Analysis on Mortgage of Farmland Contractual Management Right and Countermeasures

In recent years, a series of pilot projects in mortgage of farmland contractual management right have been carried out in some regions. However, there is considerable dispute over whether the farmland contractual management right can be mortgaged in the practice of China's legislation on land circulation. We firstly introduced current situations of mortgage of farmland contractual management right in China. Then, we analyzed existing problems in mortgage of farmland contractual management right. Finally, we put forward corresponding countermeasures and recommendations, to bring into full play land use efficiency, more rationally distribute land resource, and further promote development of rural economy.

The Innovation and Plights of Farmland Property Rights System Reform in Chongqing Municipality

Based on the background of national urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area and the introduction of the profiles of research region and the data obtained by on-the-spot interview survey,the innovative models of farmland property rights system reform in Chongqing are introduced by applying participatory rural appraisal methods and examples. The innovative models cover buying shares of contract management rights,transforming from farmers to townspeople and mortgaging contract management rights. The plights exist in the reform are analyzed,among which the plights of buying shares of contract management rights are introduced from the following five aspects:the conflict with the present land contract laws,the possible new round of massive scale land loses,the confounded functions of government and enterprise caused by risk transference and the difficulties of handling assets when the contract management rights expired. Besides,the plights of the transforming from rural residents to urban residents are analyzed from four aspects,which include the particularity of reform,high financial pressure,emergence of interbedded people and difficulties of payoff of village-based companies. From the facets of limited mortgage area,risks of reimbursing the loan,legal risks of mortgage. The results show that the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights reveals the capital value of land and the model is of theoretical and practical significance in law and economics. However,the social security system is not perfect,so the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights can not be expanded. In addition,the participation of more famers and the expansion of enterprises are limited as well. The land comprehensive reform model of transforming from rural residents to urban residents is of positive significance to the comprehensive exploration of farmland property system reform,but this kind of model should be supported by strong economy. The stock purchasing model of contractual management rights is of significance to perfect the contractual management rights,but it conflicts with the existing laws and financial systems.

A Probe into the Mortgage Rates of Land Contract Management Rights Based on Unified Annual Output Value

The mortgage of land contract management rights has launched a pilot project in Ningxia,Hubei,Henan,Guizhou,Chongqing and other provinces,municipalities and autonomous regions,which provides a good solution to the problem of funds for rural development and plays a huge role in promoting local rural economic development.In the mortgage financing of land contract management rights implemented in various regions,how to determine a scientific,accurate and reasonable mortgage rate of land contract management rights becomes a difficulty troubling the mortgage financing of land.On the basis of unified annual output value of land,this article uses survey method,income capitalization method,and comparison method to analyze the value of land contract management rights,and finally determine the mortgage rates of land contract management rights.

Study on Transfer Problem of Contract and Management Right of Agricultural Land in Anhui Province

The status quo and significance of contract and management right transfer of rural land are analyzed,and major problems existed in contract and management right transfer of rural land in Anhui Province are studied,containing unsound transfer market,insufficient flow demand motion,single transfer form,non-standard register,right determination and certificate issuing. On this basis,several policies and suggestions are proposed,such as combining practical use with suitable use of land right determination and certificate issuing,establishing multilayer rural social security system and expanding land management range.

Issues concerning Farmland Transfer in the Development of China's Agricultural Modernization——Based on the Survey of Farmers in 21 Townships of Sichuan Province

Based on the actual survey of 724 rural households in 21 townships of Sichuan Province,this article analyzes the basic information,basic characteristics and problems in current China's farmland transfer.The results show that the rural land contractual management right is relatively stable;in farmland transfer market,the degree of development of farmland transfer-out market is higher than that of farmland transfer-in market;at the same time,there are many problems,such as fragmentation of rural land resources allocation,incomplete land property rights system,too powerful land security function,single land transfer pattern and unsound transfer system.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:unifying urban and rural planning,and adjusting distribution pattern of rural land in concert with the course of urbanization;improving land property rights system,so that the farmers have the land contractual management right with real right tendency;strengthening the legal construction of land transfer,regulating the land transfer process,and guiding regularized and legalized development of land transfer;promoting farmers' cognitive level,and establishing the intermediary platform to provide land transfer information,ensuring information symmetry between both sides of transfer;providing more non-agricultural jobs,establishing and improving social security system for farmers,and diluting the social security function of land.

