[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mu...[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism, conventional cultivation and control treatment, the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments. [Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.0g ind/m^2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment ; the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper, but just between 25% -60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis. The rates of diseased plant and diseased bell against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group. The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation, Which was greatly higher than that of control group. The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment. [Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases, insect pests and weeds, as well as to economic benefits, providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.展开更多
Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and thei...Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and their economic value from these two ecosystems can provide theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of these classical agricultural techniques. CH4 and N2O emissions from RD and RF ecological systems were measured in situ by using static chambers technique. Using global warming potentials （GWPs）, we assessed the greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O and their economic value. Results showed that the peaks of CH4 emission fluxes from RD and RF appeared at full tillering stage and at heading stage, and the average emission fluxes were significantly （P〈 0.05） lower than that from CK. N2O fluxes remained low when the field is flooded and high after draining the water. Compared with CK, the total amount of N2O emissions was significantly （P〈0.05） higher and slightly lower than those from RD and RF, respectively. In 2006 and 2007, the total greenhouse effect of CH4 and N20 from RD and RF were 4 728.3 and 4 611 kg CO2 ha^-1, 4 545 and 4 754.3 kg CO2 ha^-1, respectively. The costs of greenhouse effect were 970.89 and 946.81 RMB yuan ha^-1, and 933.25 and 976.23 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, which were significant lower than those from CK （5 997.6 and 5 391.5 RMB yuan ha^-1）. Except for the environment cost of CH4 and N2O, the economic benefits from RD and RF were 2 210.64 and 4 881.92 RMB yuan ha^-1; 3 798.37 and 5 310.64 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, higher than those from CK. Therefore, RD and RF complex ecological planting and breeding models can effectively decrease and control CH4 and N2O emissions, and they are two of the effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from rice paddy fields and contribute in alleviating global warming. Thus, their adoption is important to the environment together with their economy benefits.展开更多
分析了单作茭白(CK)、茭白田放养鸭20只·667 m-2(D20)、25只·667 m-2(D25)、30只·667 m-2(D30)等不同共作系统中氮素输入、输出与盈余(盈余=输入-输出),以及经济效益情况。结果表明:茭白-鸭共作系统中茭白平均产量为1 33...分析了单作茭白(CK)、茭白田放养鸭20只·667 m-2(D20)、25只·667 m-2(D25)、30只·667 m-2(D30)等不同共作系统中氮素输入、输出与盈余(盈余=输入-输出),以及经济效益情况。结果表明:茭白-鸭共作系统中茭白平均产量为1 332.41 kg·667 m-2,比单作茭白增产26.31%。单作茭白总氮输入为22.27 kg N·667 m-2,其中化肥氮输入占到89.10%,产品氮输出为5.00 kg N·667 m-2,占总氮输入的22.45%,氮盈余为17.27 kg N·667 m-2,占总氮输入的77.55%,土壤氮残留为7.11 kg N·667 m-2,损失为10.16 kg N·667 m-2;茭白-鸭共作系统总氮输入平均为23.72 kg N·667 m-2,其中化肥氮输入占65.13%,产品氮输出平均为7.65 kg N·667 m-2,占总氮输入的32.24%,氮盈余平均为16.07 kg N·667 m-2,占总氮输入的67.76%,土壤氮残留为7.18 kg N·667 m-2,损失为8.89 kg N·667 m-2。茭白-鸭共作系统投入成本平均为3 114元·667 m-2,比单作茭白高84.59%,主要是鸭饲料、围网、鸭舍等成本增加。茭白-鸭共作系统产品产值平均为6 568元·667 m-2,比单作茭白高55.64%。D25处理经济效益(经济效益=产品产值-投入成本)最高为3 589元·667 m-2,比CK处理高41.69%。综合考虑氮平衡和经济效益,本试验条件下,茭白田放养鸭25只·667 m-2的共作系统的经济效益较高,并且氮素盈余和损失较少,可降低对环境的污染风险。展开更多
基金Supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China“National Project of Science and Technology for Food Production”(2004ba520a04)~~
文摘[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism, conventional cultivation and control treatment, the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments. [Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.0g ind/m^2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment ; the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper, but just between 25% -60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis. The rates of diseased plant and diseased bell against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group. The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation, Which was greatly higher than that of control group. The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment. [Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases, insect pests and weeds, as well as to economic benefits, providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.
基金supported by Important National Science&Technoligy Specific Projects, China (2004BA520A02)
文摘Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and their economic value from these two ecosystems can provide theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of these classical agricultural techniques. CH4 and N2O emissions from RD and RF ecological systems were measured in situ by using static chambers technique. Using global warming potentials （GWPs）, we assessed the greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O and their economic value. Results showed that the peaks of CH4 emission fluxes from RD and RF appeared at full tillering stage and at heading stage, and the average emission fluxes were significantly （P〈 0.05） lower than that from CK. N2O fluxes remained low when the field is flooded and high after draining the water. Compared with CK, the total amount of N2O emissions was significantly （P〈0.05） higher and slightly lower than those from RD and RF, respectively. In 2006 and 2007, the total greenhouse effect of CH4 and N20 from RD and RF were 4 728.3 and 4 611 kg CO2 ha^-1, 4 545 and 4 754.3 kg CO2 ha^-1, respectively. The costs of greenhouse effect were 970.89 and 946.81 RMB yuan ha^-1, and 933.25 and 976.23 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, which were significant lower than those from CK （5 997.6 and 5 391.5 RMB yuan ha^-1）. Except for the environment cost of CH4 and N2O, the economic benefits from RD and RF were 2 210.64 and 4 881.92 RMB yuan ha^-1; 3 798.37 and 5 310.64 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, higher than those from CK. Therefore, RD and RF complex ecological planting and breeding models can effectively decrease and control CH4 and N2O emissions, and they are two of the effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from rice paddy fields and contribute in alleviating global warming. Thus, their adoption is important to the environment together with their economy benefits.
文摘分析了单作茭白(CK)、茭白田放养鸭20只·667 m-2(D20)、25只·667 m-2(D25)、30只·667 m-2(D30)等不同共作系统中氮素输入、输出与盈余(盈余=输入-输出),以及经济效益情况。结果表明:茭白-鸭共作系统中茭白平均产量为1 332.41 kg·667 m-2,比单作茭白增产26.31%。单作茭白总氮输入为22.27 kg N·667 m-2,其中化肥氮输入占到89.10%,产品氮输出为5.00 kg N·667 m-2,占总氮输入的22.45%,氮盈余为17.27 kg N·667 m-2,占总氮输入的77.55%,土壤氮残留为7.11 kg N·667 m-2,损失为10.16 kg N·667 m-2;茭白-鸭共作系统总氮输入平均为23.72 kg N·667 m-2,其中化肥氮输入占65.13%,产品氮输出平均为7.65 kg N·667 m-2,占总氮输入的32.24%,氮盈余平均为16.07 kg N·667 m-2,占总氮输入的67.76%,土壤氮残留为7.18 kg N·667 m-2,损失为8.89 kg N·667 m-2。茭白-鸭共作系统投入成本平均为3 114元·667 m-2,比单作茭白高84.59%,主要是鸭饲料、围网、鸭舍等成本增加。茭白-鸭共作系统产品产值平均为6 568元·667 m-2,比单作茭白高55.64%。D25处理经济效益(经济效益=产品产值-投入成本)最高为3 589元·667 m-2,比CK处理高41.69%。综合考虑氮平衡和经济效益,本试验条件下,茭白田放养鸭25只·667 m-2的共作系统的经济效益较高,并且氮素盈余和损失较少,可降低对环境的污染风险。
