“I Dread the Heart Surgery but it Keeps My Child Alive”—Experiences of Parents of Children with Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Anomalies during the Assessment for Cardiac Reoperation

Background:Parents of children with complex right ventricular outflow tract(RVOT)anomalies are confronted with their child’s need for heart surgery early in life and repeated reoperations later on.Preoperative assessment needs to be performed whenever an indication for reoperation is suspected.The aim was to illuminate the experiences of parents of children diagnosed with RVOT anomalies,in particular,how they experience their child’s heart disease and everyday life during the assessment and after the decision on whether to perform a reoperation.Method:Individual interviews(n=27)were conducted with nine parents on three occasions between 2014 and 2016 and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.Results:The analysis resulted in the following five main coexisting themes:The heart surgery keeps my child alive illuminates parents’experiences during and after the assessment and emphasizes that heart surgery,although dreaded,is central for their child’s survival;Everyday struggles illuminates the different struggles parents had to face to ensure that their child would be in the best possible condition;the remaining three themes,Unconditional love,Trust in life,and Togetherness,illuminate the ways in which the parents gained inner strength and confidence in their everyday lives.Conclusion:Although the parents were grateful for the assessment and had learned to navigate among the fears it aroused,they experienced several distressing situations during the assessment process that should be addressed.By inviting both the parents and their child to participate in the child’s care,individualized support can take into account the needs of both parents and child.

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Septal Pacing versus Apical Pacing: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-blind 5-Years Follow-up Study of Ventricular Lead Performance and Safety

Summary： Lead placement for ventricular pacing variably impacts the physiological benefit of the pa- tient. This study evaluated the ventricular lead performance and safety of right ventricular outflow tract septal pacing in patients with bradyarrhythmia in South China over 60-month follow-up. Totally, 192 patients （108 males, and 84 females, 63-4-21 years old） with bradyarrhythmia were randomly divided into two groups. The right ventricular outflow tract septum （RVOTs） group had lead placement near the sep- tum （n=97）, while the right ventricular apex （RVA） group had a traditional apical placement （n=95）. RV septal lead positioning was achieved with a specialized stylet and confirmed using fluoroscopic projec- tion. All patients were followed up for 60 months. Follow-up assessment included stimulation threshold, R-wave sensing, lead impedance and lead complications. The time of electrode implantation in both the ROVTs and RVA groups were significantly different （4.29±0.61 vs. 2.16±0.22 min; P=0.009）. No dif- ferences were identified in threshold, impedance or R-wave sensing between the two groups at 1 st, 12th, 36th and 60th month during the follow-up period. No occurrence of electrode displacement, increased pacing threshold or inadequate sensing was found. The long-term active fixation ventricular electrode performance in RVOTs group was similar to that in RVA group. RVOTs pacing near the septum using active fixation electrodes may provide stability during long-term follow-up period.

Implantation of Lumenless Pacing Leads at the Inter-atrial Septum and Right Ventricular Outflow Tract with Deflectable Catheter-sheath

Current permanent right ventricular and right atrial endocardial pacing leads are implanted utilizing a central lumen stylet. Right ventricular apex pacing initiates an abnormal asynchronous electrical activation pattern, which results in asynchronous ventricular contraction and relaxation. When pacing from right atrial appendage, the conduction time between two atria will be prolonged, which results in heterogeneity for both depolarization and repolarization. Six patients with Class Ⅰ indication for permanent pacing were implanted with either single chamber or dual chamber pacemaker. The SelectSecure 3830 4-French （Fr） lumenless lead and the SelectSite C304 8.5-Fr steerable catheter-sheath （Medtronic Inc., USA） were used. Pre-selected pacing sites included inter-atrial septum and right ventricular outflow tract, which were defined by ECG and fluoroscopic criteria. All the implanting procedures were successful without complication. Testing results （mean atrial pacing threshold： 0.87 V; mean P wave amplitude： 2.28 mV; mean ventricular pacing threshold： 0.53V; mean R wave amplitude： 8.75 mV） were satisfactory. It is concluded that implantation of a 4-Fr lumenless pacing lead by using a streerable catheter-sheath to achieve inter-atrial septum or right ventricular outflow tract pacing is safe and feasible.

