Erosion environment in the sediment-rich area on the Loess Plateau

Based on the investigation and analysis of characteristics of precipitation, natural environment, socio-economic factors and soil erosion, this paper indicates that the precipitation is the main driving force for the soil erosion in the sediment-rich area, its variability determines the characteristics of soil and water loss; the natural conditions such as the drainage systems, geological and topographic features, the composition of soil and land surface materials, vegetation and climate determine the seriousness of soil and water loss; irrational socio-economic activities of human beings usually accelerated soil and water loss; meanwhile, the low preservation rate and inferiority of soil and water conservation measures made it impossible to make rapid progress on soil and water loss control. Furthermore, the characteristics of erosion environment endowed this area with more sediment that is the main reason for the flooding disasters by the Yellow River. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the enhancement of soil and water conservation. The soil loss prediction models will provide scientific basis for the planning of soil and water conservation, the designing of soil and water conservation measures and the valuation of effects of soil and water loss control. According to the analysis of the previous studies on soil loss prediction, and the water-sediment variation features, it is thought that study on soil loss prediction under various rainfall conditions and soil-water conservation measures should be carried out.

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Organic Matters in Se-rich Areas of Hainan Island in Recent 30 Years

[Objectives] The aim was to reveal the distribution of soil organic matter content in cultivated land in the Se-rich areas of Hainan in 1980and 2010, so as to provide reference for the study on the evolution of soil organic matter content.[Methods] With the combination of field investigation with indoor analysis, the characteristics of organic matter content in the Se-rich areas of Hainan in 1980 and 2010 was revealed by means of spatial analysis, and the differences were analyzed.[Results] In the last 30 years, the proportion of 20-30 g/kg of soil organic matter content in the Se-rich areas of Hainan was reduced, but the content of soil organic matter in the area generally increased. The average value of the content of organic matter in the area was increased from 25.3 g/kg in the 1980s to 28.1 g/kg, but its spatial distribution was uneven.[Conclusions] The farmers should be guided to change the fertilization structure, and attention should be paid to the application of organic fertilizer, so as to improve the soil organic matter content.

Distribution of Soil Nutrients in Se-rich Areas of Hainan Island

[Objectives] The aim was to reveal the distribution of soil nutrients in Se-rich area of Hainan and to clarify their specific contents, so as to provide references for the development of Se-rich area agriculture in Hainan.[Methods] With the se-rich area in Hainan as the object, field investigation and indoor analysis were combined to elucidate the nutrient status of cultivated soil in the area and analyze its nutrient distribution.[Results] The soil in the se-rich area in Hainan province was generally acidic with the average soil pH value of 5.0. The difference in soil pH between different landforms and different altitudes was not significant, ranging from 4.9 to 5.3. Soil available P and available K contents were low to intermediate, and the soil available N content was moderate. The farming system, chemical fertilizer application structure and meteorological factors were the main causes of the distribution of soil nutrient elements. The soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium content was rich, and the distribution of trace elements in the arable soil of different terrains and elevations was closely related to the distribution of soil parent material in the region. The increase of soil organic matter content in arable land could be achieved by increasing the application of organic fertilizer and guiding the farmers to enhance the application of straws to fields.[Conclusions] The application of soil N, P and K fertilizers should be combined with the application of soil organic fertilizers to improve the soil fertility of cultivated land.

Application of 3-D Parallel Electrical Technology Detecting the Water-Rich Areas

Coal working face is damaged more and more seriously by water below the coal face floor. Therefore, floor water detection is a must in the process of extraction. This article aims to introducing application and principle of the two-gateways parallel 3-D electrical technology and the arrangement of the observation system. The authors use this method to detect the water under the floor of a mine in north of Anhui. The results show that the two-gateways parallel 3-D electrical technology can accurately locate the water-rich areas, providing the basis for drilling drainage and grouting construction.

Distribution characteristics of seamount cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and the determination of the size of areas for exploration and exploitation

In 2001, the International Seabed Authority （ISBA） initiated the consideration relating to the Regulations for Prospecting and Exploration for Hydrothermal Polymetallic Sulphides and Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the Area at its 7th session. Since then, the consideration of the Regulations has been mainly focused on the size of areas to be allocated for exploration and exploitation of the crusts. This paper, based on the investigation data and the analysis of the distribution characteristics of the crusts, suggests a model for determining the size of areas for exploration and exploitation of the crusts, taking into account various factors such as production scale, crust thickness and grade, mineable area proportion, recovery efficiency, exploration venture, and so on. Through the modeling, the paper suggests that the exploration area （the area covered by each application for approval of a plan of work for exploration of cobalt-rich crusts） shall be 4 856 km2 and the exploitation area （the mine site area） shall be 1 214 km2, for 20 years of 1 million wet tonnes annual production.

