Pragmatist View of Human Rights:Theoretical Explanations of China’s Human Rights Practice

The pragmatist view of human rights represents a the-oretical condensation of the Chinese practice in human rights devel-opment.In view of the problem of circular idling between rights and claims caused by the traditional view of human rights of focusing on contents and not valuing implementation,social segmentation caused by empty talks on interests and claims while ignoring social develop-ment,and the phenomenon of the issue of human rights completely becoming empty and useless political rhetoric,the pragmatic view of human rights,based on the fact that there is a gap between the claims and realization of human rights,emphasizes that instead of blindly ex-panding the types of rights in term of text,it is better to base on prac-tice and promote the maximum realization of existing rights through development.The pragmatist view of human rights attaches impor-tance to relevant economic,social and cultural basis to promote the realization of human rights,rather than only focusing on the claims themselves;it pays greater attention to enhancing the realization of rights,rather than the distribution of rights under the total limit;it ad-vocates more for cooperativism in the realization of rights,rather than confrontation.The pragmatic concept of human rights takes Marxism as its theoretical basis and the gene of practice and the dimension of development as its theoretical characteristics,and promotes the devel-opment of human rights through the realization of rights.

An In-depth Interpretation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights With the Common Values of Humanity As the Research Paradigm

Interpreting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from political,juridical and philosophical perspectives is es-sential for promoting the guiding principles of the Declaration,build-ing consensus on human rights,and advancing human rights practice in the new historical context.To conduct an academic,systematic in-terpretation of the Declaration that conforms to the trends of the times and answers the fundamental questions of the world,it is necessary to find a new research paradigm.The common values of humanity,namely peace,development,equity,justice,democracy and freedom,put forward by Xi Jinping,general secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee,provide the most explanatory and penetrating scientific paradigm for reaching the issue.This paper an-alyzes and reflects on the views,value foundation and principled(con-tractual)consensus of human rights in the Declaration,and narrates and foresees the far-reaching significance of the three global initia-tives(namely,the Global Development Initiative,the Global Security Initiative,and the Global Civilization Initiative)with the common val-ues of humanity as the soul in advancing the modernization of global human rights governance and building a new form of human rights civilization.

Challenges and Countermeasures for Integrating the Protection of Environmental Rights into Actions for Addressing Climate Change

Climate change,which is the result of human activities,has wide-ranging impact.It poses a serious threat to human rights.Environmental rights are where the protection of the ecological environment and the development of human rights intersect.In view of the close relationship between the actions for addressing climate change and environmental rights,China should integrate the protection of environmental rights into the actions for addressing climate change,so as to achieve simultaneous development of both.In the process of coping with climate change,the right to climate stability that mainly pursues a“harmless”environment and the right to a more livable climate that pursues a“beautiful eco-environment”are specific manifestations of environmental rights and should be the priority of protection efforts.However,there are still some obstacles to achieving the coordinated development of the efforts to address climate change and the protection of environmental rights because traditional rights protection methods mainly give individuals subjective rights with the power to claim and are thus difficult to meet the needs of environmental rights protection in the context of climate change,and there are inherent value differences between responding to climate change and the realization of other human rights.Building a multi-level national obligation system to address climate change,giving full play to the role of courts in responding to climate change through moderate judicial activism,and coordinating the efforts to cope with climate change and the development of human rights under the guidance of a holistic system view are effective ways to overcome the aforementioned difficulties.

Historical Research on Rights in the Eyes of Young Marx

Karl Marx’s insightful critique of bourgeois rights,represented in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen adopted by France,can be attributed to the short-term and longterm perspectives he adopted successively in his research.By reading works such as History of France in the Revolutionary Era and History of the French Revolutionary Parliament,Marx was able to examine the original intentions of the legislators in the period of the French Revolution.This short-term examination was the most intuitive and logical approach to studying the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,in which Marx focused on the research of the period of the French National Convention and its idea on property rights.The enigmatic political-legal facts that emerged in 1793 during the French Revolution,along with other incidents,presented an opportunity for Marx to turn to long-term rights surveys.In this context,Marx gradually shifted his attention from the legislators who were the shining protagonists of the“grand political historical drama”to the underlying forces that worked behind them,and in doing so understood how the two major achievements of the French Revolution provided an explanation for the historicity of the phenomenon of rights.Marx’s longterm rights surveys from the perspective of historical materialism were directly inspired by the Kreuznach Notes as well as famous scholars including Francois Guizot,Augustin Thierry,and Henri Saint-Simon.

