Determine the Factors of Female Early Age at First Cohabitation: A Case Study of Bangladesh

The main objective of the current study is to examine the existing situation of female early age at first cohabitation in Bangladesh as well as to identify the factors associated behind this issue. An analysis has been performed by using the secondary data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 2011. Chi-square test for dependency checking has been performed as bivariate analysis. After performing bivariate analysis, binary logistic regression analysis has been performed. To identify the significant variable, stepwise regression method has also been performed. The result of the study has revealed that women education, household economic status, area of residence, religion and geographical location have significant contribution for adolescent cohabitation. From this study it can be concluded that females who has low education and low socio-economic status are more likely to enter into cohabitation at early adulthood.

Effects of Rice-duck Mutualism on Diseases Insect Pests and Weeds and Economic Benefits

[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism, conventional cultivation and control treatment, the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments. [Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.0g ind/m^2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment ; the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper, but just between 25% -60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis. The rates of diseased plant and diseased bell against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group. The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation, Which was greatly higher than that of control group. The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment. [Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases, insect pests and weeds, as well as to economic benefits, providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.

Rice-duck co-culture benefits grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline accumulation and quality and yield enhancement of fragrant rice

Rice-duck co-culture is an integrated farming technology that benefits rice production, grain quality, and ecological sustainability in paddy fields. However, little is known about the effects of rice-duck co-culture on enzyme activity involved in the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), the volatile that gives fragrant rice its' distinctive and sought-after aroma. The present study aimed to examine the influence of rice-duck co-culture on the photosynthesis, yield, grain quality, rice aroma, and the enzymes involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in the cultivar Meixiangzhan 2 during the early and late rice growing seasons of 2016 in Guangzhou, China. We compared the rice grown in paddy fields with and without ducks. We found that rice-duck co-culture not only improved the yield and quality of fragrant rice grain, but also promoted the precursors of 2-AP biosynthesis formation and 2-AP accumulation in the grain. Grain 2-AP content in rice-duck co-culture was noticeably increased with 9.60% and 20.81% in early and late seasons, respectively. Proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) (precursors of 2-AP biosynthesis) and the activity of enzymes such as proline dehydrogenase (ProDH), ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) and Δ1 pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS) were all improved by 10.15%–12.99%, 32.91%–47.75%, 17.81%–26.71%, 6.25%–21.78%, and 10.58%–38.87% under rice-duck co-culture in both seasons, respectively. Overall, our results suggest that rice-duck co-culture is an environmentally-friendly and sustainable approach to improving rice aroma and grain quality of fragrant rice.

Influencing Factors on Rice Sheath Blight Epidemics in Integrated Rice-Duck System

Sheath blight, a disease caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn （anamorph）, has been the most economically significant disease of rice. It was frequently reported that the disease was well-controlled in integrated rice-duck system without the employment of fungicides. However, the effecting factors behind this phenomenon were rarely reported. In this research, experiment was carried out between two treatments, rice combined with ducks （RD） and conventional rice field without ducks rearing （CK） in early season rice paddy, to investigate the variations of sclerotia in floodwater and on rice plant, microclimate 10 cm above the waterline in rice paddy and activity of protective enzymes in rice plants. The results showed that the floating sclerotia in floodwater in RD was 86-91% lower than that in CK, and adhering sclerotia in rice plant in RD was 67-78% lower than that in CK. The relative humidity tested significantly lower and light intensity tested significantly higher in RD. The temperature in the early rice growth stages in RD was slightly lower than that in CK, but it was significantly higher （32.3-36.5~C） in the middle stage rice growth stages. The polyphenoloxidase （PPO） activity in RD were lower than that in CK, but the enhanced activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase （PAL）, peroxidase （POD） and Chitinase was observed in different stages of rice growth in RD, especially the Chitinase which showed higher activity in all investigating days.