Long-term follow-up of right ventricular outflow tract septal pacing

Objective Right ventricular outflow tract septum has become widely used us an electrode placement site. However, data concerning lead performances and complications for lead repositioning with this technique were scant. The purpose of this study was to observe long- term lead performances and complications of right ventricular outflow tract septal pacing and provide evidences for choosing an optimal electrode implantation site. Methods Thirty-six patients with septal active electrode implantation and 39 with apical passive electrode implantation were enrolled in this study. Pacing threshold, R-wave sensing, lead impedance, pacing QRS width and pacing-related compli- cations for two groups at implantation and follow-up were compared. Results There were higher pacing threshold and shorter pacing QRS width at implantation in the septal group compared with the apical group. There were no differences between the septal and the apical groups in pacing threshold, R-wave sensitivity, lead impedance and pace-related complication during a follow-up. Conclusions Right ventricular outflow tract septum could be used as a first choice for implantation site because it had long-term stable lead performances and no serious complications compared with the traditional apical site.

Right Ventricular Myxoma Causing Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction: A Case Report

A 63-year-old patient presented with dyspnea and chest distress. A computerized tomography and echocardiogram showed a cardiac mass in the right ventricle, which caused obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. Coronary angiography revealed a dense meshwork of the abnomorly capillary vessels originating from right coronary artery. The mass was completely excised under cardiopulmonary bypass. The mass attached right ventricle lateral wall and posterior triscupid leaflet. Histology was typical myomatous tissue.

Polytetrafluoroethylene Patch versus Autologous Pericardial Patch for Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstruction in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot

Objective: For patients of TOF with pulmonary annular hypoplasia, reconstruction of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) often requires a trans annular patch (TAP). The present study aims to compare the outcomes of TOF repair using Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) patch versus autologous glutaraldehyde fixed pericardial patch for RVOT reconstruction. Materials and methods: 103 consecutive patients undergoing TOF repair in whom TAP was required were randomized into two groups: Group I (pericardial patch), Group II (PTFE patch). Postoperative outcomes in terms of postoperative heart rhythm, duration of mechanical ventilation, mediastinal and pleural drainage, length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital mortality were assessed. A separate team of cardiologists independently evaluated pre- and post-operative gradients across the RVOT, degree of pulmonary insufficiency, right ventricular systolic function. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the incidence of postoperative arrhythmias, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit or hospital stay. The requirement of inotropes was no different in the PTFE patch group as compared with the pericardial patch group (16.84 ± 7.04 vs. 17.90 ± 6.71, median 19 vs. 20, p = 0.825). The re-exploration rate was higher in the PTFE group as compared with the pericardial patch group (6 vs. 1). Postoperative Echocar-diography revealed no differences in the RV systolic function between the two groups before discharge. Conclusion: In patients undergoing TOF repair, using a PTFE patch yields comparable results. However, the efficacy of PTFE will only be established once;mid-term and long-term results are available.

Coronary Artery Complications after Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstruction Surgery

Background:Mechanisms and clinical manifestations of coronary artery complications after right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction surgery are not well known.Methods:Patients who had coronary artery complications after pulmonary valve replacement or the Rastelli procedure at a single tertiary centre were retrospectively analysed.Results:Coronary artery complications were identified in 20 patients who underwent right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction surgery.The median age at diagnosis of coronary artery complication was 21 years(interquartile range:13–25 years).Mechanisms of coronary artery complications were compression by adjacent materials in 12 patients,dynamic compression of intramural course of coronary artery in two patients,and intraoperative injury in six patients.Congenital coronary artery anomalies were identified in 50%(10/20)of patients.Four patients presented with early postoperative haemodynamic instability.Fourteen patients showed late onset symptoms or signs of coronary insufficiency,including chest pain,ventricular dysfunction,or ventricular arrhythmias.Coronary artery stenosis was incidentally found on cardiac computed tomography angiography in two asymptomatic patients.Four patients underwent surgical interventions,and one patient underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary stenosis.One patient with recurrent ventricular tachycardia required an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.There were two deaths in patients with intraoperative coronary injury.Conclusion:Preoperative coronary evaluation and long-term follow-up for the development of coronary artery complications are required in patients undergoing right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction surgery to prevent ventricular dysfunction,arrhythmias,and death,especially among those with congenital coronary anomalies.