Protection of Human Rights Under China's Legal System——An interview with Prof. Wan Exiang

Wan Exiang, professor of the Law School of Wuhan University, doubles as justice and vice-president of China's Supreme People's Court. He is also vice-chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, one of the democratic parties in China, and member of the Tenth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, China's highest consulting body. Prof. Wan is reputed in China and abroad for his achievements in study of international human rights laws and also as the founder of the Wuhan University Center for Protection of the Rights of the Underprivileged in Society, the first of its kind ever set up in the country. Since its founding a decade ago, the center has won a fame for the quality legal services it renders to needy people in their tens of thousands, including disabled people, juveniles, women and workers laid off from state-owned enterprises in the course of China's economic restructuring. While a press favorite at home, the center has received coverage by the NHK TV of Japan, Washington Post of the United States, Phoenix TV of Hong Kong and numerous other media outside the Chinese mainland. Following is an interview with Prof. Wan Exiang, in which he discussed how human rights are protected under China's legal system and in what ways the system should be improved.

On the Criminal Protection of the Right to Education of Chinese Citizens——With a Review on Article 32 of the Amendment to the Criminal Law(Ⅺ)

The Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China responds to the institutional needs of civic education,and supplements the clause of the Criminal Law on protection of citizens’right to education nuy means of Article 32.Imposing legal responsibility in the form of internal punishments,administrative punishments,and economic compensation have failed to prevent infringements on citizens’right to education.Its role as a"secondary protection law"is the conceptual obstacle that hinders the Criminal Law from effectively intervening in the field of citizens’right to education.The equivalence between the legal interests of people to the right to education and the rights protected by the existing charges in the Criminal Law is the legitimate basis for it to intervene in disputes over the right to education.Based on Article 32 of the Amendment(Ⅺ)to the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China,it is suggested to further clarify the prepositional law,improve the liability provisions for the right to education,change the modest and restrained view of the Criminal Law regarding protection of the right to education,and expand the behavior types of Article 32 provided in the Amendment(Ⅺ)in due time.

Human Rights as Unique Rights——an analysis of Raz's Political Concept of human Rights

The practice of international human rights has led to the development of the political notion of human rights in contemporary times and triggered the theoretical reflection on"what are human rights"The natural rights view,which is based on human nature,regards human rights as universal moral rights owned by everyone against all others.holding a different perspective from the natural rights view,Raz,the representative of the political notion of human rights,bases his view on the political function of human rights in restricting national sovereignty in international practice and defines human rights as the legal rights enjoyed by everyone against the country since the end of the World War ii,which should be enforced by fair and reliable international institutions.Unavoidably,Raz’s concept of human rights has been subject to questioning and criticism by natural right theorists.The controversy around Raz’s concept of human rights shows that:on one hand,the Western academic circle has not readied a basic consensus on the understanding of human rights based on international human rights practice;on the other hand,it deeply reveals the theoretical need for the international community to reach a basic consensus on international human rights practice in the historical context of the changing international legal order.

Values and Human Rights

Values and the view of hu- man rights are the concepts in the superstructure that belong to the category of morality category. So-called value refers to people＇s attitude towards the choice between material wealth and spiritual wealth. Specifically speaking, it reflects the interests, demands, psychological and behav- ioral orientation of certain subjects. It is the inward rule which is used by people to measure the value of things, judge whether they are good or not and determine their attitude towards them.

人的尊严:跨越普遍主义与相对主义之争的人权共识——纪念《维也纳宣言与行动纲领》通过30周年

普遍主义与相对主义在人权领域的争议由来已久,《世界人权宣言》尝试以全人类纲领性文件的形式,用尊严的名义统合多样性和差异。第一次开宗明义地指出人的尊严是人权共识的,则是近半个世纪之后的《维也纳宣言与行动纲领》。《维也纳宣言与行动纲领》首次以国际性文件的形式确立了人的尊严作为跨越人权普遍主义与相对主义之争的人权共识。维也纳世界人权会议及《维也纳宣言与行动纲领》也成为用跨文化对话达成人权共识的生动展现。在未来,让人的尊严成为一个有内容、有厚度的人权基础概念是进一步努力的方向。