Studies on Technique of Reducing Methane Emission in a Rice-Duck Ecological System and the Evaluation of Its Economic Significance

The rice-duck ecological system is one of the major practices of the traditional Chinese agriculture. A study on the effect of reducing methane emission using this practice provided theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of this classical agricultural technique. The effect of reducing methane emission and the economic benefits of rice-duck ecological system were studied by carrying out a field experiment and by using economic methodology. The daily variation of CH4 emission in late rice paddy field was basically consistent with the daily variation of atmospheric temperature. The highest emission occurred at the full tillering stage of late rice with a rate of 24.1 or 32.2 or 40.5 mg m^-2 h^-1 in no-tillage area with duck and no-tillage area without duck and conventional-tillage area without duck, respectively. The inhibition of methane emission was apparently effective in the rice-duck ecological system during the initial tillering stage and the full tillering stage. Compared to the no-tillage area without duck, methane emission decreased by 2.333 g m^-2. Compared to the conventional-tillage area without duck, methane emission decreased by 4.723 g m^-2. During the production period of late rice, the amount of methane emission in no-tillage area with duck was 3.373 g m^-2 lesser than that of no-tillage area without duck, and 5.59 g m^-2 less than that of conventional-tillage without duck area. The economic significance was analyzed. Farmers adopting the rice-duck ecological system obtained 2 166 and 4 207 RMB yuan ha^-1 more income than those who adopted a no-tillage without duck technique or conventional-tillage without duck technique, respectively. In addition to the reduction of the environmental pollution by methane emission, the farmers who adopted the rice-duck ecological system achieved economic benefits of 5 000 RMB yuan ha^-1, which was 2 206 and 4 274 RMB yuan ha^-1 more than those who adopted a no-tillage without duck technique and a conventional-tillage without duck technique, respectively. The rice-duck ecological system not only increased the economic benefits for farmers, but also reduced methane emission in rice paddy field. A sustainable agricultural production mode was formed.

Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice-Duck and Rice-Fish Complex Ecosystems and the Evaluation of Their Economic Significance

Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and their economic value from these two ecosystems can provide theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of these classical agricultural techniques. CH4 and N2O emissions from RD and RF ecological systems were measured in situ by using static chambers technique. Using global warming potentials （GWPs）, we assessed the greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O and their economic value. Results showed that the peaks of CH4 emission fluxes from RD and RF appeared at full tillering stage and at heading stage, and the average emission fluxes were significantly （P〈 0.05） lower than that from CK. N2O fluxes remained low when the field is flooded and high after draining the water. Compared with CK, the total amount of N2O emissions was significantly （P〈0.05） higher and slightly lower than those from RD and RF, respectively. In 2006 and 2007, the total greenhouse effect of CH4 and N20 from RD and RF were 4 728.3 and 4 611 kg CO2 ha^-1, 4 545 and 4 754.3 kg CO2 ha^-1, respectively. The costs of greenhouse effect were 970.89 and 946.81 RMB yuan ha^-1, and 933.25 and 976.23 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, which were significant lower than those from CK （5 997.6 and 5 391.5 RMB yuan ha^-1）. Except for the environment cost of CH4 and N2O, the economic benefits from RD and RF were 2 210.64 and 4 881.92 RMB yuan ha^-1; 3 798.37 and 5 310.64 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, higher than those from CK. Therefore, RD and RF complex ecological planting and breeding models can effectively decrease and control CH4 and N2O emissions, and they are two of the effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from rice paddy fields and contribute in alleviating global warming. Thus, their adoption is important to the environment together with their economy benefits.

Dynamic Emission of CH₄from a Rice-Duck Farming Ecosystem

Global climatic change induced by emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities is an issue of increasing in-ternational environmental concerns, and agricultural practices and managements are the important contributors for such emissions. This study investigated dynamic emission of methane (CH4) from a paddy field in a rice-duck farming ecosystem. Three different cultivation treatments, namely the organic fertilizer + duck (OF+D), chemical fertilizer + duck (CF + D), and chemical fertilizer (Control) treatments, were employed in this study. Experimental data showed that hourly variations of CH4 emission from the paddy field during the day were somewhat positively correlated (R2 = 0.7 for the OF + D treatment and R2 = 0.6 for the CF+D treatment) to the hourly changes in air temperatures in addi-tion to the influences of the duck activities. The rate of CH4 emission for the CF+D treatment was higher than that of the Control treatment at the tillering stage, whereas the opposite was true at the heading stage. In contrary, the rate of CH4 emission for the OF + D treatment was always higher than that of the Control treatment regardless the tillering or heading stage. Our study revealed that the rate of CH4 emission depended not only on air temperature but also on the rice growth stage. A 6.7% increase in CH4 emission and in global warming potential (GWP) was observed for the CF + D treatment as compared to the Control treatment. This study suggested that although the impacts of duckling on the emission of CH4 depended on the rice growth stage and air temperature regime, the introduction of ducks into the rice farming system in general mitigated the overall CH4 emission and thereby the GWP.

Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli Cohabitation among Factors Increasing Antibiotic Resistance in Bukavu City, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Food- and water-borne diseases exacerbate cases of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Since 2011, cases of enteric infections have been reported in Bukavu city, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the rate of AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, and to determine the effect of S. enterica and E. coli cohabitation on antibiotic resistance of S. enterica. Bacteria were isolated from 553 foods, milk, and water samples collected from restaurants, taps, tanks and wells in Bukavu. Microbial analyses involved bacterial culture, and morphological and biochemical characterization. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed before and after bacteria cohabitation of S. enterica and E. coli isolates in the same media. 152 (27.5%) and 27 (4.9%) of the samples tested positive for S. enterica and E. coli, respectively. Salmonella isolates were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin (75.7%) and co-trimoxazole (75.0%) and more resistant to ampicillin (82.2%). E. coli was more resistant to ciprofloxacin (59.3%). Overall, 90.5% of isolates (n = 179) were MDR. The origin (food, water) of S. enterica and E. coli isolates had no significant (p > 0.05) influence on their susceptibility to antibiotics. However, S. enterica isolates from milk were significantly (p = 0.00) antibiotic-resistant than those from food and water. The cohabitation between antibiotic-susceptible S. enterica and antibiotic-resistant E. coli significantly (p S. enterica from 30% to 89.5%, implying that interactions of antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible bacteria in food and water could be among neglected factors promoting the spread of AMR, leading to increase AMR cases in Bukavu. Strong sanitation strategies and the operationalization of One Health approach could mitigate the spread of AMR in Bukavu city, DR Congo.

遗赠、婚外同居与公序良俗

《民法典》继承制度延续了《继承法》,最终并未采纳特留份制度。自比较法角度看,《民法典》继承制度的重要特色在于注重扶养或需要,避免不加限制的“不劳而获”。在向婚外同居者遗赠情形中,生存配偶非基于扶养或需要而主张违反遗嘱意思的继承,不符合我国继承制度缓解“不劳而获”思想的特点,可不予支持。向婚外同居者遗赠的法律行为,若不涉及金钱和婚外同居的交换——如与婚外同居者订立遗赠扶养协议,则不应以违反公序良俗为由认定其无效。婚外同居者违反夫妻忠实义务可在夫妻关系的法律规定中寻求解决之道。

基于环境行为学的多代共居住宅空间设计研究

针对生育政策调整所引发的多代共居住户对住宅空间的需求变化,以环境行为学为理论基础,从空间和行为的双视角,深入调研典型多代共居住宅的实际样态,分析代际群体的行为特征,构建层级需求的空间场景,旨在探索新时代多代共居情境下新的生活模式,进而从宏观——套型布局的优化设计、中观——功能场景的营造设计和微观——模块细节的增设提升三个层面,提出基于环境行为学的多代共居住宅空间的设计策略,并为现代住宅空间的全龄化转型与包容性优化提供有效对策。

老龄化背景下——以日本、新加坡为例“多世代共居”的室内空间设计研究

由于我国居家养老室内空间设计与市场供需存在滞后性问题,传统居家养老模式随着家庭成员的增减与生活环境的变化开始变得不兼容,如何把握好一碗汤的距离,通过空间串联起多代人的需求引人深思。在居家康养的理念下,以亚洲养老较为成熟的国家日本与新加坡多世代共居住宅的室内空间设计为研究对象,通过对老龄化发展相似阶段的背景及特点进行归纳分析,并对室内空间设计分类后分别剖析其同异性,从而进一步提出日本与新加坡适老化多世代共居的空间布局启示,包括设计的互动性、隐私性、生活环境的适应性,再结合中国“4-2-1”的家庭形态,解析适用于中国多世代共居的居家康养模式发展的室内空间设计分类,并对如何满足多代人共居所面临的传统养老模式、住宅设施老化、社区养老服务构建、房屋产权分割等实际问题提出建议,为建构出适用于我国多世代共居养老模式的室内空间设计提供参考。