Empirical Analysis on Transfer and Limitation of Land Contractual Management Right

Existing laws have three limitations on transfer of land contractual management right. The survey of 506 farmer households in Zhejiang,Jiangxi and Guangxi provinces indicates that most farmers have the consistent knowledge of limitation on " transfer being approved by the party giving out the contract in advance" with legislative requirements,but it is not effectively implemented in actual operation. As to limitation on transferee,no matter in cognition of farmers,or in real transfer process,the transferee is not totally limited to farmers engaged in agricultural production and management. For the constraint that the transferor should have stable non-agricultural occupation or stable income source, most farmers agree,but more than half of the farmers have not confirmed the transfer action in practice.

Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

Reform of Agricultural Land Transfer of Different Types of Farmers' Willingness

Since forty years of reform and opening up,China's rural landscape has undergone tremendous changes,and agricultural production manner is obviously improved,while farmers' living level is rose significantly.Rural land contracting and management right system plays a vital role in promoting rural economic and social development in China.In this paper,farmers under the background of the transfer of rural land contracting and management right are taken as research objects,and the difference of different types of farmers under the willingness of land transfer is analyzed.Finally,corresponding reform assumptions are proposed for transfer willingness of different types of farmers.

农地产权的结构变化·权能功效和规模经营

运用文献研究法、对比分析法和制度分析法等研究方法,从产权结构角度阐释其变化历程和权能功效,进而揭示农地产权结构与农地经营模式的互馈。研究发现:农地产权结构的变化经历了所有权与使用权一体,所有权与使用权初步分离,所有权、资格权及使用权再分离等发展阶段,权能划分越来越细、权能内涵界定更趋清晰。农地产权正持续进行合理性变革,农地权能的分解具有中国特色,更加注重农民权能利益保护,并与农地经营模式关联紧密。未来农地产权结构和农地经营模式的创新需要国家从政策措施、经济措施、法律措施等方面进一步完善和予以保障。

农民专业合作社农地金融的法治保障研究

农民专业合作社农地金融实践的顺利展开,激发了农村土地资本运作功能,是助推农村经济发展、实现乡村振兴的题中应有之义。目前农民专业合作社农地金融的成效不如预期,究其本质原因在于既有立法对于实践探索自发形成的法秩序缺乏有效回应。确保农地金融法律关系主体的金融利益,并促进其所承载的社会公共利益之实现,亟待发挥法律对保障农民专业合作社农地金融实践顺利开展所具有的长效作用。实现农民专业合作社农地金融的法治化,必然要基于农地融资权的社会化向度,以完备农地金融的利益平衡机制为核心任务,以构建农民专业合作社的内部治理结构、完善风险防控和激励保障机制为关键进路。

农村承包经营户破产能力证成与实现路径

我国“三农”领域基础法律制度是“三农”法治化发展的重要支撑和保障,但在回应建设高效农村市场、健全统一市场规则和制度体系方面仍显不足。农村承包经营户作为我国农村市场中占据绝对多数的生产经营主体,其市场退出机制至今仍处于缺位状态,一旦陷入债务危机,则难以顺利退出市场。因而,有必要对农村承包经营户破产能力问题进行证成,探讨其破产能力的实现路径。对此,一方面应从经济学理论维度、国家政策维度与法学维度,论证农村承包经营户的破产能力;另一方面,应在公法视域下,确定赋予农村承包经营户破产能力的基本遵循,探寻农村承包经营户破产的立法模式,明确《个人破产法》中农村承包经营户破产适用规则的特殊性以及农户破产后的土地经营权处置,全面保障我国农村承包经营户的合法权益。