Patterns and determinants of plant richness by elevation in a mountain ecosystem in South Korea: area, mid-domain effect,climate and productivity

We examined patterns of plant species richness on an elevation gradient and evaluated the effects of cli- matic variables including mean annual temperature and precipitation, area, the mid-domain effect and productivity on species richness along two transects on Mt. Seorak, South Korea. A total of 235 plant species of 72 families and 161 genera were recorded from 130 plots along the two transects. Two different patterns, monotonic decline and a unimodal shape, were observed for woody plants with the change in elevation along the two transects, whereas multimodal patterns were observed for all plant species considered together and for herbaceous plants. Area and productivity showed significant relationships with total plant richness. Climatic variables were better predictors than other variables for variation by elevation in woody plant richness, whereas productivity was a more important variable for herbaceous plant richness. Although area was an important variable for predicting species richness pat- terns, the effects differed by transect and plant group. No empirical evidence was linked to the mid-domain effect.Different elevational patterns may characterize different groups in the same taxon and there might be fundamental differences in the mechanisms underlying these richness patterns.

Soil Nutrients Can Influence Exotic Species Richness in Urban Areas: A Case Study from the City of Kolkata

Urbanization contributes to extensive land use changes and environmental degradation which may influence changes in soil properties. These abiotic changes may aggravate invasions and favour the distribution and number of invasive species in urban areas which could negatively impact biodiversity. This case study was, therefore, undertaken in the metropolitan city of Kolkata to assess the existing plant species richness (both native and exotic) and to determine the relative role of some soil physico-chemical parameters on species richness. Plant species were recorded and soil samples were collected from each study site. The total species richness ranged from 4 to 25 with 50% of sites having a median number of 11 species. The presence of at least 3 or more invasive species was observed in >80% of sites. The mean and median values of soil parameters showed considerable variation in soil properties between sites. Urban soils had elevated pH values and higher available N, P and Ca. Soil available N appeared to be significantly correlated with both total species and exotic (including invasive) species richness while available phosphorus showed significant correlation with only exotic species richness. The GLM Poisson log-linear models showed a significant positive relationship of soil N with total species richness and exotic richness including invasive species richness in the study area.

Richly Endowed Qamdo Area In East Tibet

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富水深厚砂层中深大基坑封底加固效果模拟分析研究

针对富水深厚密实砂层中基坑的防渗和稳定性问题,多采用封底技术进行止水加固。以北京城市副中心站综合交通枢纽工程为背景,根据有限元模拟结果对比分析了封底止水加固前后基坑的防渗效果和变形特征,并通过数值模拟进一步探讨了加固厚度和承压水压力对止水加固效果的影响。结果表明,封底止水加固显著提高了基坑的防渗性能,降低了基底的隆起和地下连续墙的侧向变形。加固厚度和承压水压力的变化对封底止水加固的效果有明显影响,随着加固厚度的增大和承压水压力的减小,基底的渗流量、基底的隆起和地下连续墙的侧向变形显著减少。研究成果能为类似工程提供技术参考和理论依据。

能源富集区土地利用变化及驱动因素分析——以山西省为例

对山西省土地利用变化及驱动因素研究可以为黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展战略落实提供科学依据。基于1980-2020年7期影像数据,利用土地利用动态度、转移矩阵及地理探测器对山西省土地利用变化特征进行分析并探究土地利用变化影响因素。研究期内最主要的3种土地利用类型为耕地、草地和林地。建设用地动态度最大。耕地、草地及林地三者之间的相互转化最为突出。因子探测结果表明,不同研究时期山西黄土高原土地利用变化的主导因子不同。高程、坡度、土壤类型、人口密度、GDP等5个因子的平均解释力较强。因子间交互作用相对于单因子均有所增强,GDP、人口密度、城镇化等因子与其他因子间交互作用增强最为显著。

基于SVM的富水岩溶区双线盾构隧道下穿既有线临界安全距离研究

双线盾构隧道在极复杂的岩溶地质中下穿既有线施工时,会对地层造成较大扰动,从而增加既有地表沉降过大或坍塌的风险,严重威胁既有线的运营安全。同时,隧道穿越富水岩溶区域时,需要保持一定距离以避免与溶洞相交,确保双线盾构隧道围岩的稳定性。利用FlAC^(3D)软件建立不同工况组合下双线盾构隧道与左侧溶洞的临界安全距离数值模型,分析不同地下水位对既有线沉降和围岩塑性区范围的影响,并采用正交试验和多元线性回归方法建立双线盾构隧道在不同围岩等级、地下水埋深、开挖隧道埋深和溶洞孔径组合下与溶洞的临界安全距离计算公式。此外,还基于SVM模型对正交试验结果进行机器学习,得到可以预测岩溶地区双线盾构隧道临界安全距离的智能预测系统,实现双线盾构隧道下穿既有线临界安全距离的非线性智能预测。结果表明:当地下水位位于既有线以上时,其水位越高,既有线的沉降量越大、围岩塑性区范围越大,地下水对盾构隧道与溶洞的临界安全距离有很大影响,应用SVM模型和多元线性回归方法确定双线盾构隧道与溶洞之间的临界安全距离是行之有效的。

