The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting(RFRH) system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use effici...The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting(RFRH) system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use efficiency(WUE),a field experiment was conducted during 2008-2010 at the Heyang Dryland Experimental Station,China.Four treatments were used in the study.Furrows received uncovered mulching in all RFRH treatments whereas ridges were mulched with plastic film(PF),biodegradable film(BF) or liquid film(LF).A conventional flat field without mulching was used as the control(CK).The results indicated that the average soil water storage at depths of 0-200 cm were 8.2 and 7.3%,respectively higher with PF and BF than with CK.However,LF improved soil water storage during the early growth stage of the crop.Compared with CK,the corn yields with PF and BF were increased by 20.4 and 19.4%,respectively,and WUE with each treatment increased by 23.3 and 21.7%,respectively.There were no significant differences in corn yield or WUE with the PF and BF treatments.The net income was the highest with PF,followed by BF,and the 3-yr average net incomes with these treatments were increased by 2 559 and 2 430 CNY ha-1,respectively,compared with CK.BF and PF had similar effects in enhancing the soil water content,crop yield and net income.Therefore,it can be concluded that biodegradable film may be a sustainable ecological alternative to plastic film for use in the RFRH system in northwest of China.展开更多
Autumn continuous overcast and rainfall weather affects normal rice harvest and often causes higher rice output which is not accompanied by a higher income,and it is one of main agrometeorological disasters in harvest...Autumn continuous overcast and rainfall weather affects normal rice harvest and often causes higher rice output which is not accompanied by a higher income,and it is one of main agrometeorological disasters in harvesting period of middle and late rice in Hubei Province. Especially in recent years,plantation area of single-season rice in Hubei Province is larger,and it is mostly harvested from last dekad of September to middle dekad of October,and the opportunity of encountering autumn continuous overcast and rainfall in harvesting period is larger. From later period of last dekad of September to first and middle dekads of October,2017,continuous overcast and rainfall weather occurred in most areas of east Hubei Province,which caused serious influence on the harvesting of semilate rice. In this paper,adverse influence on semilate rice harvest by the autumn continuous overcast and rainfall was investigated and analyzed,and the suggestions on defending and reducing the harm of continuous overcast and rainfall in the harvesting period of semilate rice were proposed.展开更多
Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting (RFRH) planting pattern can lessen the effect of water deficits throughout all crop growth stages, but water shortage would remain unavoidable during some stages of crop growth in a...Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting (RFRH) planting pattern can lessen the effect of water deficits throughout all crop growth stages, but water shortage would remain unavoidable during some stages of crop growth in arid and semiarid areas. Supplemental irrigation would still be needed to achieve a higher production. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons (2012-2013 and 2013-2014)to determine an appropriate amount of supplemental irrigation to be applied to winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage with RFRH planting pattern. Four treatments, including supplemental irrigation amount of 0 (I1), 60 mm (I2) and 120 mm (I3) with RFRH planting pattern and a control (CK) irrigated with 120 mm with flat planting pattern, were set up to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation on aboveground dry matter (ADM), nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), radiation use efficiency (RUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and seed yield and oil content of the oilseed rape. Results showed that supplemental irrigation improved NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE. However, the NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE did not increase significantly or even showed a downward trend with excessive irrigation. Seed yield was the highest in 13 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 13 averaged 3235 kg ha^-1 and 8.85 kg ha^-1 mm-1, respectively. The highest WUE was occurred in 12 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 12 averaged 3089 kg ha^-1 and 9.63 kg ha^-1 mm^-1, respectively. Compared to 13, 12 used 60 mm less irrigation amount, had an 8.9% higher WUE, but only 4.5 and 0.4% lower seed yield and oil content, respectively. 12 saved water without substantially sacrificing yield or oil content, so it is recommended as an appropriate cultivation and irrigation schedule for winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage.展开更多