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

土地流转过程中农民权益保护研究

以土地承包经营权流转过程中农民权益保护为视角,从土地流转过程中农民主体地位、农民意愿的表达、流转收益分配、农民经济利益和生活环境情况等方面展开分析。从权利理论视角对土地流转过程中农民权益保护情况进行探讨,基于理论和实证的研究,从健全农村土地管理法规体系、完善农村土地产权制度、以市场机制为导向创新土地流转机制、大力发展农村土地流转服务、协调流转和耕地保护的关系、构建农村社会保障体系等方面提出完善建议,对深化农村土地制度改革、促进统筹城乡发展具有重要的现实意义和理论价值。

清水江文书中的“用益物权”

清水江文书中的“用益物权”,以“讨”字文书的形式呈现。清水江文书中的地役权存在着“需役物”与供役地等不典型的地役权以及需役地与供役地的典型地役权两种模式;清水江文书中的居住权同样具有典型的“居住权”以及“保留占有、使用权买卖”的居住权两种模式;清水江文书中所呈现出的土地承包经营权则在占有、使用、收益的权利方面存在明显的限制性。纵观清水江文书中的三种用益物权,其背后蕴涵了以“礼”为主的法治观念价值和以“和谐”为主的法治实践价值,其对解决目前民法典用益物权编的某些现实问题以及建设中国特色社会主义法治体系均可能做出有益贡献。

农地产权再造:路径与形态

围绕为何农地产权经“两权分离”后还需再造的议题,该研究从比较基于市场交易和无偿分配的两种“两权分离”形式入手,剖析了农地“三权分置”的本质、困境及优化路径,探讨了农地产权可能的终极形态。研究表明:①“两权分离”的形式决定了农地产权的变迁路径。通过对比城市土地产权和农地产权在“两权分离”形式上的差异,可以发现,基于市场机制的“两权分离”无须进一步的产权细分,而基于无偿分配的“两权分离”却需产权再造。因此,农地“两权分离”的症结不在于权利分离的架构,而在于权利分离的形式。②虽然“三权分置”能降低产权不稳定的危害,并使产权交易不再封闭,但是建立在土地流转基础上的“三权分置”面临流转合约不稳定和产权主体多重的治理难题,导致流转型土地经营权难以发展成物权性质的产权,并造成承包权与经营权间的分置不彻底。③短期或局部来看,农地“三权分置”的制度设计需要适应流转合约不稳定的阶段特征,应赋予流转型土地经营权有限权能。长期而言,可通过改变经营权流转的组织形式,或变换“三权分置”的产权交易形式,实现承包权与经营权彻底分置,促进土地经营权物权化。④如同基于无偿分配的“两权分离”只是农地产权的早期形态,“三权分置”也可能是农地产权在特定阶段的形式,农地产权最终可能演变为基于市场机制的“两权分离”。一种可能是通过土地承包权的市场化改革迂回到基于无偿分配的“两权分离”,另一种可能是基于市场机制直接从集体产权中实现所有权与经营权的分离。

作者合同退出权的域外经验探析与本土规范构建

作者合同退出权对解决版权交易中作者的利益受损问题,疏解作者与传播者间利益分配失衡矛盾具有重要作用。域外较早发展出以美国回归权和欧盟撤销权为代表的作者合同退出权。回归权以固定时间为作者退出合同的触发点,解决作者在首次议价中因信息不足而出现的许可费过低问题,并通过配套规则解决衍生作品使用纠纷。撤销权以合同相对方未使用作品为作者退出合同的触发点,满足作者发表作品的精神诉求,并推行版权交易“非用即失”原则。结合本土法律背景和产业基础,我国可综合借鉴回归权与撤销权经验,构建以合同相对方未使用作品为触发点的作者合同退出权,细化配套规则,推进“非用即失”的版权交易原则。在文化产业中维护普通作者的合同利益,推进构建灵活、可信的版权交易关系和健康的版权运营生态。

