A Field Study on Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Modes on Nutrient Uptake,Crop Yield and Soil Biological Properties in Rice-Wheat Rotation System

Rational application of nitrogen （N） fertilizers is an important measure to raise N fertilizer recovery rate and reduce N loss.A two-year field experiment of rice-wheat rotation was employed to study the effects of N fertilization modes including a N fertilizer reduction and an organic manure replacement on crop yield,nutrient uptake,soil enzyme activity,and number of microbes as well as diversity of microbes.The result showed that 20% reduction of traditional N fertilizer dose of local farmers did not significantly change crop yield,N uptake,soil enzyme activity,and the number of microbes （bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi）.On the basis of 20% reduction of N fertilizer,50% replacement of N fertilizer by organic manure increased the activity of sucrose,protease,urease,and phosphatase by 46-62,27-89,33-46,and 35-74%,respectively,and the number of microbes,i.e.,bacteria,actinomycetes,and fungi by 36-150,11-153,and 43-56%,respectively.Further,organic fertilizer replacement had a Shannon＇s diversity index （H） of 2.18,which was higher than that of other modes of single N fertilizer application.The results suggested that reducing N fertilizer by 20% and applying organic manure in the experimental areas could effectively lower the production costs and significantly improve soil fertility and biological properties.

猪粪还田对土壤硝态氮淋失的影响研究--以黄灌区稻旱轮作制为例

宁夏引黄灌区是水污染严重地区之一,大部分排水沟水质属于劣五类,主要污染物是硝态氮与铵态氮.猪粪还田试验共有3个处理:传统施肥+空白(CK)、传统施肥+猪粪还田4500kg/hm^2(T1)和传统施肥+猪粪还田9000kg/hm^2(T2).采用树脂芯法测定了30,60,90cm土层的硝态氮淋失量.结果表明,30cm土层处,猪粪还田没有明显增加土壤硝态氮淋失.与对照(15.96±0.41)kg/hm^2相比,T1(16.85±0.40)kg/hm^2与T2(17.01±0.46)kg/hm^2没有达到显著差异(P>0.05);60cm土层处理与对照也没有达到显著差异;90cm土层处的猪粪处理与对照达到显著差异,处理之间没有差异.猪粪还田有利于土壤有机质和总氮提高,30cm土层,与对照相比,T1和T2的有机质增加0.95g/kg和1.41g/kg,分别提高7.50%和11.13%;总氮增加0.06和0.16g/kg,分别提高7.72%和22.04%.猪粪还田提高了作物产量,水稻增产12.26%~11.56%,冬小麦产量提高9.32%~12.52%.

施用猪粪对稻麦产量和土壤磷素积累与淋失的影响

为确定农田畜禽粪便的安全消纳量,在成都平原稻麦轮作条件下,研究施用猪粪后土壤全磷（TP）、有效磷（Olsen–P和Mehlich3–P）、水溶性磷（Ca Cl2–P）的累积特征,评估磷的淋失风险。结果表明：随猪粪施用量的增加,土壤全磷含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,土壤Olsen–P含量和Mehlich3–P含量在100%猪粪N处理后快速增加,增幅分别为21.87～90.58、53.25～262.82 mg/kg,Ca Cl2–P含量在100%猪粪N水平后急剧增加,增幅为0.18～2.40mg/kg;在稻麦轮作体系下,土壤Olsen–P含量和Mehlich3–P含量流失的临界值分别为50、125 mg/kg,Ca Cl2–P含量流失的临界值为0.6 mg/kg;稻麦轮作周期内腐熟猪粪用量为23 364 kg/hm2时（50%化肥N＋50%猪粪N处理）,土壤的磷素积累量明显小于磷素流失临界值,能够安全地最大化消纳猪粪;50%化肥N＋50%猪粪N处理下,水稻产量和小麦产量的和最高,达13 309.7 kg/hm2,相较于常规化肥处理的总产量增加了10.01%,其综合生态效益和经济效益最优。