长江流域建立水资源刚性约束制度的关键问题与对策研究

南方丰水地区建立水资源刚性约束制度,是为了更好地促进生态环境高水平保护和经济社会高质量发展。基于长江流域水资源开发利用、管理现状及特点,分析了长江流域建立水资源刚性约束制度需重点研究的关键问题,并从水资源和水环境承载能力、用水定额标准、计量监测、水资源规划论证、监管考核和市场机制等方面,提出长江流域建立水资源刚性约束制度的对策建议。

基于DNN的煤矿富水区探测反演方法研究

提出了一种基于DNN的煤矿富水区探测反演算法,该算法可以快速准确地实现煤矿富水区二维分布模型的重建。首先,利用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)获得不同分布模型的数值解;随后,依据数据样本搭建网络框架,网络的输入主要为电场分量,输出为相应的模型电导率参数。通过对神经网络进行训练,得到网络的最优系数,随后对富水区分布进行反演预测;结果表明:DNN算法在单个小目标异常体反演中,可以有效克服BP神经网络模型失效的问题,且对于多目标异常体的反演效果更加准确。另外,相同数据集下,DNN的训练耗时与预测耗时也少于BP神经网络。实验结果表明,该算法可以有效提高煤矿富水区探测效率。

陇东地区富油煤地质特征与主控因素研究

为探明陇东地区富油煤地质特征及主控因素,结合地质背景、煤工业分析、显微煤岩分析及格金低温干馏试验等相关测试,对陇东地区富油煤地质特征进行研究,采用统计分析方法,研究煤相参数与焦油产率之间的线性关系,分析影响陇东地区富油煤焦油产率的主要控制因素。结果表明:陇东地区固定碳含量和灰分产率明显较小,水分含量和挥发分产率明显较大,挥发分产率越高,焦油产率越高;煤岩组分以镜质组为主,惰质组次之,整体属于富油煤;陇东地区煤中焦油产率受成煤物质以及成煤环境的影响,煤中焦油产率与镜质组含量呈正相关趋势,与惰质组含量呈负相关趋势,与煤中H元素含量和H/C原子比呈正相关趋势;灰成分指数和镜惰比与焦油产率呈正相关趋势,表明陇东地区成煤环境属于潮湿、厌氧的还原环境,有利于煤中有机质生油。研究结果为今后煤炭资源勘探提供科学依据,有助于富油煤资源量的准确预测。

川西巴塘地区富锂温泉的同位素特征及其成因探讨

川西巴塘地区处于青藏高原东南缘,是地壳新构造运动活跃、地震活动强烈而密集的地区,其中茶洛—德达地段是温泉聚集区,富锂沸泉与温泉密集发育。为进一步认识该区富锂温泉的成因以及温泉与地震活动的关系,开展了温泉水氢、氧、碳和锂同位素的综合研究,阐明了地热流体、锂和热量的来源,探讨了富锂温泉的成因及其与地震活动的关系,为该区富锂温泉的研究和勘查提供支撑。研究结果显示:1)茶洛—德达地段发育章柯、茶洛富锂沸泉和查青卡富锂温泉,锂含量高达1353.00~3592.00µg·L^(-1),其锂同位素组成δ7Li介于-0.53‰~1.74‰之间;2)该区富锂温泉水主要来源于周边4800~5200 m的高山区域大气降水,温泉流体循环深度可达6900~8500 m,与该区部分地震的震源深度相当;3)富锂温泉的深部发生较强的高温(温度236~289℃)水-岩反应,碳酸盐岩、富锂花岗岩等释放出碳和锂等元素,形成查青卡富锂温泉(1353~1392µg·L^(-1));章柯、茶洛沸泉除上述锂来源外,还有深部高温富锂流体混入,从而形成更高温(240~289℃)、更富锂(2736~3592µg·L^(-1))的地热流体;4)该区章柯、茶洛富锂沸泉的热源除以深部(地壳、地幔)热流为主要热源外,还有地震断层摩擦热、深部流体热为补充热源,频发的地震活动持续地、脉动式地为章柯、茶洛地热系统补充热量,形成富锂沸泉。查青卡富锂温泉热源主要为深部(地壳、地幔)热流,无断层摩擦热和深部流体热补充。

