Measurements of the effective mass transfer areas for the gas–liquid rotating packed bed

Rotating packed bed(RPB) is one of the most effective gas–liquid mass transfer enhancement reactors, its effective specific mass transfer area(ae) is critical to understand the mass transfer process. By using the NaOH–CO_(2) chemical absorption method, the aevalues of three RPB reactors with different rotor sizes were measured under different operation conditions. The results showed that the high gravity factor and liquid flow rate were major affecting factors, while the gas flow rate exhibited minor influence.The radius of packing is the dominant equipment factor to affect aevalue. The results indicated that the contact area depends on the dispersion of the liquid phase, thus the centrifugal force of rotating packed bed greatly influenced the aevalue. Moreover, the measured ae/ap(effective specific mass transfer area/specific surface area of packing) values were fitted with dimensionless correlation formulas. The unified correlation formula with dimensionless bed size parameter can well predict the experimental data and the prediction errors were within 15%.

Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses in Different Crop Rotation Systems in the North of Erhai Lake Basin

[Objective] Nitrogen and phosphorus losses of surface runoff in various crop rotation systems in the north of Erhai Lake basin were studied with the objective to provide references for risk evaluation of environmental pollution and formulating countermeasures to control the nonpoint source pollution from agriculture.[Method] Water samples collected in four typical crop rotation systems distributed in seven towns（townships） in the north of Erhai Lake basin were investigated,as well as the fertilizer input,to explore the dynamic change of nitrogen and phosphorus content in surface water of farmland and ditch water,and the correlation between fertilizer input and the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface water of farmland and in the ditch water.[Result] The results showed that nitrogen loss in surface water of farmland in different crop rotation systems differed greatly,and the risk of nitrogen loss was 38% lower in broad bean-rice crop rotation than that in garlic-rice crop rotation.The water soluble nitrogen was the primary form of nitrogen loss.The content of water soluble nitrogen was significantly higher in garlic-rice crop rotation than that in the other rotation systems,and the concentrations of nitrogen in the surface water of farmland in different crop rotation systems followed the sequence below：garlic-rice crop rotationryegrass-rice crop rotationbroad bean-rice crop rotationrape-rice crop rotation.The loss of phosphorus in the surface water of farmland was relatively low and phosphorus combined with silt was the primary form for phosphorus loss.There was no significant difference of the loss of various forms of phosphorus in different crop rotation systems.The contents of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the surface water of farmland were higher than that in ditch water,with increasing rates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in ditch water of 72% and 82%,respectively.Topdressing was the critical reason for the high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface water,which also caused the increasing load to the ditch water.[Conclusion] Both the nitrogen and phosphorus loss were the highest in garlic-rice crop rotation.Reasonable crop rotation systems should be established based on both the environmental and economic benefits.This study provided references for controlling the nonpoint source pollution of farmland and improving the water quality of Erhai Lake.

Realizing high efficiency and large-area sterilization by a rotating plasma jet device

By tilting a plasma jet and rotating 360°,a large-area can be scanned and sterilized in a short time.Compared with the previous array device,this pipe has the significant advantages of high sterilization uniformity and low gas consumption.Firstly,a rotatable plasma jet device,which can control the swing and rotation of a jet pipe,is designed,and a corresponding theoretical model is established to guide the experiment.Secondly,with Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Escherichia coli(E.coli)as the target bacteria,the device achieves a short sterilization time of 158 s—the minimum sterilization flow of S.aureus and E.coli is 0.8 slm and 0.6 slm,respectively.The device is compared with an array plasma sterilization device in terms of sterilization speed and gas consumption.The results show that the device is not only better than an array plasma sterilization device with respect to scanning uniformity,but also far less than the array plasma sterilization device in gas consumption of 5 slm.Therefore,the device has great potential in applications involving efficient,large-area sterilization.

