Research on the Circulation Problems of Contractual Management Right of Rural Land

Based on the judicial explanation of the contractual management right of land, the thesis elaborates the definition of main body of contractual management right of rural land; right of possession, use right, usufruct of contractual management right of land; autonomy of production and operation; disposition of the products; expropriation and occupation compensation authority of contractual land respectively, in order to demonstrate the connotation of land contractual management. The thesis also analyzes perspicaciously the phenomenon of non-agricultural-use land and proclaiming phenomenon of contractual management right of land. We should establish normalized rural land property rights register system to perfect contractual management right of land. Proclaiming of agriculture land right also should adopt registration effectiveness so as to guarantee the legality of transference of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in terms of system. We should perfect rural land circulation in terms of normalizing land circulation laws and normalizing contractual farmers fees: in terms of the movable agricultural land right, we should further perfect the types and content of circulation and lessen non-legal form restrictions of circulation; in terms of contractual fees, we should normalize contractual fees of land in order to preclude the contradiction between the contractees and contractors arising from blank space of laws.

Disputes over Circulation of Rural Land Contractual Management Right and Control Countermeasures

On the basis of current situations of disputes over rural land contractual management right,this paper analyzes causes of disputes from four aspects. It states that controlling disputes,regulating and strengthening land circulation in accordance with laws are core works of new socialist countryside construction and rural reform. Finally,it presents five control countermeasures,including improving laws and regulations on circulation of rural land contractual management right,strengthening popularization and guidance of relevant laws and regulations,government departments administering in accordance with laws,stressing management of land contractual management right circulation contract,and establishing and perfecting land circulation intermediaries to realize market-oriented circulation.

Contract System for Circulation of the Right to Rural Land Contractual Management

From the perspective of civil subject theory,law of value,comparative law and history of laws,the thesis expounds that the contract on the transfer of the contractual right of rural lands is in nature a civil contract instead of an administrative one.Then it explores the defects in the contract from the viewpoint of legal value goal,contract law and legal sociology,that is,the relevant provisions in Rural Land Contract Law and Explanations of Supreme People's Court about the Issues concerning the Laws Applicable to the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Rural Land Contracting go against the principle of free contracting and run counter to the legal value goal of justice,so they do not achieve good implementing effect.Finally,the thesis demonstrates and makes some practical legislative proposals to perfect the contract system for circulation of the right to operate constructed rural lands,aiming at improving the circulation rate through perfecting the contract of the right to rural land contractual management,solving the disputes in rural lands circulation and safeguarding the legitimate rights of the farmers.

The Transfer of Land Contractual Management Rights in Ethnic Village--A Case Study of Ya'ergou Village in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

Based on field survey in Ya'ergou Village,Yuanzhou District,Guyuan City,the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,we analyze the status quo of the transfer of land contractual management rights in this village,and study the basic information,form,characteristics,and problems concerning the transfer of land contractual management rights in this nationality village.Then corresponding countermeasures are put forward for promoting the transfer of land contractual management rights in ethnic village as follows:strengthening the publicity of the policy in order to improve farmers' ideological understanding;raising the rent in order to promote the transfer of the land contractual management rights;diverting the governmental investment to the talented people within village;consolidating management and resolving disputes in the transfer timely and effectively.

Study on Transfer Problem of Contract and Management Right of Agricultural Land in Anhui Province

The status quo and significance of contract and management right transfer of rural land are analyzed,and major problems existed in contract and management right transfer of rural land in Anhui Province are studied,containing unsound transfer market,insufficient flow demand motion,single transfer form,non-standard register,right determination and certificate issuing. On this basis,several policies and suggestions are proposed,such as combining practical use with suitable use of land right determination and certificate issuing,establishing multilayer rural social security system and expanding land management range.

