The Way to Optimize the Right to Personal Data Portability in Chinese Practice——Based on Empirical Analysis of the Privacy Policies of 66 Mobile Apps

Although the existing legal norms and judicial practic-es can provide basic guidance for the right to personal data portabili-ty, it can be concluded that there are obstacles to the realization of this right through empirical research of the privacy policies of 66 mobile apps, such as whether they have stipulations on the right to personal data portability, whether they are able to derive copies of personal in-formation automatically, whether there are textual examples, whether ID verification is required, whether the copied documents are encrypt-ed, and whether the scope of personal information involved is consis-tent. This gap in practice, on the one hand, reflects the misunderstand-ing of the right to personal data portability, and on the other hand, is a result of the negative externalities, practical costs and technical lim-itations of the right to personal data portability. Based on rethinking the right to data portability, we can somehow solve practical problems concerning the right to personal data portability through multiple measures such as promoting the fulfillment of this right by legislation, optimizing technology-oriented operations, refining response process mechanisms, and enhancing system interoperability.

Ending Privacy’s Gremlin: Stopping the Data-Broker Loophole to the Fourth Amendment’s Search Warrant Requirement

Advances in technology require upgrades in the law. One such area involves data brokers, which have thus far gone unregulated. Data brokers use artificial intelligence to aggregate information into data profiles about individual Americans derived from consumer use of the internet and connected devices. Data profiles are then sold for profit. Government investigators use a legal loophole to purchase this data instead of obtaining a search warrant, which the Fourth Amendment would otherwise require. Consumers have lacked a reasonable means to fight or correct the information data brokers collect. Americans may not even be aware of the risks of data aggregation, which upends the test of reasonable expectations used in a search warrant analysis. Data aggregation should be controlled and regulated, which is the direction some privacy laws take. Legislatures must step forward to safeguard against shadowy data-profiling practices, whether abroad or at home. In the meantime, courts can modify their search warrant analysis by including data privacy principles.

On the protection of the right of privacy of patients by the civil law

The development of China＇s medical industry is very fast, which has provided a great help for people, but in the process, there are also a lot of problems violating the privacy of the patients. Based on these circumstances, we must offer the maximum protection of the privacy of the patients. From the point of view of the civil law, the medical institutions or the medical professionals must respect the patients, and protect the patients＇ privacy, so as to build a more harmonious relationship between the doctors and the patients.

Brief Analysis on the Right of Privacy in a Perspective of Law and Economic

The development of the technology of network had been of great convenience to get access to information. However, it was undeniable that a bad phenomenon had become even more and more serious that others＇ information would be obtained by illegal means, and the research on the protection of privacy had increasingly aroused people＇s concern. The right of privacy not only had the usually outside personality characteristics, but also had a certain characteristics of property. This paper had attempted to study the right of privacy from the perspective of law and economics by interpreting the property in the right of privacy, in order to perfect the protection system of privacy in our country.

Federation Boosting Tree for Originator Rights Protection

The problem of data island hinders the application of big data in artificial intelligence model training,so researchers propose a federated learning framework.It enables model training without having to centralize all data in a central storage point.In the current horizontal federated learning scheme,each participant gets the final jointly trained model.No solution is proposed for scenarios where participants only provide training data in exchange for benefits,but do not care about the final jointly trained model.Therefore,this paper proposes a newboosted tree algorithm,calledRPBT(the originator Rights Protected federated Boosted Tree algorithm).Compared with the current horizontal federal learning algorithm,each participant will obtain the final jointly trained model.RPBT can guarantee that the local data of the participants will not be leaked,while the final jointly trained model cannot be obtained.It is worth mentioning that,from the perspective of the participants,the scheme uses the batch idea to make the participants participate in the training in random batches.Therefore,this scheme is more suitable for scenarios where a large number of participants are jointly modeling.Furthermore,a small number of participants will not actually participate in the joint training process.Therefore,the proposed scheme is more secure.Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluations show that RPBT is secure,accurate and efficient.