湖北襄阳地区水稻落粒、杆枯等不正常生长现象的解析

襄阳地区是湖北省重要的粮仓地,稻-麦轮作是当地主要的栽培模式。农户多年自留种后水稻生产上出现落粒和穗腐,为了探讨引起水稻不良生长的原因,进行现场取样和调查分析。采用形态特征观察以及分子生物学鉴定,以市场所购‘黄华占’作对照、经41对水稻分子特异性标记检测,以及使用生长速率法测定化学药剂对分离到的病原菌的毒力。结果表明:病样分离获得4种致病菌,分别为稻黑孢菌、层出镰孢菌、木贼镰孢菌和禾谷镰孢菌;显示农户连续6年自留的‘黄华占’种子未发生变异,连续6年自留的稻种播于免耕田中,所获的稻谷有12个指纹不同于对照,表明自留6年的‘黄华占’稻种在田间生长中出现变异;70%唑醚·丙森锌WG和23%醚菌·氟环唑SC对致病菌的生长均有抑制作用。多年连续留种会引起稻种生命力衰减,导致田间水稻长势衰弱,易遭受病害侵袭,出现异常生长现象。正确用种、科学管理及适期药剂防治是保障水稻安全生产的重要举措。

基于视觉图像的飞行区大型目标监视方法改进研究

机场飞行区现使用的场面监视方法存在着定位偏差较大、不稳定、易跳变、皆为点源定位等问题。针对这些问题,设计了基于视觉图像的飞行区监视方法,实现快速准确的目标检测和轮廓定位,使飞行区监视更加稳定精确。提出了一种基于MobileNetV3和YOLOv5的网络模型(以下称为MobileNetV3-YOLOv5),即在YOLOv5的主干中使用MobileNetV3,来提高对目标的检测速度和准确度;提出了一种基于优化特征点提取的改进定向快速旋转简报(Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF,ORB)算法,将图像分割成多个区域,分别提取每个区域的特征点,从而提高目标识别框内区域的特征点识别数量,再进行特征点聚类筛选,最后根据识别目标类型采用最小包围盒进行轮廓划分,得到目标的轮廓定位。试验结果表明:MobileNetV3-YOLOv5方法对比原始YOLOv5模型,在识别目标准确率方面提升5百分点,在效率方面提升14张/s;同时在0~60 m的范围内,轮廓估计误差仅为2.9%;体现了所提出的监视方法的有效性,可以提升飞行区监视定位准确性和运行安全性。

煤油燃料宽域冲压旋转爆震燃烧特性

通过三维数值仿真的方法,研究了Ma=3~7飞行工况下,煤油燃料冲压旋转爆震燃烧特性。在Ma=3飞行工况下,由于燃料雾化蒸发效果较差,无法实现煤油燃料的爆震燃烧。Ma=4, 5, 6的飞行工况下,随着飞行Mach数的增大,波头数目整体上逐渐增多,分别为单波、三波、五波模态;但传播速度逐渐减小;冲压模态下,液态燃料雾化蒸发效果较好,但流场内均不同程度地残存有煤油蒸气,其未参加反应便排出燃烧室。Ma=7的飞行工况下,由于来流接近CJ速度,流场将以驻定爆震模态组织燃烧。

烟区不同类型油菜秸秆腐解及养分释放特性研究

本研究旨在探讨山东和四川烟区适合与烟草轮作的油菜品种,并分析其秸秆腐解及养分释放特性。通过采用尼龙网袋法,在室内模拟田间条件下对2种类型(白菜型和甘蓝型)的4个冬油菜品种进行培养,观察秸秆的腐解过程和养分释放情况。结果显示,培养前10 d,油菜秸秆快速腐解,各养分也快速释放,养分最终释放率表现为K>N>P>C;腐解进程中,秸秆碳氮比有所波动,但大致呈上升趋势;白菜型油菜秸秆的腐解程度、碳和氮的释放率高于甘蓝型油菜,而钾的释放率低于甘蓝型油菜,磷的释放率表现出地区差异;四川烟区油菜秸秆的腐解程度及碳、氮、磷素的释放率高于山东烟区,钾的释放率高于山东白菜型油菜;油菜秸秆腐解可显著提高供试土壤中有机质、氮、磷和钾素的含量,但不同烟区、不同类型油菜秸秆的增效程度有所差异。从秸秆还田利用的角度来看,2烟区中的白菜型油菜品种更适合与烟草轮作种植。