HRV changes before and after radiofrequency ablation in patients with different origin of right ventricular outflow tract ventricular premature contraction

Objective:To observe the HRV changes before and after the radiofrequency current catheter ablationventricular premature beats originated from different site of right ventricular outflow tract.Methods:A total of 102 patients with frequent RVOT-VPC admitted to our hospital were accepted radiofrequency current catheter ablation (RF). According to the origin of RVOT-VPC, it was divided into 2 groups, one is from ventricular septum, and the other one is from free wall, and in each group, male and female are observed separately.Results:(1) HRV before RF ablation: 1) rMSSD in the female patients with RVOT-VPC from free wall was significantly lower than those from septum;2) frequency domain index (W, LF) were higher than normal range, and in male patients, LF/HF<1 were found, but in female patients, LF/HF>1. (2) HRV after RF ablation: 1) Significant changes were found in female patients with RVOT-VPC from septum, rMSSD, PNN50, HF and LF decreased;2) In female patients with RVOT-VPC from free wall, rMSSD decreased;3) In male patients, there were no significant HRV changes found before and after RF ablation. (3) Heart rate changes: 1) In female patients with RVOT-VPC from septum, heart rate decreased significantly ((76.47±9.47) bpm vs (69.29±14.59) bpm)2) No significant changes were found in male patients.Conclusion:In patients with RVOT-PVC sympathetic and vagus excitability increased, and after catheter ablation, in female patients with RVOT-PVC originated from septum, the HRV index relating to sympathetic and vagus excitability significantly decreased.

Ⅰ导联R/(R+S)对胸前V3导联移行流出道室性心律失常起源部位的鉴别价值

目的:探索鉴别胸前V3导联移行流出道室性心律失常(OT-VA)起源部位的体表心电图指标。方法:连续选择2017年1月至2022年8月行导管射频消融术的胸前V3导联移行OT-VA患者65例。比较左室流出道起源组(LVOT组)和右室流出道起源组(RVOT组)室性心律失常发作时体表心电图QRS波振幅及相关指标的差异,选择差异有统计学意义的指标,绘制ROC曲线评价所选取指标鉴别OT-VA起源部位的效能。结果:LVOT组11例,RVOT组54例,两组间差异有统计学意义且ROC曲线下面积(AUC)最大的指标为Ⅰ导联R波/(R+S)波振幅比[R/(R+S)],其鉴别OT-VA起源部位的AUC(95%CI)为0.949(0.894~1.000),截断值为0.50。Ⅰ导联R/(R+S)<0.50诊断胸前V3导联移行LVOT起源OT-VA的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为0.909、0.944和0.938。结论:Ⅰ导联R/(R+S)<0.50可准确鉴别LVOT起源的胸前V3导联移行OT-VA。

激动标测和起搏标测联合指引下解剖消融治疗特发性右室流出道室性早搏的效果

目的探讨激动标测和起搏标测联合指引下解剖消融治疗特发性右室流出道(RVOT)室性早搏的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2023年1—10月在郑州大学第一附属医院心血管内科和许昌市中心医院心血管内科住院接受室性早搏射频消融术的36例患者的资料,经电生理检查证实室性早搏来源于RVOT,根据术中室性早搏数量多少灵活采用激动标测和或起搏标测找到靶点进行对应肺动脉根部瓣下和瓣上联合消融,分析该方法即刻及3个月成功率。结果术中室性早搏数量少的患者也可以快速有效地进行导管消融术并取得满意的远期效果。结论激动标测和起搏标测联合指引下解剖消融治疗特发性RVOT室性早搏临床可行,效果较好。