数据要素流通与安全的研究范畴与未来发展趋势

针对数据从信息技术时代的受控共享向数据技术时代的数据要素泛在流通演化的趋势,分析了数据共享与数据要素流通的差异,阐述了什么样的数据才能成为数据要素,提出了数据成为数据要素所必须具有的6个属性,定义了数据要素流通模型及主要环节,明确了数据要素流通的研究范畴,梳理了数据要素流通研究范畴的相关概念,厘清了研究范畴所涵盖的关键核心技术,并对未来需要突破的关键技术进行了展望。

Constitutional Nature of Personality Rights and Its Manifestation in Civil Law

The formation of personality comes from people’s choices and pursuit of self-realization,which is influenced by objective factors but not determined by them,so personality does not belong to the domain of objectivity.The concept of general personality rights in the German Constitution was initially premised on the objective determinability in the field of personality,but in constitutional jurisprudence,it gradually shifted to something with individual autonomy as the core and personal self-realization as the goal,and the scope of relevant rights expanded accordingly,so that they could not be clearly distinguished from general freedom of action and thus became the general principle of constitutional rights.The protection of constitutional personality rights in the United States and Japan can also confirm this process,providing evidence for the constitutional nature of personality rights.Deeper research shows that constitutional personality rights actually manifest the highest value of modern constitutions—human dignity.In contrast,the theoretical justification of personality rights in civil law just lies in the objectivity and defensive nature of personality elements.

《民法典》背景下个人信息保护的司法考察与制度完善

大数据时代,为充分保障个人的信息安全,我国相继施行的《民法典》《个人信息保护法》对此作出了较为全面的规定。考察相关规则的司法适用,发现我国个人信息保护存在个人信息与隐私权界定不清、损害赔偿威慑作用不足、公益诉讼制度效用未充分发挥、“知情—同意”标准不一且流于形式等问题。为解决上述问题,可通过构建可识别的场景化模式界定个人信息,引入情境脉络完整性理论判定隐私,审慎引入惩罚性赔偿,明晰个人信息保护公益诉讼的适用条件,构建“国家—行业—平台”三层规则体系实现实质同意,全面保护个人信息。

大数据时代隐私权的刑法保护模式重构

大数据促进了生活的便捷,带动了新兴行业的高速发展,但超出合理边界的数据滥用行为,也对公民的隐私安全带来了现实威胁。伴随大数据时代的纵深发展,个人隐私的保护从传统个人本位向社会本位发生转变,隐私权的法益内涵在大数据时代应当进行重新审视。随着信息保护的日渐重视,隐私权的价值应与个人信息权一样受到同等重视,刑法应当为大数据时代隐私权的保护开辟新路径,采取直接保护与间接保护并行的双轨制保护模式,重构个人信息的刑法定义,引入“弱可识别性+隐私性”标准,同时继续加强针对隐私权犯罪的积极预防,通过刑法调整来应对当前公民隐私权被侵害的现实。

心理咨询保密豁免规则的立法构建

《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》首次对心理咨询人员的保密义务做出原则性规定,与《中华人民共和国民法典》等法律规范形成了框架,但实践要求下保密豁免情形尚未形成系统性规则。基于隐私权保护和专业信任关系,探讨心理咨询保密义务的来源,提出遵循来访者对隐私的自我决定和“权益位阶理论”下保密豁免的正当性。明确心理咨询人员在涉及公共安全等利益时负有配合调查义务,面临自然人生命健康可能遭受非法侵害时的预警和保护义务以及针对未成年人和成年心智障碍者的强制报告义务,以期促进保障隐私权益和周全更优位利益的平衡。

脑机接口技术背景下精神完整权的逻辑证成和制度构想

面对脑机接口技术对人的隐私、精神完整性和心理连续性造成的威胁,身体权虽能够提供一定保障,但是尚不足以表彰其特殊性,尤其是对于非侵入式的。隐私权虽然能够保障公民免予心智思想被探知,但是不能兼及改变。思想自由、认知自由和精神自决保障公民寻求主动干预以塑造一个人大脑状态的积极面向有些激进。脑机接口技术对于心智思想的干预,不但直接、严重,甚至可能永远,因此要确立一种精神完整权。不论何种用途、侵入程度、接口类型,该技术研究应用都必须经过告知同意,不得强制以物理力或以隐瞒的方式为之。与为了保障公民心理健康权,强调国家的实现义务不同,精神完整权关涉隐私、身份、自主,聚焦于一种对抗国家不得干预的权能。