华东稻麦轮作区立旋自走电驱动式定角度清秸机设计与试验

传统卧旋式清秸装置动土量较大,且湿黏土壤抛起时易黏附在机器上,导致作业质量下降、油耗增加,影响装置作业稳定性,针对这一问题,设计一种立旋式定角度清秸机,通过结构设计与分析实现清秸刀齿恒定角度作业,避免秸秆二次带回种床,通过对清秸刀齿切土迹距分析确定装置关键结构参数,应用三因素三水平正交试验方法,以作业速度、迹距系数和入土深度为试验因素,清秸率和单位面积作业功耗为试验评价指标,对影响清秸机作业性能的相关参数进行试验与优化。试验结果表明,当参数组合为作业速度4~8 km/h、迹距系数2和入土深度10 mm时,清秸率不小于89.7%、单位面积作业功耗不大于1.84 W·h/m^(2),整个作业过程均未发生土壤黏附现象。研究结果可突破湿黏土壤环境下播种装备作业局限,为稻麦轮作全程机械化提供技术支撑。

基于面积差异等效建模的电液比例位置系统FMAPID控制

公路边坡护坡骨架施工车是聚焦于公路边坡土壤开槽和水泥混凝土滑模的工程机械装备。针对公路边坡护坡骨架施工车旋转臂在边坡环境的运动控制问题,设计一种基于模糊多参数自适应比例积分微分(proportional integral derivative,PID)的位置反馈控制策略。考虑到非对称液压缸两腔的差异,采用面积差异等效建模法建立阀控非对称液压缸的线性数学模型。通过定义模糊子集、选取隶属函数、建立模糊规则,使用模糊多参数自适应PID控制算法,实现旋转臂非对称液压缸位置控制。仿真和试验结果表明,基于面积差异等效数学模型的模糊多参数自适应PID能够有效地提高液压缸位置跟踪控制精度,验证了所提控制算法的有效性。

唐山地区主要断裂应力状态

利用唐山地区断层位置、速度结构和292个震源机制解数据,对断裂段进行应力场反演空间网格划分,采用网格搜索法反演唐山地区整体及主要断裂应力场。研究发现:1)2011年日本东北M_W9.0地震发生前后,唐山地区整体区域构造应力场发生较小的顺时针旋转,且由走滑型应力状态变为正走滑型应力状态,该变化可能主要由震源机制解空间位置变化引起。2)日本东北地震使唐山部分地区σ_(1)轴倾伏角由陡倾斜变为水平,且应力场发生较小的顺时针旋转。3)当前唐山地区整体区域应力场特征为σ_(1)轴NEE-SWW向,σ_(3)轴近NS向,R值为0,与前人研究结果一致。表明唐山地区应力场已调整至1976年唐山M_W7.8地震前的状态,且应力状态偏张性性质。4)当前巍山-丰南、陡河、滦县-乐亭断裂段6~20 km、陡河断裂段11~20 km为走滑型应力状态;陡河断裂段0~10 km为正走滑型应力状态;雷庄、陈官屯和卢龙断裂段6~20 km、巍山-丰南断裂段0~5 km为正断型应力状态。以上断裂σ_(1)轴方向与该区域主应变方向和剪切波分裂的快波偏振方向等结果一致。5)唐山地区整体处于一个相对统一的NNW-SSE向的拉张作用控制,但古冶、滦县地区处于NEE-SWW向的挤压作用控制。

不同因素对调节级气动性能影响研究

影响汽轮机调节级性能的因素有叶栅型线、栅距、冲角,同时,动静面积比(表征级反动度)、速比和盖度也是重要因素,研究其对气动性能的影响具有重大意义。以高参数小流量工业汽轮机调节级为研究对象,在喷嘴相对叶高分别为0.24和1.0的条件下,采用数值方法对不同动静面积比、速比和盖度的调节级流场进行了模拟计算,分析上述3个因素对调节级气动性能的影响规律。研究表明:调节级轮周效率随动静面积比的增加而增大;喷嘴相对叶高为0.24条件下,动静面积比超过1.5之后,轮周效率增速放缓,在面积比为1.65时达到最大值;喷嘴相对叶高增大为1.0后,级轮周效率随动静面积比的变化曲线向坐标轴右上方平移;轮周效率随速比增加而增大,速比为0.6~0.75时轮周效率处于较高水平;保持其他条件不变,相对盖度约0.08时,轮周效率达到最大值。研究成果可为工业汽轮机高性能调节级的设计研发提供参考。

