了装置变量灌溉施肥性能试验,3种喷灌等级下各作业区的肥液EC值分别为1.65、1.66和1.68 mS/cm,平均喷灌强度分别为900.85、1 092.04和1 263.67 mm/h,施肥均匀系数分别为85.21%、87.86%和91.62%。采用水肥药变量喷灌装置开展水稻育秧田间管理试验,华航51常规稻和广8优165杂交稻的秧苗长势均匀度均高于95%,成毯性良好,各项素质指标满足机插作业要求。所设计的水肥药变量喷灌装置能够满足水稻田间育秧水肥药变量喷灌作业要求,对提高水稻工厂化田间育秧机械化水平、保证秧苗质量具有实际应用价值。

苗期不同叶龄喷施多效唑对优质籼稻倒伏性状的影响

以优质晚籼稻‘泰优553’和‘玉针香’为材料,在水稻秧苗的1叶1心期和2叶1心期进行多效唑处理(15%多效唑1500 g兑水750 kg),以喷施清水为对照(CK),在水稻成熟期测定水稻的农艺性状与产量、茎秆的物理性状、力学和抗倒伏特性,并分析植株抗倒伏特性与主茎性状的相关性。结果表明:2个时期喷施多效唑均显著增加‘泰优553’的产量,而对‘玉针香’的增产效果不显著,其中1叶1心期和2叶1心期处理下‘泰优553’的产量较对照处理分别增加了20.63%和15.29%;2个时期喷施多效唑均可降低2个水稻品种成熟期的株高,缩短其节间长度,增加节间粗度和茎壁厚度,从而提高节间充实度和折断弯矩,提高水稻抗倒伏能力;在2叶1心期喷施多效唑较1叶1心期喷施更能提高‘玉针香’的抗倒伏能力,其中2叶1心期处理下‘玉针香’茎秆抗倒指数较对照显著增加了36.46%,而1叶1心期处理下‘玉针香’茎秆抗倒指数较对照处理差异不显著;多效唑对‘玉针香’的抗倒伏参数的影响大于‘泰优553’。总之,苗期合理喷施多效唑能够提高水稻产量和成熟期的抗倒伏能力,但不同品种的长效效果可能不一样。

7个优质粳稻品种在寿光地区的种植鉴定

在潍坊市寿光市进行7个粳稻品种比较试验,对参试品种的农艺性状、产量、抗性及稻米品质表现进行汇总分析。结果表明,津原U99表现早熟、优质、丰产性较好,适于寿光试验区作优质米种植。圣稻22、圣香1826丰产性好、米质优良、中感稻瘟病,应加强稻瘟病的防治。津原U99、润农303、润农11表现抗稻瘟病,津原985高感稻瘟病,圣稻2620感稻瘟病。该试验为当地品种的合理选择提供了参考依据。

水稻秸秆营养穴盘成型机的设计与降解性能研究

水稻秸秆营养秧盘是以稻草粉、牛粪为原料,采用气动成型原理实现秧盘成型的水稻营养秧盘,具有原料易得、可降解、可自养和改良土壤理化性状等优点。为此,对水稻营养秧盘的结构进行分析,改进了水稻秸秆营养穴盘成型机的设计,探讨了水稻秸秆营养秧盘对水稻生长影响及其降解性能。在黑龙江前哨农场开展水稻秸秆营养秧盘(XS)与塑料水稻育秧盘(CK)对比田间试验,探究不同水稻育秧盘对水稻秧苗素质、水稻产量及自身降解特性的影响。试验结果表明:与塑料育秧盘(CK)相比,采用水稻秸秆营养秧盘可以提高水稻出苗率、株高、茎基宽,显著提升水稻秧苗生物量、有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量及产量;在保障水稻生长的同时,水稻秸秆营养秧盘降解效果明显,移栽到田间120天后,降解率达到84.79%。研究结果可为水稻秸秆营养秧盘的推广提供前提条件和理论基础。