截屏社交的“刺猬困境”——聊天记录再传播中隐私边界的游移与重塑

截屏社交指个体将聊天内容截屏并转发给他人,以期拉近社交距离的行为。截屏社交会打破聊天双方的隐私平衡,使原本私密的聊天记录面临隐私风险。对此,个体需保持边界敏感、重塑边界契约;平台需提供技术支持,加强用户信息自决权、强化审核把关、简化维权通道;法律应破除适用障碍,从法理层面与实践层面共同着手,保障截屏社交中的信息安全。

公众知情权与个人隐私权:公共卫生治理中的价值两难与伦理抉择

公众知情权与个人隐私权是公共卫生治理中两种均应保护的重要权利。保障公众知情权与个人隐私权不仅有利于保障公民权利和维护公共健康,而且是维护人的尊严和价值、促进社会文明进步的题中之义。二者既有诸多共同的重要意义和伦理价值,也有不同的价值取向。价值取向的差异可能导致实践中两种权利之间的冲突。现实地看,公共卫生治理中公众知情权与个人隐私权的冲突主要表现为两种权利主体之间的利益冲突、以权利冲突为内容的法律冲突以及由义务主体的“一身二任”导致的义务冲突,从伦理层面看则是两种权利的不同价值取向导致的价值两难、以“尊重”原则为核心的伦理冲突以及以道德义务为核心的价值冲突和角色伦理困境。公共卫生治理中公众知情权与个人隐私权的冲突看似一种非此即彼的“悲剧性冲突”,但由于二者在尊重和保障公民权利和维护公众健康等方面具有价值统一性,两种权利仍然可以而且应该通过有限度的让渡方式予以平衡。平衡公众知情权与个人隐私权的价值两难,应基于公共利益优先和生命健康至上,坚持必要性、最小化和不伤害等伦理原则,使个人隐私权有限度地让渡于公众知情权。

涉隐私行政处罚决定公开的挑战与回应

行政处罚决定公开是2021年《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》修订所增加的一项重要规定,是对“行政执法公示制度”改革成果的吸收,体现了行政处罚全过程公开的要求。行政处罚决定作为行政机关对行政相对人行为的负面评价,其公开将对行政相对人的隐私权、个人信息权、名誉权等产生不利影响。但在信息化时代,行政处罚决定公开是行政机关进行监管、强化惩戒效果和教育社会公众的重要手段,亦是实现公共预警、进行风险提示的有效举措。立足既有规范依据,对涉隐私行政处罚决定公开之判定应以不公开为原则、公开为例外。例外的判定还应结合过罚相当原则和比例原则,细化公共利益保护、当事人同意、惩戒效果强化之理由,同时禁止侮辱性公开,以明确隐私保护的界限。

公众人物抗辩理论的本土应用

公众人物抗辩理论主张,为了平衡人格权保护与言论自由,当发生侵犯公众人物人格权诉争时,如果侵权人主张被侵权人为公众人物即可减免自己的侵权责任。学界普遍认为,《民法典》第九百九十八条的规定实为公众人物抗辩理论在我国法律规范中的具体体现。实际上公众人物抗辩理论早在20世纪90年代就已进入中国,21世纪初就有了应用,但在实践中却存在隐私权边界模糊、公众人物范畴泛化、公共利益的价值判断标准不确定以及脱离了适用于政治人物的主轨道等问题。对上述问题,应确立隐私权保护底线,限缩公众人物抗辩理论的适用范围,重构公众人物隐私侵权案件的证明责任,使该理论更好应用于本土司法实践。