基于冷暖季放牧区划分的玉树州草畜平衡估算及变化分析

玉树州作为三江源高寒生态屏障区以牧为主农牧业结合发展的核心地区,草畜平衡不仅关系生态屏障安全,也对实现科学的畜牧业经济管理具有重要的指导意义。因此,本研究以探究高寒生态屏障区天然草地的草畜平衡变化为目的,选择玉树州为研究区,利用2014-2019年MOD13A1 NDVI产品数据和MOD17A3H NPP产品数据、统计数据、植被类型数据,在划分县域冷暖两季放牧区的基础上,以“木桶效应”确定了各县(市)天然草地的合理载畜量并对其草畜平衡进行了评估。结果表明:1)按照理论上的自然轮牧规律,参考固定面积比例和年内NDVI的时空分布规律划分的玉树州各县(市)冷季放牧区分布于较温暖的沟谷地区,暖季放牧区处于高寒区域,且冷季放牧区产草量大于暖季放牧区。2)年际间冷暖季放牧区干草产量均呈波动增长趋势,年均增长率均在3.00%以上且暖季放牧区年产草量增长率大于冷季放牧区。3)2014-2019年玉树州整体的草畜平衡状态由临界超载和超载波动转为平衡,但各县(市)草畜平衡状态存在差异,推测可能是因为自然保护区和国家公园生态工程支持的空间范围差异引起的。本研究对进一步修订三江源自然保护区和国家公园建设方案,实施高寒生态屏障区生态和畜牧业经济的良性发展策略具有一定的参考价值。

Prediction of mass transfer coefficients in an asymmetric rotating disk contactor using effective diffusivity

Mass transfer characteristics have been investigated in a 113 mm diameter asymmetric rotating disk contactor of the pilot plant scale for two different liquid–liquid systems. The effects of operating parameters including rotor speed and continuous and dispersed phase velocities on the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients are investigated. The results show that the mass transfer performance is strongly dependent on agitation rate and interfacial tension, but only slightly dependent on phase flow rates. In this study, effective diffusivity is used instead of molecular diffusivity in the Grober equation for estimation of dispersed phase overall mass transfer coefficient.The enhancement factor is determined experimentally and there from an empirical expression is derived for prediction of the enhancement factor as a function of Reynolds number. The predicted results compared to the experimental data show that the proposed correlation can efficiently predict the overall mass transfer coefficients in asymmetric rotating disk contactors.

Use of axial dispersion model for determination of Sherwood number and mass transfer coefficients in a perforated rotating disc contactor

The mass transfer process in a perforated rotating disk contactor(PRDC) using a toluene-acetone-water system was investigated.The volumetric overall mass transfer coefficients are calculated in a PRDC column.Both mass transfer directions are considered in experiments.The influences of operating variables containing agitation rate,dispersed and continuous phase flow rates and mass transfer in the extraction column are studied.According to obtained results,mass transfer is significantly dependent on agitation rate,while the dispersed and continuous phase flow rates have a minor effect on mass transfer in the extraction column.Furthermore,a novel empirical correlation is developed for prediction of overall continuous phase Sherwood number based on dispersed phase holdup,Reynolds number and mass transfer direction.There has been great agreement between experimental data and predicted values using a proposed correlation for all operating conditions.