某萤石矿老空区水害及稳定性风险综合评估研究

为掌握河南某整合萤石矿老空区体量规模、富水性、稳定性等基本情况,开展该矿黄土岗采区富水情况物探及稳定性评估研究。通过理论分析与地面物探相结合方法,进行老空区富水情况研究;通过现场调查,采用经验公式验算分析老空区稳定性。研究结果表明:黄土岗采区K_(2)、K_(3)矿体老空区共圈定8个富水异常区,其总面积21 074.22 m^(2),总体积358 902.3 m^(3);各个异常区在空间上分布较为分散、孤立,老空区属性为单一采空区,规模为小型,顶板稳定性良好,安全等级为安全级,综合评定老空区不构成重大事故隐患。在此基础上给出合理的老空区治理建议,为老空区的水害防治提供了可靠依据,也为相似条件下矿山的隐蔽致灾因素调查提供参考。

黄河中游多沙粗沙区土壤水蚀时空变化及动态驱动力分析

[目的]揭示黄河中游多沙粗沙区2000-2020年土壤水蚀时空演变特征,分析其动态驱动力。[方法]基于RUSLE模型,计算多沙粗沙区逐年土壤水蚀模数,分析2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年、2020年土壤水蚀强度变化特征,利用Sen+MK趋势分析法结合Hurst指数探究土壤水蚀模数时空变化特征,使用参数最优地理探测器中的因子探测与交互探测量化年平均降水、海拔、坡度、植被覆盖度、土地利用/覆盖类型、土壤类型6个因子对土壤水蚀空间分布的解释力。[结果](1)2000-2020年5期多沙粗沙区中度、强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀面积分别下降48.09%,77.93%,83.01%,36.13%;微度和轻度侵蚀面积分别上升46.22%,0.33%。现阶段多沙粗沙区以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,二者面积占比分别为62.49%,42.07%。(2)多沙粗沙区土壤水蚀模数总体年际变化呈波动显著下降趋势,由2000年的2214.89 t/(km^(2)·a)降至2020年的1169.44 t/(km^(2)·a)。2000-2020年多沙粗沙区土壤水蚀模数空间变化趋势主要表现为下降状态,面积占比为76.13%,未来仍将以下降状态为主,面积占比为62.50%。(3)6个因子间的交互作用解释力均大于单因子,且主要表现为非线性增强和双因子增强;多沙粗沙区土壤水蚀2000-2005年由降水和土地利用/覆盖主导,2010-2020年由植被覆盖度和土地利用/覆盖主导。[结论]2000-2020年多沙粗沙区土壤水蚀状况不断好转;未来共有62.50%的区域土壤水蚀模数为持续下降与未来下降状态,但仍有20.44%的区域存在上升的潜在风险;退耕还林还草工程改变土地利用/覆盖格局,使得多沙粗沙区土壤水蚀驱动力呈动态变化;在今后多沙粗沙区土壤水蚀防治,优化土地利用/覆盖格局时需要充分考虑坡度因子。

弱胶结巨厚砂砾岩含水层离层突水机制研究

安新煤田主采煤层上覆巨厚弱胶结砂砾岩含水层,富水性弱,但多个工作面回采期间发生突水,查明突水机制是矿井水害防治的关键。通过水文地质特征分析,阐明了砂砾岩含水层厚度分布特征和富水性分区特征。采用岩石单轴抗压强度、三轴声发射、X衍射试验等方法,获得了顶板隔水层岩石物理力学性质。基于关键层理论分析、导水裂隙带与采动富水异常区层位关系及相似模拟试验成果,建立了4种条件下巨厚砂砾岩含水层突水的水文地质结构模型,揭示了砂砾岩含水层不同条件下的突水机制,并明确了研究区突水点的突水机制,提出了隔水保护层失稳导致突水的工程判据。研究结果表明:研究区东部局部区域含水层富水性中等,以往多次突水均发生在弱富水区;砂砾岩含水层下顶板泥岩中黏土矿物含量达到59.6%,亲水性强,具有良好的隔水作用;但在采动作用下顶板隔水层岩体卸压后强度降低,厚度较薄时,受上部岩层载荷和采动富水区静水压力作用易发生破坏,成为良好导水通道;砂砾岩含水层物理力学性质特殊,采动扰动后孔隙裂隙发育,形成了富水变化异常区;弱胶结砂砾岩突水的强度与下部基岩特征、导水裂隙带发育高度、隔水保护层厚度等因素相关;研究区弱胶结砂砾岩发生突水的工程判据为正常区隔水保护层厚度小于30 m,受背斜构造影响区隔水保护层厚度小于60 m。弱胶结巨厚砂砾岩含水层离层突水机制及工程判据对西部矿区水害防治提供了借鉴。

富水区隧道涌水突泥预警及风险源控制技术研究

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