The Innovation and Plights of Farmland Property Rights System Reform in Chongqing Municipality

Based on the background of national urban and rural comprehensive reform pilot area and the introduction of the profiles of research region and the data obtained by on-the-spot interview survey,the innovative models of farmland property rights system reform in Chongqing are introduced by applying participatory rural appraisal methods and examples. The innovative models cover buying shares of contract management rights,transforming from farmers to townspeople and mortgaging contract management rights. The plights exist in the reform are analyzed,among which the plights of buying shares of contract management rights are introduced from the following five aspects:the conflict with the present land contract laws,the possible new round of massive scale land loses,the confounded functions of government and enterprise caused by risk transference and the difficulties of handling assets when the contract management rights expired. Besides,the plights of the transforming from rural residents to urban residents are analyzed from four aspects,which include the particularity of reform,high financial pressure,emergence of interbedded people and difficulties of payoff of village-based companies. From the facets of limited mortgage area,risks of reimbursing the loan,legal risks of mortgage. The results show that the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights reveals the capital value of land and the model is of theoretical and practical significance in law and economics. However,the social security system is not perfect,so the stock purchasing model of contractual management rights can not be expanded. In addition,the participation of more famers and the expansion of enterprises are limited as well. The land comprehensive reform model of transforming from rural residents to urban residents is of positive significance to the comprehensive exploration of farmland property system reform,but this kind of model should be supported by strong economy. The stock purchasing model of contractual management rights is of significance to perfect the contractual management rights,but it conflicts with the existing laws and financial systems.

Issues concerning Farmland Transfer in the Development of China's Agricultural Modernization——Based on the Survey of Farmers in 21 Townships of Sichuan Province

Based on the actual survey of 724 rural households in 21 townships of Sichuan Province,this article analyzes the basic information,basic characteristics and problems in current China's farmland transfer.The results show that the rural land contractual management right is relatively stable;in farmland transfer market,the degree of development of farmland transfer-out market is higher than that of farmland transfer-in market;at the same time,there are many problems,such as fragmentation of rural land resources allocation,incomplete land property rights system,too powerful land security function,single land transfer pattern and unsound transfer system.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:unifying urban and rural planning,and adjusting distribution pattern of rural land in concert with the course of urbanization;improving land property rights system,so that the farmers have the land contractual management right with real right tendency;strengthening the legal construction of land transfer,regulating the land transfer process,and guiding regularized and legalized development of land transfer;promoting farmers' cognitive level,and establishing the intermediary platform to provide land transfer information,ensuring information symmetry between both sides of transfer;providing more non-agricultural jobs,establishing and improving social security system for farmers,and diluting the social security function of land.

土地经营权入股立法的反思与展望

自家庭联产承包责任制实施以来,关于农村土地承包经营权能否以入股等方式流转,在政策与法律层面经历了比较复杂的变迁过程。土地经营权入股在立法中得到确认是“三权分置”改革的重要成果之一,有利于在流转中更好地实现土地经营权的价值。土地经营权入股现行立法表达不规范、不统一,且与相关法律规定存在冲突,导致立法预期的实现受阻。以立法的基本原理来审视,立法用语不规范只是表面现象,土地经营权的性质不明才是立法困境的根源,对入股所致不利后果的担忧则进一步导致适用难题。实践中大量存在的“以租代转”、“名为入股、实为出租”现象表明,既有立法并不能有效满足土地经营权入股的需求,反而徒增解释与适用的混乱。为了弥合土地经营权入股的认知分歧,保持相关立法之间的协调,实现“三权分置”的立法目的,有必要在立法中统一相关表述,明确规定土地经营权的性质,移除土地经营权承载的不必要负担,让土地经营权真正成为“可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产”,进而以“作价出资”取代“入股”。

农村承包经营户破产能力证成与实现路径

我国“三农”领域基础法律制度是“三农”法治化发展的重要支撑和保障,但在回应建设高效农村市场、健全统一市场规则和制度体系方面仍显不足。农村承包经营户作为我国农村市场中占据绝对多数的生产经营主体,其市场退出机制至今仍处于缺位状态,一旦陷入债务危机,则难以顺利退出市场。因而,有必要对农村承包经营户破产能力问题进行证成,探讨其破产能力的实现路径。对此,一方面应从经济学理论维度、国家政策维度与法学维度,论证农村承包经营户的破产能力;另一方面,应在公法视域下,确定赋予农村承包经营户破产能力的基本遵循,探寻农村承包经营户破产的立法模式,明确《个人破产法》中农村承包经营户破产适用规则的特殊性以及农户破产后的土地经营权处置,全面保障我国农村承包经营户的合法权益。