人口转型中的生育模式变迁及其中国应对

以未婚同居者的生育实践为视角,分析未婚同居生育过程的多样性、可塑性和建构性特征,同时透视人口转型中生育模式的现代性变革及中国社会的应对方案。研究发现,一方面,中国未婚同居者的生育实践在计划、拒绝和意外等不同类型或同一类型内部呈现出差异性、情境性的实践形态,彰显了非婚生育实践与政策制定实施之间的生活弹性,但却常常被政策制定者所忽视和排斥;另一方面,未婚同居生育实践背后折射出中国生育模式正发生着从制度形塑到多元选择,从双系抚育到婚育倒置,从结构干预到现实需求,从代际反馈到幸福陪伴等方面的现代性转变。尽管非婚生育人群数量具有增加的趋势,但中国语境下非婚生育实践尚未从根本上挑战中国婚姻家庭的制度设置和根本价值。因此,未来既要走出西方个体主义的生育文化和家庭价值,也要兼顾全球个体化发展与中国本土经验。在人口发展和生育模式转变的新形势下,从制度建设入手,积极探索新时代的中国家庭建设路径,在重构新型婚育文化和重建家庭伦理的基础上思考生育政策的未来。这不仅可以有效应对全球第二次人口转型的婚育困境,同时也为世界其他国家的人口高质量发展提供了中国方案。

新疆高校铸牢中华民族共同体意识的有效路径

对于新疆高校铸牢中华民族共同体意识的路径探索,不仅关乎各民族之间的广泛、全面、深度交往、交流和交融能否更高质量地延续下去,还有利于深层次建立各民族相互嵌入式的社会结构和社区环境。民族团结作为民族关系的一种表现形式,是社会主义新型民族关系的基本内容,是我国处理民族关系坚持的一项重要原则,是社会主义社会的基本要求。结合新疆地区高校嵌入式共居为契机,分析了民族团结的重要性,从而为建构铸牢中华民族共同体意识打下了牢固的基础。

反家庭暴力相关立法及其实践研究

家庭暴力事件的数量虽有下降,但仍基数庞大。虐待罪的自诉性质并未收到预期效果,反而打击了受暴者的诉讼积极性。家庭成员理应对彼此负有更高的义务,不应因家庭关系减轻对家暴者的处罚。在近似伤害程度下,其量刑应基本等同于故意伤害罪,或在后果严重时直接以故意伤害罪论处。同居关系能否被纳入“家庭”这一底层概念关乎家庭暴力相关法的规制面,而未违法的同居关系仍因未合法化而无法受到保护。应注意隐私权的相对让渡,关注家暴事件中的斯德哥尔摩现象。

基于CCRC理念的社区适老化空间优化策略研究

随着我国城市化迅速发展与老年人口基数的不断增大,城市养老需求与规模日益增长,我国老年人口养老保障不足的现实问题亟待解决。现阶段养老模式的主要依赖对象为家庭成员、养老机构工作人员、社区志愿者三种,亦有三者相结合的复合模式,以期补充各自的不足之处。文章对国内既有社区养老空间的多代共生现状及使用人群需求进行分析,将CCRC持续照护特质与既有社区公共空间设计上存在的问题相结合,针对既有社区多代人群共居现状提出适老化的空间优化策略,希望能够为既有社区公共空间的整体建设提供思路。