Jordan is characterized by severe weather conditions, therefore great temporal and spatial variations in rainfall;runoff and evaporation amounts are expected. Water harvesting has been practiced in Jordan throughout h...Jordan is characterized by severe weather conditions, therefore great temporal and spatial variations in rainfall;runoff and evaporation amounts are expected. Water harvesting has been practiced in Jordan throughout history for both irrigation and household purposes. A major research project was carried out in the Jordanian Badia on site selection criteria for rain water harvesting systems based on the integration between indigenous knowledge and the use of Geo-informatics. This work was followed by conducting a geophysical and soil investigation for five potential sites. In this study, GIS was used to investigate the potential of having enough runoff in the five selected sites to establish water harvesting dams based on rainfall, evaporation data and catchments’ areas for the selected sites. It was found that the estimated runoff that could be harvested on annual basis at these sites varies between 0.2 Million Cubic Meters (MCM) in Alaasra site to 0.82 MCM in Al-Manareh (Al-Ghuliasi) site. This indicates that these sites have the potential for small scale water harvesting that could be utilized by local livestock owners in the area to water their livestock.展开更多
The feasibility of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) as an alternative source of water to meet the outdoor water demand in nine states of the U.S. was evaluated using a system dynamics model developed in Systems T...The feasibility of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) as an alternative source of water to meet the outdoor water demand in nine states of the U.S. was evaluated using a system dynamics model developed in Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation. The state of Arizona was selected to evaluate the effects of the selected model parameters on the efficacy of RRWH since among the nine states the arid region of Arizona showed the least potential of meeting the outdoor water demand with rain harvested water. The analyses were conducted on a monthly basis across a 10-year projected period from 2015 to 2024. The results showed that RRWH as a potential source of water was highly sensitive to certain model parameters such as the outdoor water demand, the use of desert landscaping, and the percentage of existing houses with RRWH. A significant difference (as high as 37.5%) in rainwater potential was observed between the projected wet and dry climate conditions in Arizona. The analysis of the dynamics of the storage tanks suggested that a 1.0-2.0 m3 rainwater barrel, on an average, can store approximately 80% of the monthly rainwater generated from the rooftops in Arizona, even across the high seasonal variation. This interactive model can be used as a quick estimator of the amount of water that could be generated, stored, and utilized through RRWH systems in the U.S. under different climate conditions. The findings of such comprehensive analyses may help regional policymakers, especially in arid regions, to develop a sustainable water management infrastructure.展开更多
【目的】探明沟垄微型集雨种植(垄体覆膜沟内种植)适宜的降雨量范围,为确定合理的微型集雨种植模式提供科学依据。【方法】在夏玉米生长期,人工模拟大、中、小3种降雨量(440、340和230mm),定期测定传统平作(T1)和沟垄微型集雨种植(T2)...【目的】探明沟垄微型集雨种植(垄体覆膜沟内种植)适宜的降雨量范围,为确定合理的微型集雨种植模式提供科学依据。【方法】在夏玉米生长期,人工模拟大、中、小3种降雨量(440、340和230mm),定期测定传统平作(T1)和沟垄微型集雨种植(T2)条件下土壤水分和耕层地温,并分析了农田水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)。【结果】在玉米全生育期230、340和440mm降雨量下,沟垄微型集雨种植农田200cm土层平均储水量分别较平作(平作不起垄不覆膜)增加了2.3%、5.2%和4.5%,耕层0~5cm平均地温分别增加了1.2、1.1和1.0℃。在全生育期230mm和340mm雨量下,WUE较平作分别增加7kg·ha-1·mm-1和3.1kg·ha-1·mm-1,提高了61.24%和26.90%;当全生育期降雨量为440mm时,沟垄微型集雨种植和平作的WUE分别为16.55kg·ha-1·mm-1和17.46kg·ha-1·mm-1,差异不显著。【结论】在夏玉米生育期降雨量为230mm到340mm雨量范围,沟垄微型集雨种植能明显改善玉米的水温条件,提高WUE。展开更多
基金supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006BAD29B03)the 111 Project (B12007)the Shaanxi Technology Project, China (2010K02-08-2)
文摘The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting(RFRH) system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use efficiency(WUE),a field experiment was conducted during 2008-2010 at the Heyang Dryland Experimental Station,China.Four treatments were used in the study.Furrows received uncovered mulching in all RFRH treatments whereas ridges were mulched with plastic film(PF),biodegradable film(BF) or liquid film(LF).A conventional flat field without mulching was used as the control(CK).The results indicated that the average soil water storage at depths of 0-200 cm were 8.2 and 7.3%,respectively higher with PF and BF than with CK.However,LF improved soil water storage during the early growth stage of the crop.Compared with CK,the corn yields with PF and BF were increased by 20.4 and 19.4%,respectively,and WUE with each treatment increased by 23.3 and 21.7%,respectively.There were no significant differences in corn yield or WUE with the PF and BF treatments.The net income was the highest with PF,followed by BF,and the 3-yr average net incomes with these treatments were increased by 2 559 and 2 430 CNY ha-1,respectively,compared with CK.BF and PF had similar effects in enhancing the soil water content,crop yield and net income.Therefore,it can be concluded that biodegradable film may be a sustainable ecological alternative to plastic film for use in the RFRH system in northwest of China.