磁导航在右心室流出道起源室性早搏导管消融中的应用

目的探讨磁导航指导下右心室流出道(right ventricular outflow tract,RVOT)起源室性早搏(简称室早)导管消融的有效性、安全性。方法选取92例接受磁导航指导下导管消融的RVOT起源室早患者,按室早起源部位将其分为前间隔组(35例)、中间隔组(26例)、后间隔组(11例)、前游离壁组(4例)、中游离壁组(10例)和后游离壁组(6例)6组。分析6组RVOT起源室早不同起源部位的发病率,并比较6组的消融急性成功率、复发率及安全性。结果RVOT前间隔起源的室早发病率最高,消融急性成功率100%。术后一年,仅RVOT中间隔起源的室早复发,复发率为7.69%。所有患者术中及术后均无手术相关并发症发生。结论RVOT室早多起源于前间隔和中间隔,磁导航指导下的导管消融对此具有较高的有效性和安全性。

压力监测下导管射频消融与非压力导管射频消融治疗RVOT-VAs的疗效及安全性比较

目的:比较压力监测下导管射频消融与非压力导管射频消融治疗右心室流出道室性心律失常(RVOT-VAs)的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选取2016年6月至2021年3月在本院拟接受射频消融治疗的RVOT-VAs患者309例,简单随机分组法分为压力组(n=167)与非压力组(n=142)。压力组患者接受ThermoCool SmartTouch压力监测下高功率导管射频消融治疗,非压力组患者接受Navistar ThermoCool冷盐水灌注消融导管射频消融治疗。比较两组患者的手术指标、消融成功率、术后并发症及复发情况。结果:压力组患者的手术时间、消融放电时间和X线曝光时间明显短于对照组,无效放电次数明显少于对照组(P<0.05);压力组患者术后消融成功率均高于非压力组(P<0.05);术后,压力组的并发症合计发生率、复发率和再次消融率均低于非压力组(P<0.05)。结论:压力监测下导管射频消融在治疗RVOT-VAs方面具有良好的临床疗效,可明显缩短手术时间、消融放电时间和X线曝光时间,且术后并发症发生率及复发率较低,远期消融成功及安全性优于非压力导管射频消融。

Evaluation of global and regional left ventricular systolic function in patients with frequent isolated premature ventricular complexes from the right ventricular outflow tract

Background Frequent premature ventricular complexes from the right ventricular outflow tract （RVOT-PVCs） are associated with left ventricular dysfunction.This study adopted two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging to evaluate global and regional left ventricular myocardial function in patients with frequent RVOT-PVCs.Methods This study included 30 patients with frequent RVOT-PVCs and 30 healthy subjects.Aortic systolic velocity-time integral （AoVTI） and myocardium strain in circumferential （CS）,radial （RS） and longitudinal （LS） directions were evaluated by conventional echocardiography and speckle tracking imaging.All values of patients with RVOT-PVCs were recorded during sinus （PVC-S） and PVC beats （PVC-V）.Results Significant differences were demonstrated in global CS,RS and LS between the control subjects and the PVC-V （CS：（17.46±2.48）% vs.（11.52±3.28）%,RS：（48.26±10.20）% vs.（20.92±9.78）%,LS：（19.89±2.62）% vs.（11.79±3.66）%,P 〈0.01）,and in segmental RS and LS of nearly all the left ventricular segments.Statistical differences in segmental CS between the PVC-V and the control subjects were only observed in anterior,anteroseptal and septal segments （only seen in anteroseptal and septal segments at apex）.Furthermore,V/S AoVTI （AoVTI during the PVC beat divided by AoVTI during the sinus beat,then multiplied by 100%） correlated with coupling interval （r=0.67,P 〈0.001） and global strain （CS：r=0.48,P=0.007; RS：r=0.65,P 〈0.001; LS：r=0.65,P 〈0.001）.Conclusions Frequent RVOT-PVCs can induce global and regional left ventricular systolic dysfunction.The reduction of hemodynamic parameters relates to the coupling interval and the global systolic function.