农地资源市场配置法律机制的完善

我国以土地承包经营权和土地经营权为基础的农地市场配置的法律机制,既存在市场机制的固有缺陷,也存在农村集体经济组织和集体土地所有权缺位的特定性局限。为实现市场对农地资源的有效配置,需充分发挥农村集体经济组织的民事治理作用和政府的市场管理与调控作用。应当完善农地市场民事法律机制,明确农村集体经济组织介入农户承包地经营权流转的法律地位和权利,扩大农村集体经济组织流转土地经营权的范围,完善农村集体经济组织的监督权利。应当完善对农地市场的管理调控法律机制,更好地发挥政府在农地用途管制、农业补贴政策和价格调控、产业政策引导、健全市场服务体系以及营造良好市场环境等方面的作用。

土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响

【目的】探究土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响,为进一步推进土地承包经营权有偿退出政策提供决策参考。【方法】基于国家农村改革试验区的718个农户调研数据,采用内生转换回归模型(endogenous switching regression model,ESRM),在“反事实”框架下分析土地承包经营权退出对农户增收效应的影响。【结果】基于“反事实”假设,退出土地承包经营权的农户若没有选择退出,家庭年均总收入会下降41.9%,即土地承包经营权退出能够显著促进农户增收;此外,土地承包经营权退出对东部地区农户的增收效应最高,对新生代农户的增收效应相比于老一代更强。【结论】在充分保障农民土地权利的基础上,审慎推进土地承包经营权有偿退出,优化农村土地资源配置,并为具备离农条件农民提供土地权利价值的实现通道。

农地二轮延包实施进路——基于贵州省XF县的调查研究

第二轮土地承包到期后农地顺利延包是促进乡村振兴之根本。当前我国第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年面临“有人无地种,有地无人种”与“保持农户承包地稳定”的现行政策相矛盾、无地少地农民以及“两头占”“两头空”“外嫁女”等特殊群体的利益处理这两大突出问题,制定具体农地延包方案迫在眉睫。基于贵州省XF县“第二轮土地承包到期后再延长三十年”试点的调研发现,二轮延包中存在着确权收尾工作难完成、延包主体资格难认定、土地细碎化难处理、延包协议难签订等困境。解决这些困境的实践逻辑为建立登记颁证机制、农户自愿有偿退出承包和未承包地管理机制、缺地少地农户承包地调整机制、矛盾纠纷化解机制、农地承包经营权长效管理机制。具体而言,农地二轮延包的实施路径包括:完成土地确权工作;化解延包矛盾纠纷;承包地退出、收回与管理;数字化赋能农地承包经营权长效管理;政府组织成立专班予以落实。

集体土地发包方终止权的原因、性质、行使及其法律后果——《农村土地承包法》第64条的解释与完善

《农村土地承包法》第64条突破合同相对性,明确赋予了集体土地发包方对土地经营权流转合同的终止权。该规定主要是基于土地有效利用以及保护耕地的考量。发包方终止权是基于其所有者地位和代理国家保护耕地而生的固有权,并非是替代承包者的代位权。第64条规定的四个行使条件是相互独立的,且“给土地造成严重损害或者严重破坏土地生态环境”具有兜底作用。承包方如果超过“三个月”不行使解除权,发包方就可以行使终止权;发包方的终止权不受民法典第564条第2款的除斥期间限制;终止权需要通过诉讼方式行使。此外,发包方终止权行使的后果也需要进一步解释与完善。

农村土地经营权抵押贷款的探索与实践——基于江苏省泗洪县的研究

长期以来,农村地区特别是经济欠发达地区融资难现象一直存在。随着农村土地“三权分置”改革的深入推进,放活农村土地经营权成为推进农业适度规模经营、加快机械化数字化农业发展、推动乡村振兴的有效抓手,同时也成为农村地区拓宽抵押融资的一种渠道。本研究以泗洪县为例,回顾了泗洪县2016—2022年承担国家农村土地经营权抵押贷款试点的改革历程,从机制建设、政府支持、价值评估、贷款管理、风险处置等视角总结主要做法与成效,从金融机构参与、主体申贷意愿、贷款融资额度、价值评估体系等方面分析了存在的不足,从推广线上线下贷款组合贷、加强信用体系建设、完善价值评估及抵押物处置、加强宣传营造良好金融环境等方面提出对策建议,倡导更多科技型普惠金融“活水”注入乡村,加快农业农村现代化。