玉豆轮作下黑土区轮耕模式对土壤坚实度及玉米产量的影响

土壤轮耕有利于改善土壤理化性质、提高土壤结构稳定性、促进增产增收。为探寻适宜东北黑土区玉豆轮作田长期生产轮耕模式,于黑龙江省哈尔滨市香坊区设置4种轮耕模式:翻耕/深松/翻耕(PSP)、旋耕/深松/旋耕(RSR)、免耕/深松/免耕(NSN)、免耕覆秸/深松/免耕覆秸(SSS)(均在秸秆全量还田条件下处理)。分析不同轮耕模式对土壤坚实度、玉米各时期长势及产量的影响。结果表明,①SSS轮耕模式可有效改善土壤结构,0~80 cm土层土壤坚实度低于其他处理13.4%~22.3%,且各土层之间变化较为平缓。②SSS轮耕处理下,玉米在中、后期生长最优,株高显著高于其他处理7.1%~11.3%,茎粗显著高于PSP、RSR处理10.3%、11.6%。③SSS轮耕处理显著提高作物产量,平均产量高达11033.45 kg·hm^(-2)。综上,从黑土资源长期保护角度考虑,SSS轮耕模式为适宜黑土区玉米/大豆轮作田最佳轮耕模式,可为东北黑土垄作区蓄水保墒耕作技术体系构建提供理论依据。

盆底超声在产后盆底功能障碍性疾病诊断中的价值分析

目的 分析在产后盆底功能障碍性疾病诊断中盆底超声的应用价值。方法 从2020年1月—2021年12月于三明市第二医院接受产后复查的产妇中随机选择280例作为研究对象,均接受盆底超声检查,根据检查结果显示,150例产妇患有产后盆底功能障碍性疾病(纳入研究组),未发生盆底功能障碍性疾病者产妇有130例(纳入对照组)。对比两组不同状态下盆底超声检查结果。结果 静息状态、缩肛状态和Valsalva状态下患者产后盆底功能障碍性疾病诊断中,研究组膀胱移动度、尿道旋转角、肛提肌裂孔面积大于对照组(P <0.05)。结论在产后盆底功能障碍性疾病诊断中,盆底超声检查的应用能结合患者症状和动态进行无创检测,借助超声检查观察患者盆底结构和功能发生的变化,并运用该技术更直观的观察各脏器之间的关系,为医生诊断疾病提供参考依据。

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的灌区农田土壤水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失特征研究

为定量分析农田土壤水分渗漏和硝态氮淋失特征,基于3年冬小麦-夏玉米轮作水氮试验,采用HYDRUS-1D模型对泾惠渠灌区农田土壤水氮运移转化过程进行动态模拟。结果表明:HYDRUS-1D模型可以准确模拟不同深度土壤水分和硝态氮的运移过程,根系层下(200 cm)土壤水分渗漏量主要受灌水量影响,冬小麦全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏量大于夏玉米全生育期,两者渗漏量分别为15.34~25.38 cm和6.98~9.82 cm。夏玉米和冬小麦全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏强度分别为0.06~0.08 cm·d^(-1)和0.06~0.10 cm·d^(-1),冬小麦越冬期灌溉处理的全生育期根系层下土壤水分渗漏量受越冬期灌水量影响明显。夏玉米和冬小麦生育期内根系层下硝态氮淋失通量范围分别为0.003~0.016 mg·cm^(-3)·d^(-1)和0.001~0.032 mg·cm^(-3)·d^(-1)。硝态氮淋失与灌水量、降雨量及土壤剖面硝态氮含量呈正相关关系,并且对降雨和灌溉的响应具有滞后性,约在灌水后12 d时根系层下土壤硝态氮淋失通量达到峰值。根系层下土壤硝态氮淋失通量在夏玉米生育期末和冬小麦生育期初处在较高值。综合而言,生产中应合理规划夏玉米及冬小麦灌水和施肥制度,适当调整冬小麦越冬期灌水量,推荐越冬期灌水量低于90 mm。