农户务农人力资本禀赋对农地经营权抵押价值的溢价影响

在中国农地经营权抵押实践中,出于管控经营风险的考量,金融机构一般采用市场法而不是收益法评估被抵押农地经营权的价值,这种评估法往往忽视务农人力资本禀赋创造财富的价值作用,低估了农地经营权价值,从而潜在性诱致农户面临生产性融资约束。利用2022年中国西部4省原国务院、地方政府授权农地经营权抵押试点区1 539份实地调研数据,结合收益和市场两种评估法核算出的农地经营权抵押价值溢价差值,探究农户务农人力资本禀赋对农地经营权抵押价值的溢价影响。研究结果表明:在控制其他变量后,农户务农人力资本禀赋对农地经营权抵押价值溢价具有显著的正向影响。务农人力资本数量禀赋显著降低农地经营权抵押价值溢价影响概率和影响程度,而务农人力资本质量禀赋的影响则与之相反,经内生性和稳健性检验后,该结论依然成立。进一步研究发现,农户务农人力资本禀赋对农地经营权抵押价值溢价的正向影响在户主为青年、中年与农地经营规模大的家庭中更明显。因此,应当建立务农人力资本禀赋评价制度、创新“抵押+务农人力资本禀赋”评估方法,在农地经营权抵押实践中量化、变现并最终认可农户务农人力资本禀赋创造的经济价值。

家庭农场制度的法学反思与构建

家庭农场的缘协调特性隐含着商主体的主体特质,经营规模适度的特性隐含着经营客体农地经营权规模流转的客体特质,这些特质决定了家庭农场属于新型的农业市场主体。在法政策实践中,存在家庭农场组织形式混乱、准入和退出制度不完善、与农地流转规则不能有效衔接等问题。为保障家庭农场经营的稳定性及持续性,我国应当建立政府农地收储制度,同时,规定出租土地的承包人以同等条件下的强制缔约义务,或者规定出租土地再次流转时推定出租人同意规则。

集体土地发包方终止权的原因、性质、行使及其法律后果——《农村土地承包法》第64条的解释与完善

《农村土地承包法》第64条突破合同相对性,明确赋予了集体土地发包方对土地经营权流转合同的终止权。该规定主要是基于土地有效利用以及保护耕地的考量。发包方终止权是基于其所有者地位和代理国家保护耕地而生的固有权,并非是替代承包者的代位权。第64条规定的四个行使条件是相互独立的,且“给土地造成严重损害或者严重破坏土地生态环境”具有兜底作用。承包方如果超过“三个月”不行使解除权,发包方就可以行使终止权;发包方的终止权不受民法典第564条第2款的除斥期间限制;终止权需要通过诉讼方式行使。此外,发包方终止权行使的后果也需要进一步解释与完善。

农户承包地“小田并大田”改革中的法律风险及其应对

“小田并大田”是针对现实中承包地细碎化问题而实施的改革措施,对于优化土地资源配置、提高耕地利用效率和保障农户承包经营权益意义颇大。但“小田并大田”改革也面临着土地权属、流转合同、流转收益分配等方面的法律风险。为确保“小田并大田”改革在法治轨道内进行,并最大程度化解法律风险,应着重从法治底线和疏解路径两个层面采取应对措施。一方面,应当坚持农村土地集体所有、农村基本经营制度、保障集体成员权益的基本法治底线;另一方面,应当发挥农村集体经济组织“统”的功能,保持土地承包关系稳定并长久不变,依法规范土地经营权流转行为,确保集体成员公正合理地分配集体收益并构建多元化的承包地纠纷解决机制。