法律视角下农村土地经营权流转问题研究

农村土地经营权流转是提高农村土地整合利用、促进农业农村现代化的有效途径。然而,当前土地经营权流转仍存在各种问题和不足。因此,需要从法律角度对农地经营权的入市交流和流转问题进行系统研究。在分析经营权流转的基本现状和法律困难的基础上,从明确土地经营权权利性质、健全农村土地的产权制度、优化农地经营权融资制度、强化经营权流转法律保障等方面,探讨了健全和完善农地经营权流转法律制度的策略。

农村土地经营权抵押贷款对农民能力性收入的影响研究——来自甘肃省农地试点的证据

金融和农村存在壁垒加大了中国城乡收入差距,阻碍着共同富裕的实现。2016年中国开始农村土地经营权抵押试点建设,试点的配套政策对农民增收产生重要影响。本研究以甘肃省农村土地经营权抵押贷款试点为例,选取2012—2020年甘肃省84个区县的面板数据,借助倾向匹配双重差分模型分析农村土地经营权抵押贷款对所在区县农民能力性收入的影响。结果显示:第一,农地试点建设会显著提高农民的工资性收入,且该正向效应是长期持续的;第二,该政策通过影响农民及涉农企业减少教育文化娱乐支出,将更多资金用于农业科技水平提升,以实现农民的工资性收入增长;第三,行政区划不同并不会引起该政策对农民的工资性收入影响的明显差异。基于此,各地应持续推进农村土地经营权抵押贷款试点及后续工作稳步进行,鼓励和扶持农民进行第二、第三产业经营。

基于信息化背景的农村土地经营权流转管理

近年来,随着农村经济的发展和城市化进程的加速,农村土地经营权流转现象日益普遍。农民通过土地流转,可以将自家的土地使用权转让给其他农户或农业企业,实现土地资源的优化配置,提高农业生产效率。随着信息化时代的到来,农村土地经营权流转管理也面临着新的挑战和机遇。本文旨在探讨信息化背景下农村土地经营权流转管理的现状、问题及发展趋势,以期为相关政策制定和实施提供参考。

农地经营权抵押的金融供给效应分析——来自农村金融机构的证据

2015年,北京市大兴区等232个县开展农地经营权抵押贷款试点,试图拓展农村抵押品范围,缓解农村金融约束。本文基于农村金融机构贷款数据,利用2015年农地经营权抵押贷款试点这一“准自然实验”,对农地经营权抵押的效果进行了评估。结果发现:现阶段农地经营权抵押没有显著增加农村金融供给,在考虑了农地经营权抵押对其他担保方式的替代作用、土地确权进度以及农民住房财产权抵押的影响之后,上述结果依然存在。现阶段我国的农地经营和流转方式制约了农地金融化的效果,特别是“一年一付”的租金支付方式,使得土地受让方难以利用租赁获得的农地经营权抵押融资。当务之急是通过适当的制度设计,稳定土地受让方的经营预期,引导土地流转双方签订长期租约并一次性支付未来数年的租金。本文对于进一步推动农地经营权抵押制度改革、完善农村金融体系具有一定政策启示。

农地经营权流转、金融支农与农村居民收入

农地经营权流转有助于增加农村金融供给,推动乡村振兴。从金融支农视角探讨农地经营权流转对农村居民收入的作用与影响机制具有重要意义。基于2005—2020年我国30个省份(未含中国香港、中国澳门、中国台湾、西藏地区)的面板数据,利用地理邻接关系空间权重矩阵构建SDM模型,定量分析农地经营权流转对农村居民收入的直接效应及其空间溢出效应,并从金融支农视角探讨农地经营权流转对农村居民收入的影响机制。研究发现,农地经营权流转有助于提高农村居民收入,且这种作用在农业生产效率高的地区更明显;农地经营权流转对农村居民收入的影响具有空间溢出效应,本地农地经营权流转有助于相邻地区农村居民收入的提高;农地经营权流转主要通过凸显农地金融资本属性、加大金融支农力度来提高农村居民收入。因此,推进农地经营权流转不仅有助于直接提高农村居民收入,而且有助于通过加大金融支农力度间接提高农村居民收入,推进农地经营权流转、坚持和完善农村基本经营制度,是促进农地规模经营、培育新型经营主体、提高农村居民收入的必经之路。应优化农地经营权流转管理制度,为提高农村居民收入提供良好的制度保障;以劳动力自由流动为基础推动农地经营权流转,充分调动农民参与农地经营权流转的积极性;进一步提升金融资源配置效率与金融支农服务水平,提高农地经营权流转中的金融支农绩效。