论外资立法的国内法国际化原则

国家外资立法是衡量一国对外开放程度的重要标志,应当遵循“国内法国际化”原则。该原则要求国家在制订和实施国内法时遵守国际规则,也可以让国内法对国际规则产生影响。全球治理格局已经变化,国内法性质的外资立法面对国际上性质不同、程度差别的投资竞争性规则,亟需坚持“立基于整体、从个体切入”的共同体利益。一方面,国内外资立法的健全和实施不能忽略国际规则,也应科学合理地设定东道国的“剩余控制权”;另一方面,还应坚持国际上的义利平衡和兼顾,在关键议题上把握高水平与适应性、渐进性之间的均衡,以此形成对国际公法产生影响的中国方案。

民行交叉视域下居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调

为尽可能避免居住权对抵押权实现的不利影响,部分不动产登记机构、住房公积金管理中心等通过行政规范性文件规定居住权的设立前置条件及其消极法律后果。这类规则既缺乏上位法依据,亦难与既有民法体系兼容,甚至已僭越了行政权合理介入物权的权力半径,不具备增设限制性条款的可行性。考虑到抵押权人及行政机关的风险防范与特殊利益,居住权与抵押权的权利冲突与协调应回归民法的私益对抗范畴,排除与民法规范相悖的绝对限制性规则,允许当事人在相对限制的界限内自主分配各自所应承担的风险并在一定条件下赋予抵押权人防御性救济权,减少抵押权人对居住权的抵触心理。为了发挥当事人之约定应有的对抗性效力,需辅之以不动产登记中心的特殊约定记载义务与风险提示义务,完善住房公积金管理中心、银行等机构的事前风险预警机制,从根本上消解居住权与抵押权的权利冲突状态。

《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》的基本内容及其当代启示

《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》蕴含极为丰富的思想内涵,也蕴藏着丰富的马克思主义思政教育理念。因此,深刻把握马克思在《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》中的核心思想,对建设中国特色社会主义具有重要作用。立足新时代,在我们对待宗教、培育马克思主义信仰、加强党的先进性和纯洁性建设方面,《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》都能为我们提供深刻的启示和借鉴。透过对《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》的深入理解,我们能够不断推进马克思主义宗教观与时俱进,始终秉持我国宗教中国化方向,以人民为中心,认识到人民群众是党持续发展的力量源泉,坚守马克思主义在意识形态中的指导地位,深化思政教育,更好理解马克思的批判理念,推动中华民族伟大复兴。

论青年马克思的权利观

权利问题是马克思早期文本的重要论题。早在大学时期,马克思就曾试图按照康德和费希特的方式建立一种新的法权哲学,但结果以失败告终。《莱茵报》时期,在黑格尔以及青年黑格尔派的影响下,马克思考察了人的自由平等权利问题,阐述了其理性自由主义的权利观。《德法年鉴》时期,马克思又在费尔巴哈的影响下,探究了权利的阶级属性和经济属性,分析了近代政治国家中权利二重化问题及其克服途径。青年马克思的权利观在不同时期深受黑格尔哲学或费尔巴哈人本主义思想的影响,但也包含着共产主义思想的萌芽,并为后来马克思构建历史唯物主义权利观奠定了基础。

“站在历史正确的一边”的唯物史观意蕴——兼论“历史终结论”的终结

习近平总书记多次强调要“站在历史正确的一边”,主张以史为鉴、顺应历史,倡导和平发展,推动全人类的共同进步。面对20世纪末甚嚣尘上的“历史终结论”,“站在历史正确的一边”的观点准确把握现实的历史规律和历史大势,在唯物史观基础上展开了强有力的驳斥,消解了这种抽象的历史观。应当说,“站在历史正确的一边”的观点体现了在唯物史观指引下扬弃与超越资本文明,坚定走中国式现代化新道路的要求。历史并非如“历史终结论”所言已经“终结”,而是处在进步发展的过程中。为此,我们要紧跟历史前进的潮流,走以全人类自由全面发展为旨归的和平发展道路,构建“合作共赢”的人类命运共同体。