L-type calcium current in right ventricular outflow tract myocytes of rabbit heart

The mechanism of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract （RVOT） is not clear. Many clinical reports have suggested a mechanism of triggered activity. However, there are few studies investigating this be- cause of the technical difficulties associated with examining this theory. The L-type calcium current （/Ca-L）, an important in- ward current of the action potential （AP）, plays an important role in arrhythmogenesis. The aim of this study was to explore differences in the APs of right ventricular （RV） and RVOT cardiomyocytes, and differences in electrophysiological character- istics of the ICa-L in these myocytes. Rabbit RVOT and RV myocytes were isolated and their AP and Ic,-L were investigated us- ing the patch-clamp technique. RVOT cardiomyocytes had a wider range of AP duration （APD） than RV cardiomyocytes, with some markedly prolonged APDs and markedly shortened APDs. The markedly shortened APDs in RVOT myocytes were abolished by treatment with 4-AP, an inhibitor of the transient outward potassium current, but the markedly prolonged APDs remained, with some myocytes with a long AP plateau not repolarizing to resting potential. In addition, early afterdepolariza- tion （EAD） and second plateau responses were seen in RVOT myocytes but not in RV myocytes. RVOT myocytes had a high- er current density for/Ca-L than RV myocytes （RVOT （13.16±0.87） pA pF-1, RV （8.59±1.97） pA pF-1; P〈0.05）. The ICa-L and the prolonged APD were reduced, and the EAD and second plateau response disappeared, after treatment with nifedipine （10 μmol L^-1）, which blocks the Ica-L. In conclusion, there was a wider range of APDs in RVOT myocytes than in RV myocytes, which is one of the basic factors involved in arrhythmogenesis. The higher current density for ICa-L is one of the factors causing prolongation of the APD in RVOT myocytes. The combination of EAD with prolonged APD may be one of the mechanisms of RVOT-VT generation.

Trigger elimination of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation by catheter ablation:trigger and substrate modification

Ventricular fibrillation （VF） is a malignant arrhythmia, usually initiated by a ventricular premature contraction （VPC） during the vulnerable period of cardiac repolarization. Ablation therapy for VF has been described and increasingly reported. Targets for VF triggers are VPCs preceded by Purkinje potentials or from the right ventricular outflow tract （RVOT） in structurally normal hearts, and VPC triggers preceded by Purkinje potentials in ischemic cardiomyopathy. During the session, mapping should be focused on the earliest activation and determining the earliest potential is the key to a successful ablation. However, suppression of VF can be achieved by not only the elimination of triggering VPCs, but also by substrate modification of possible reentry circuits in the Purkinje network, or between the PA and RVOT. The most important issue before the ablation session is the recording of the 12-lead ECG of the triggering event, which can prove invaluable in regionalizing the origin of the triggering VPC for more detailed mapping. In cases where the VPC is not spontaneous or inducible, ablation may be performed by pace mapping. Further studies are needed to evaluate the precise mechanisms of this arrhythmia.

Handmade tri-leaflet ePTFE conduits versus homografts for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction

Background This study aimed to investigate the performance of handmade tri-leaflet expanded polytetrafluoroethylene(ePTFE)conduits in the absence of a suitable homograft.Methods Patients who underwent right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with tri-leaflet ePTFE conduits or homografts between December 2016 and August 2020 were included.The primary endpoint was the incidence of moderate or severe conduit stenosis(>36 mmHg)and/or moderate or severe insufficiency.The secondary endpoint was the incidence of severe conduit stenosis(>64 mmHg)and/or severe insufficiency.Results There were 102 patients in the ePTFE group and 52 patients in the homograft group.The median age was younger[34.5(interquartile range:20.8-62.8)vs.60.0(interquartile range:39.3-81.0)months,P=0.001]and the median weight was lower[13.5(10.0-19.0)vs.17.8(13.6-25.8)kg,P=0.003]in the ePTFE group.The conduit size was smaller(17.9±2.2 vs.20.5±3.0 mm,P<0.001)and the conduit Z score was lower(1.48±1.04 vs.1.83±1.05,P—0.048)in the ePTFE group.There was no significant difference in the primary endpoints(log rank,T3=0.33)and secondary endpoints(log rank,P=0.35).Multivariate analysis identified lower weight at surgery[P=0.01;hazard ratio:0.75;95%confidence interval(CI)0.59-0.94]and homograft conduit use(P=0.04;hazard ratio:8.43;95%CI 1.14—62.29)to be risk factors for moderate or severe conduit insufficiency.No risk factors were found for moderate or severe conduit stenosis or conduit dysfunction on multivariate analysis.Conclusion Handmade tri-leaflet ePTFE conduits showed acceptable early and midterm outcomes in the absence of a suitable homograft,but a longer follow-up is needed.

不同部位DVT与APTE后肺动脉主干宽度、右心室流出道宽度、右心室径水平的相关性

目的探讨不同部位下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)与急性肺血栓栓塞症(APTE)后肺动脉主干宽度、右室流出道宽度、右心室径水平的相关性及影响因素。方法选择2013年10月至2020年8月初次确诊为APTE患者231例,分为小腿肌间静脉型血栓组(n=94)、胫腓腘静脉血栓组(n=31)、股腘静脉型血栓组(n=90)和下腔髂静脉型血栓组(n=16)。统计4组临床资料;心脏彩色多普勒超声诊断仪测定肺动脉主干宽度、右心室流出道宽度和右心室径水平;Pearson检验法分析DVT与APTE后肺动脉主干宽度、右心室流出道宽度、右心室径水平的相关性。多元逐步Logistic回归分析探讨APTE后DVT部位的影响因素。结果4组肺动脉主干宽度、右心室流出道宽度、右心室径水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其中,小腿肌间静脉型血栓组与股腘静脉型血栓组、下腔髂静脉型血栓组比较,患者肺动脉主干宽度、右心室流出道宽度、右心室径水平明显升高(P<0.05);胫腓静脉型血栓组、股腘静脉型血栓组与下腔髂静脉型血栓组比较,患者肺动脉主干宽度、右心室流出道宽度、右心室径水平均升高(P<0.05)。不同部位DVT与APTE后肺动脉主干宽度、右心室流出道宽度和右心室径水平呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。多元逐步Logistic回归分析显示,肺动脉主干宽度、右心室流出道宽度、右心室径水平是DVT部位的影响因素(P<0.01)。结论不同部位DVT与APTE后肺动脉主干宽度、右心室流出道宽度、右心室径水平具有相关性,且是DVT患者APTE后的主要病理生理变化;肺动脉主干宽度、右心室流出道宽度、右心室径水平在诊断不同部位DVT患者病情方面具有一定的价值。

右心室流出道与低位间隔起搏患者心电学参数变化及预后对比研究

目的 比较右心室流出道与低位间隔起搏对心脏起搏器植入治疗患者心电学参数变化及预后的影响。方法 回顾性选取2019年1月至2021年10月在池州市人民医院采用心脏起搏器植入治疗患者145例,按照起搏器电极植入部位不同分为观察组(n=69,右心室流出道间隔部起搏)和对照组(n=76,右心室低位间隔起搏)。比较两组手术前后心电学参数(R波感知、起搏阈值、阻抗、QRS波时限、QTc间期)、心功能[N末端B型脑钠钛前体(NT-proBNP)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)]及预后情况。结果 术中、术后两组R波感知、起搏阈值、阻抗、QRS波时限、QTc间期比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术前,两组血浆NT-proBNP、LVEF、LVEDD比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后,观察组血浆NT-proBNP、 LVEDD水平分别为(336.42±35.46) ng/L、(48.51±5.82) mm,均低于对照组[(363.78±38.76) ng/L、(49.78±5.92) mm],LVEF为(55.42±7.34)%,高于对照组[(52.62±7.12)%],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访1年,观察组出现阵发性房颤1例,不良预后发生率为1.45%(1/69)。对照组出现阵发性房颤2例,因心力衰竭再次入院1例,不良预后发生率为3.95%(3/76),两组患者不良预后发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 右心室流出道间隔部起搏与低位间隔起搏对心脏起搏器植入治疗患者心电学参数差异不大,但前者对患者心功能影响更小,预后更好。