多种能源矿产同盆共存富集成矿(藏)体系与协同勘探——以鄂尔多斯盆地为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地为例,在盆地构造演化、各种能源矿产的时空分布以及相互联系等方面分析的基础上,探讨了盆地演化进程中多种能源矿产同盆共存富集的成藏(矿)体系及其分布规律,试图建立多种能源矿产协同勘探模式。研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地砂岩型铀矿的形成与油、气、煤具有成生关系,典型矿床为东胜铀矿床。可以把同盆共存富集的各种能源矿产概括为无机矿产(铀矿)和有机矿产(油、天然气、煤及煤层气)两类,在整个盆地演化过程中,共存系统中有机和无机矿产的形成过程相互关联,就位空间按照一定的规律分布,通常流体有机矿产分布于盆地内部,无机矿产则分布于盆地边缘或盆-山转换部位,但它们同属一个盆地的自然成矿(藏)系统。对于鄂尔多斯盆地,晚侏罗世—早白垩世的构造作用和后期改造,对多种能源矿产的共存成矿(藏)体系的形成及定位产生了重要影响。主要成藏(矿)演化过程可划分为成矿(藏)准备、主要成矿(藏)和后期保存等三个演化阶段。根据盆地油、气、煤、铀多种能源矿产的配置组合特征,将鄂尔多斯盆地划分为七个协同勘探区,可以分别采用不同的协同综合勘探方式。

性关系的核心结构及其意义——非婚同居与婚姻的实证比较研究

近些年,非婚同居现象作为中国性关系的一种引起社会的关注。但国内关于非婚同居的研究都是基于理论思辨、定性分析和局部调查,没有代表全国总人口的统计分析。"中国人的性行为与性关系"的实地调查分别于2000年、2006年、2010年和2015年开展了四次全国抽样调查。本文将非婚同居分为"未婚同居""不婚同居""失婚同居""婚外同居"四种,一一指出其特征与人群分布。同时,对比分析了非婚同居与婚姻的差异,包括社会特征、双方关系和情感程度、性生活质量、非主流性行为等主要指标。以初级生活圈理论解释非婚同居这种性关系在社会中的核心结构及其意义。

熟悉性对棕色田鼠和根田鼠择偶行为的影响

以两性配对共居至交配或生仔作不同熟悉处理 ,在Y字型选择箱中分别观察棕色田鼠、根田鼠的择偶行为和配偶识别。结果如下 :(1)棕色田鼠雌雄两性均表现出对熟悉异性或配偶的喜好倾向 ;(2 )在根田鼠中 ,只有雌性表现出对熟悉雄鼠或配偶的选择倾向 ,雄鼠无明确的选择取向 ;(3)每种雌性田鼠对 2种熟悉性不同的同种雄性的嗅舔时间均有显著差异性 ,而每种雄性田鼠对 2种熟悉性不同的同种雌性的嗅舔时间均无显著差异性。这些结果表明 :(1)熟悉性对棕色田鼠择偶行为的影响大于对根田鼠的影响 ;(2 )嗅舔时间差异可反映不同田鼠的配偶识别能力 ,熟悉性对棕色田鼠配偶识别能力的影响大于对根田鼠的影响 ;(3) 2种田鼠配偶识别的性别差异的一致性 ,提示这 2种田鼠的雌性配偶识别能力均强于雄性田鼠 ,而雌鼠的配偶识别能力可能取决于雌鼠受交配或分娩刺激的生理状态 ;(4 )棕色田鼠室内所表现的择偶行为的两性熟悉性特征与其单配制有关 ,根田鼠所表现的择偶行为的雌性熟悉性特征与其一雄多雌制有关。

同居关系的法律保护

我国对“同居关系”的法律保护在很大程度上就是对符合结婚实质要件的狭义的“事实婚姻”的保护。对事实婚姻的法律保护,我国经历了一个由承认到逐步限制承认,到完全不承认再到妥协的有条件承认,到现在根本不提的一个变化发展过程。同居关系作为各国普遍存在的社会现象,在我国应予以保护。

非婚同居关系的立法探索

面对现实生活中大量、复杂的非婚同居现象及由此而产生的诸多问题,立法必须作出回应,廓清非婚同居的内涵,使之与合法的婚姻关系和非法同居关系区别开来;对因非婚同居引起的人身关系和财产关系,应通过立法确认其处理原则及具体处理方法。