知言与养气:孟子对仁义之道的新拓展

孟子之前的儒者不善言辩,时人称孟子“好辩”,孟子则以“不得已”加以辩驳。孟子的理由是:基于历史依据、现实需要和儒家仁义学说。孟子的“好辩”是“知言”的表现,并以“诐、淫、邪、遁”之辞剖析各类邪说的危害。在此基础上,孟子阐明了“浩然之气”:“气”有义、道为基础;道是仁道,义是行仁之路;“养气”是行仁义之道的方式。基于仁义之正和气之浩然,孟子进一步阐发了集义与仁政学说。孟子的“知言”与“养气”源头在孔子那里,经过孟子的阐释,成为支撑孟子仁义之道思想的基础理论与主要概念。

浅析电影《刮痧》中西文化冲突

随着经济全球化进程日益增快,各国文化交流需求更加迫切。由于中西文化差异,国际交往过程中难免出现冲突与碰撞。电影《刮痧》是中西方跨文化交际过程中的小缩影,再现了华裔在美国遇到的文化冲突。本文旨在通过电影所表现的文化冲突对中西方在面子观、朋友观、亲情观、儿童人权观以及法律文化方面进行比较分析,体现中西方文化共性和差异,并提出中西方文化融合的趋势和必然。求同存异是世界文化交流的基本准则,这样各国文化才能更好地传承与发展。

回归“全球治理”:“一带一路”倡议的理论逻辑

当前的全球经济治理体系面临权力结构失衡、制度功能不足、主导观念缺失等现实困境,其根源在于既有的全球经济治理体系违背了“全球治理”的基本要义,需对现有体系加以改革。“一带一路”倡议是中国参与全球经济治理的重要方案,回归了“全球治理”的理论逻辑:在治理主体上倡导包容性多边主义,维护全球多边秩序;在治理方式上通过发展为导向的灵活机制,增强双边、区域和多边机制的对接程度,提升治理的有效性;在治理目标和价值层面以正确义利观为价值指向,以“共商共建共享”为原则,使分配更加公平正义,推动构建人类命运共同体。

我国地方知识产权立法:特点、问题与优化

地方知识产权立法是我国知识产权法律体系的有机组成部分。总体上看,地方知识产权立法呈现出以贯彻落实党和国家知识产权战略及政策为主要立法背景、以鼓励性立法为主要规范表达形式,立法领域以专利和综合性立法为主以及不同地区的同类立法趋同度高等特点。同时,存在立法目的“高配”“重立不重用”以及比较突出的“司法沉默”现象等问题。在我国知识产权法治建设新的历史方位下,应当重新认识地方知识产权立法的功能和使命,立足推进国家知识产权治理现代化的现实需要,纵向层面更积极对接国家相关立法、着力维护更高水平的知识产权法制统一;树立跨领域、跨行业的大立法观和跨法律部门的协同立法观,横向层面更有效促进跨部门、跨区域协同联动,构筑知识产权由法定权利形式向高质量发展引擎和媒介转化的通道。

论数字劳动幸福权

劳动是幸福之源。数字劳动作为人类劳动方式的最新样态,与人的数字化生存具有直接同一性,数字劳动幸福权与人的数字化生存质量具有高度相关性。提升人的数字化生存质量,需要坚决捍卫人的数字劳动幸福权。维护数字劳动幸福权的前提,是从本体论层面上认清什么是数字劳动幸福权。数字劳动幸福权是数字主体通过劳动获得属人的属性而获取深层愉悦体验的权利。准确把握数字劳动幸福权这一概念,有必要将之与数字活动幸福权、数字劳动幸福观以及数字劳动幸福感等做进一步的辨析。确证并肯定人的本质力量、唤起并增强人的劳动意愿、发展并提升人的劳动能力,是维护参与主体数字劳动幸福权的有效路径。

闽西籍开国将军群像分析与闽西文化崇正观的影响

20世纪20年代末30年代初,闽西人民在党的领导下开展了轰轰烈烈的土地革命斗争,建立苏维埃政权,建立人民武装,保卫土地革命果实。闽西子弟积极参军参战,先后组成“五个军”并上升为中央红军,这些部队正是在古田会议精神指引下成长为新型人民军队。1955—1965年间,闽西子弟有71人被授予中国人民解放军少将以上军衔。纵观闽西籍开国将军入伍履职经历,大多从事政治动员、机关党(事)务、技术军种等。这种“政工群体”现象,有着深刻的客家文化底蕴,自古有之、根深蒂固的“崇正”观及其所展现的以天下为己任奉献的家国情怀、崇文重教光宗耀祖的家教家风、不尚空谈注重实干的务实作风,对闽西籍开国将军成长有重要影响。