文摘Autumn continuous overcast and rainfall weather affects normal rice harvest and often causes higher rice output which is not accompanied by a higher income,and it is one of main agrometeorological disasters in harvesting period of middle and late rice in Hubei Province. Especially in recent years,plantation area of single-season rice in Hubei Province is larger,and it is mostly harvested from last dekad of September to middle dekad of October,and the opportunity of encountering autumn continuous overcast and rainfall in harvesting period is larger. From later period of last dekad of September to first and middle dekads of October,2017,continuous overcast and rainfall weather occurred in most areas of east Hubei Province,which caused serious influence on the harvesting of semilate rice. In this paper,adverse influence on semilate rice harvest by the autumn continuous overcast and rainfall was investigated and analyzed,and the suggestions on defending and reducing the harm of continuous overcast and rainfall in the harvesting period of semilate rice were proposed.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest,China(201503105 and 201503125)the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(863 Program,2011AA100504)
文摘Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting (RFRH) planting pattern can lessen the effect of water deficits throughout all crop growth stages, but water shortage would remain unavoidable during some stages of crop growth in arid and semiarid areas. Supplemental irrigation would still be needed to achieve a higher production. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons (2012-2013 and 2013-2014)to determine an appropriate amount of supplemental irrigation to be applied to winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage with RFRH planting pattern. Four treatments, including supplemental irrigation amount of 0 (I1), 60 mm (I2) and 120 mm (I3) with RFRH planting pattern and a control (CK) irrigated with 120 mm with flat planting pattern, were set up to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation on aboveground dry matter (ADM), nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), radiation use efficiency (RUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and seed yield and oil content of the oilseed rape. Results showed that supplemental irrigation improved NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE. However, the NNI, RUE, seed yield and oil content, and WUE did not increase significantly or even showed a downward trend with excessive irrigation. Seed yield was the highest in 13 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 13 averaged 3235 kg ha^-1 and 8.85 kg ha^-1 mm-1, respectively. The highest WUE was occurred in 12 for both growing seasons. Seed yield and WUE in 12 averaged 3089 kg ha^-1 and 9.63 kg ha^-1 mm^-1, respectively. Compared to 13, 12 used 60 mm less irrigation amount, had an 8.9% higher WUE, but only 4.5 and 0.4% lower seed yield and oil content, respectively. 12 saved water without substantially sacrificing yield or oil content, so it is recommended as an appropriate cultivation and irrigation schedule for winter oilseed rape at the stem-elongation stage.
文摘Jordan is characterized by severe weather conditions, therefore great temporal and spatial variations in rainfall;runoff and evaporation amounts are expected. Water harvesting has been practiced in Jordan throughout history for both irrigation and household purposes. A major research project was carried out in the Jordanian Badia on site selection criteria for rain water harvesting systems based on the integration between indigenous knowledge and the use of Geo-informatics. This work was followed by conducting a geophysical and soil investigation for five potential sites. In this study, GIS was used to investigate the potential of having enough runoff in the five selected sites to establish water harvesting dams based on rainfall, evaporation data and catchments’ areas for the selected sites. It was found that the estimated runoff that could be harvested on annual basis at these sites varies between 0.2 Million Cubic Meters (MCM) in Alaasra site to 0.82 MCM in Al-Manareh (Al-Ghuliasi) site. This indicates that these sites have the potential for small scale water harvesting that could be utilized by local livestock owners in the area to water their livestock.
文摘The feasibility of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) as an alternative source of water to meet the outdoor water demand in nine states of the U.S. was evaluated using a system dynamics model developed in Systems Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation. The state of Arizona was selected to evaluate the effects of the selected model parameters on the efficacy of RRWH since among the nine states the arid region of Arizona showed the least potential of meeting the outdoor water demand with rain harvested water. The analyses were conducted on a monthly basis across a 10-year projected period from 2015 to 2024. The results showed that RRWH as a potential source of water was highly sensitive to certain model parameters such as the outdoor water demand, the use of desert landscaping, and the percentage of existing houses with RRWH. A significant difference (as high as 37.5%) in rainwater potential was observed between the projected wet and dry climate conditions in Arizona. The analysis of the dynamics of the storage tanks suggested that a 1.0-2.0 m3 rainwater barrel, on an average, can store approximately 80% of the monthly rainwater generated from the rooftops in Arizona, even across the high seasonal variation. This interactive model can be used as a quick estimator of the amount of water that could be generated, stored, and utilized through RRWH systems in the U.S. under different climate conditions. The findings of such comprehensive analyses may help regional policymakers, especially in arid regions, to develop a sustainable water management infrastructure.
文摘【目的】探明沟垄微型集雨种植(垄体覆膜沟内种植)适宜的降雨量范围,为确定合理的微型集雨种植模式提供科学依据。【方法】在夏玉米生长期,人工模拟大、中、小3种降雨量(440、340和230mm),定期测定传统平作(T1)和沟垄微型集雨种植(T2)条件下土壤水分和耕层地温,并分析了农田水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)。【结果】在玉米全生育期230、340和440mm降雨量下,沟垄微型集雨种植农田200cm土层平均储水量分别较平作(平作不起垄不覆膜)增加了2.3%、5.2%和4.5%,耕层0~5cm平均地温分别增加了1.2、1.1和1.0℃。在全生育期230mm和340mm雨量下,WUE较平作分别增加7kg·ha-1·mm-1和3.1kg·ha-1·mm-1,提高了61.24%和26.90%;当全生育期降雨量为440mm时,沟垄微型集雨种植和平作的WUE分别为16.55kg·ha-1·mm-1和17.46kg·ha-1·mm-1,差异不显著。【结论】在夏玉米生育期降雨量为230mm到340mm雨量范围,沟垄微型集雨种植能明显改善玉米的水温条件,提高WUE。