改良Blalock-Taussig分流术与右心室流出道支架植入术姑息性治疗法洛四联症的比较

目的:对于不适合一期根治或手术风险高的法洛四联症(tetralogy of Fallot,TOF)患者,经导管右心室流出道(right ventricular outflow tract,RVOT)支架植入术是一种安全有效的姑息干预方式。本研究旨在探讨RVOT支架植入术和改良Blalock-Taussig分流术(modified Blalock-Taussig shunt,mBTS)在TOF新生儿和婴儿期患者中的治疗效果,并比较2种姑息干预方式对患儿动脉血氧饱和度及肺动脉发育的影响。方法:回顾性收集中南大学湘雅二医院于2011年3月至2021年3月收治的32例TOF患者的临床资料。根据接受的手术方式,将患者分为行RVOT支架植入术的支架植入组(n=15)和行mBTS术的mBTS组(n=17),评估和比较2组患者的动脉血氧饱和度、术后并发症发生率、病死率、再干预率等,根据超声心动图结果,使用z-评分评估患者的肺动脉干、右肺动脉及左肺动脉的发育情况。结果:与mBTS组相比,支架植入组患儿的年龄较小,体重较低(均P<0.05)。与术前相比,支架植入组术后患儿的动脉血氧饱和度明显升高[(75±17)%vs(96±3)%,P=0.026],肺动脉干[(−2.82±1.27)分vs(0.86±0.77)分,P=0.014]、右肺动脉[(−1.88±0.59)分vs(−0.28±0.71)分,P=0.011]及左肺动脉[(−2.34±0.36)分vs(−1.67±0.36)分,P=0.036]的z-评分明显增加。而mBTS组患儿术前与术后的动脉血氧饱和度以及肺动脉z-评分的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:RVOT支架植入术对低出生体重、伴有严重合并症的TOF患儿具有良好的手术效果;与mBTS相比,RVOT支架植入术术后患儿的动脉血氧饱和度更高且肺动脉发育更好。

右心室流出道肺动脉瓣上和瓣下起源室性心律失常的体表心电图分析

目的对右心室流出道(RVOT)肺动脉瓣上和瓣下起源的室性心律失常(VAs)患者体表心电图特征进行对比分析,以实现VAs的较精确定位。方法纳入2018年10月到2022年10月在解放军总医院第一医学中心行射频消融术治疗的139例RVOT起源VAs患者进行研究,根据起源点与肺动脉瓣的位置关系分为瓣上起源组和瓣下起源组,进行心电图参数分析。结果139例RVOT起源VAs患者中,71例(51.1%)VAs起源于肺动脉瓣上,其中左窦43例(30.9%),右窦11例(7.9%),前窦7例(5.0%),左右窦交界10例(7.2%);68例(48.9%)VAs起源于肺动脉瓣下,其中游离壁侧14例(10.1%),室间隔侧54例(38.8%)。肺动脉瓣上起源组VAs心电图Ⅱ导联和aVF导联R波振幅显著高于肺动脉瓣下起源组VAs;在亚组分析中,肺动脉瓣上不同位置起源VAs体表心电图存在显著差异,肺动脉瓣下游离壁起源VAs心电图QRS波时程显著大于室间隔侧起源VAs,下壁导联QRS波切迹发生率显著大于室间隔侧起源VAs。结论起源于肺动脉瓣上和瓣下的VAs具有不同的体表心电图表现,可根据体表心电图表现初步判断VAs的起源点位置。