信息性人格权的规范构造

信息性人格权是以“不同面向的个人信息”为客体建构的新兴人格权,其具有主体识别性、客体动态性、有限支配性等特质。在类型体系上,信息性人格权包括信息性隐私权、个人信息权、信用权和被遗忘权等具体权利。上述各权利在规制对象上具有同质性,即为个人与信息处理者之间在数字社会形成的一种持续性的信息不平等关系。在规范构造层面,信息性隐私权宜采取合理隐私期待标准,建立“私人安宁+私密信息”的保护范式,实现空间隐私向场景隐私的转化;个人信息权的权能体系建构需以信息保有权为基础、以信息自决权为主干、以信息获取权为分支、以信息修复权维系数字人格的完整性;被遗忘权的本质是一种免受不当信息惩罚的要求权,其具体形态为删除权。吸纳信息性人格权,有助于保障人格尊严和人的自主性、规范新兴人格权法权构造、丰富人格权规则体系和化解智能时代人的主体性危机。

数字时代下劳动者离线权的证成与实现

数字时代下,劳动者的工作与生活之间的界限日益模糊。我国工作时间、劳动安全与健康立法及其司法实践在保护劳动者离线利益上存在局限,凸显劳动者离线权之创设必要性。劳动者离线权符合新兴权利法律化表达的生成逻辑:作为新兴权利之“新”体现为离线权“从无到有”且难以被劳动者休息权、广义隐私权等权利所涵盖;蕴含新兴权利促进工作—生活平衡之“兴”的动因;可以从包含基础权利的法律规范中推衍出来。未来我国应通过立法赋予除高级管理人员外的劳动者以离线权,且劳动者离线权的内容应包括要求用人单位明晰劳动者正常工作时间与非正常工作时间的边界、与工会代表就劳动者离线权内容进行协商以及承担侵犯劳动者离线权的法律责任。

依据民法典精神重构婚前医学检查制度的法治路径

全国人大常委会法工委在《关于2021年备案审查工作情况的报告》中提出将与国务院有关部门沟通,推动根据民法典精神适时统筹修改完善我国婚前医学检查领域的相关法律法规制度。纵览《民法典》的相关规定及其司法实践,如果没有合理的婚前医学检查制度作为支撑,《民法典》第一千零五十三条规定的婚姻撤销制度以及第一千二百二十六条规定的患者隐私权保护制度,既难以实现拟结婚当事人彼此权利的有机平衡,亦无法有效落实《宪法》为国家设定的“保护婚姻”的立法义务。同时,自愿免费婚检模式还会每年浪费20亿左右的公共财政资金。采用“知情—自主”婚前医学检查模式既可有效化解婚检领域不同法律规范和不同权利之间的冲突,又可以让免费婚检产生的公共财政资金发挥应有的财政效果,因此是该领域落实宪法精神和民法典精神的合理方式。

我国远程医疗中患者知情同意权和隐私权保护研究

近年来我国的远程医疗服务发展迅速,由于服务涉及的参与方和环节多,专门立法薄弱,出现了患者的知情同意权与隐私权保护不足而被侵权的情况。在患者知情同意权方面的保护不足表现为医生未尽告知义务、地区差异削弱患者知情同意权、患者信息知情同意权的界定不明确。在患者隐私权方面的保护不足表现为远程医疗全过程被监控、医患身处场合存在隐私风险、患者难以自主掌控信息。我国有必要修订《远程医疗服务管理规范(试行)》,包括:增加远程医疗的法律依据、增加远程医疗的适用前提、增加患者知情同意权保护内容、增加患者隐私权保护内容。

网络空间中的人权保障:虚拟世界下言论自由与隐私权利的法理分析

在网络飞速发展的现代社会中,网络空间已成为人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分,然而公民在享受网络空间带来的便利和乐趣的同时,言论自由与隐私权利的保护问题也日益凸显。采用理论研究和实例探析等方法,研究网络空间中言论自由与隐私权利的内涵定义,对虚拟世界下言论自由与隐私权利的法理进行了系统性分析,提出减少政府干预重视互联网行业的自律性,健全完善网络空间言论自由的法律边界,推进实名制应用加强网络隐私权利保护,平衡对网络空间言论自由的保护与限制等人权保障措施,在保障网络言论自由的同时,加强对网络监管与隐私权利保护的规范管理。