重庆稻油轮作区氮素利用及氮肥投入阈值研究

通过研究氮肥用量对水稻油菜轮作作物产量、氮素吸收、经济效益及土壤氮素平衡的影响,探讨氮素利用与施氮量的关系,确定作物系统氮肥投入阈值,达到高产和环境友好双赢的目的,为重庆地区稻油轮作合理施肥提供理论依据.于2018-2019年在重庆市典型水稻油菜轮作区,设置5个氮肥用量(0,75,150,225,300 kg/hm^(2)),采用随机区组设计,研究氮肥用量对重庆地区水稻油菜轮作作物产量、氮素利用、土壤矿质氮空间分布及氮素平衡的影响.结果表明:施氮能显著提高重庆地区水稻油菜轮作的作物产量和氮素积累量,其中施氮量对产量促进作用以油菜季300 kg/hm^(2)和水稻季225 kg/hm^(2)最佳,分别提高125.75%和37.74%;对氮素积累量促进作用皆以300 kg/hm^(2)最佳,分别提高187.29%和111.66%.油菜季氮肥偏生产力(PFP N)、氮肥农学利用率(AE N)、氮肥表观利用率(RE N)及水稻季PFP N和AE N均随氮肥增加呈现下降趋势,RE N则呈现先增加后下降的趋势.氮肥用量与油菜和水稻产量(油菜季R 2=0.913,水稻季R 2=0.913)以及作物吸氮量(油菜季R 2=0.895,水稻季R 2=0.879)均呈线性加平台关系,与油菜和水稻经济效益(油菜季R 2=0.914,水稻季R 2=0.898)呈二次曲线关系,与土壤氮素表观损失量(油菜季R 2=0.860,水稻季R 2=0.925)呈线性关系.油菜季施氮量为165.35~183.38 kg/hm^(2)和水稻季施氮量为156.45~193.82 kg/hm^(2)是兼顾作物产量的氮素投入阈值,油菜季施氮量为172.41~249.30 kg/hm^(2)和水稻季施氮量为135.17~246.61 kg/hm^(2)是兼顾作物经济效益的氮素投入阈值,油菜季施氮量为83.11~218.57 kg/hm^(2)和水稻季施氮量为155.47~245.32 kg/hm^(2)是兼顾作物吸氮量和土壤氮素表观损失量的氮素投入阈值.综合考虑作物产量、经济效益以及环境因素,重庆稻油轮作区油菜季化学氮肥投入阈值为172.41~183.38 kg/hm^(2),水稻季化学氮肥投入阈值为156.45~193.82 kg/hm^(2).

不同轮作模式对谷子灌浆期生理特性、产量和品质的影响

为明确不同轮作模式对谷子灌浆期生理特性、产量和品质的影响,于2018—2020年设置谷子连作、玉米大豆谷子、玉米高粱谷子、玉米花生谷子、玉米甘薯谷子、玉米马铃薯谷子和玉米糯玉米谷子7个处理,研究不同处理谷子灌浆期生理特性,以及产量和小米品质的变化,并通过主成分分析法,对谷子产量和小米品质进行综合评价。结果表明,除玉米高粱谷子、玉米糯玉米谷子模式外,其他轮作处理谷子灌浆期叶绿素含量较连作显著增加2.17%~8.40%;灌浆期各轮作处理净光合速率较连作显著增加5.31%~24.40%,各轮作处理均可增加或显著增加谷子功能叶片中硝酸还原酶活性;各轮作处理在拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期叶面积指数大于或显著大于连作;各轮作处理灌浆起始势均早于连作;除玉米糯玉米谷子模式外,各轮作处理谷子产量显著高于连作或与连作差异不显著;玉米大豆谷子轮作模式氨基酸总量、粗蛋白质含量、胶稠度均显著高于连作。谷子产量和小米品质的主成分分析结果表明,玉米大豆谷子为最佳轮作模式,可有效改善连作障碍引起的产量下降和品质降低现象。

基于BP神经网络的稻麦轮作区小麦赤霉病预测模型

为提高稻麦轮作区小麦赤霉病发生程度预测的准确度,以江苏洪泽、姜堰和张家港的历年赤霉病病穗率、田间初始菌源和气象因子为数据集,采用逐步回归分析,筛选影响小麦赤霉病发生的关键因子,进一步构建不同生态区的基于BP神经网络算法的小麦赤霉病发生预测模型,对江苏姜堰和张家港地区小麦赤霉病病穗率预测准确度均为100%,对江苏洪泽地区小麦赤霉病病穗率预测准确度为91.67%。