The variation in basal channels and basal melt rates of Pine Island Ice Shelf

In recent years,there has been a significant acceleration in the thinning,calving and retreat of the Pine Island Ice Shelf(PIIS).The basal channels,results of enhanced basal melting,have the potential to significantly impact the stability of the PIIS.In this study,we used a variety of remote sensing data,including Landsat,REMA DEM,ICESat-1 and ICESat-2 satellite altimetry observations,and Ice Bridge airborne measurements,to study the spatiotemporal changes in the basal channels from 2003 to 2020 and basal melt rate from 2010 to 2017 of the PIIS under the Eulerian framework.We found that the basal channels are highly developed in the PIIS,with a total length exceeding 450 km.Most of the basal channels are ocean-sourced or groundingline-sourced basal channels,caused by the rapid melting under the ice shelf or near the groundingline.A raised seabed prevented warm water intrusion into the eastern branch of the PIIS,resulting in a lower basal melt rate in that area.In contrast,a deepsea trough facilitates warm seawater into the mainstream and the western branch of the PIIS,resulting in a higher basal melt rate in the main-stream,and the surface elevation changes above the basal channels of the mainstream and western branch are more significant.The El Ni?o event in 2015–2016 possibly slowed down the basal melting of the PIIS by modulating wind field,surface sea temperature and depth seawater temperature.Ocean and atmospheric changes were driven by El Ni?o,which can further explain and confirm the changes in the basal melting of the PIIS.

The morphological changes of basal channels based on multisource remote sensing data at the Pine Island Ice Shelf

The basal channel is a detailed morphological feature of the ice shelf caused by uneven basal melting.This kind of specifically morphology is widely distributed in polar ice shelves.It is an important research object of sea-ice interaction and plays a vital role in studying the relationship between the ice sheet/ice shelf and global warming.In this paper,high-resolution remote sensing image and ice penetration data were combined to extract the basal channel of the Pine Island Ice Shelf.The depth variation of Pine Island Ice Shelf in the recent 20 years was analyzed and discussed by using ICESat-1,ICESat-2,and IceBridge data.Combined with relevant marine meteorological elements(sea surface temperature,surface melting days,circumpolar deep water and wind)to analyze the basal channel changes,the redistribution of ocean heat is considered to be the most important factor affecting the evolution and development of the basal channel.

Evaluation of habitat quality for selected wildlife species associated with island back channels

The islands and associated back channels on the Ohio River, USA, are believed to provide critical habitat features for several wildlife species. However, few studies have quantitatively evaluated habitat quality in these areas. Our main objective was to evaluate the habitat quality of back and main channel areas for several species using habitat suitability index (HSI) models. To test the effectiveness of these models, we attempted to relate HSI scores and the variables measured for each model with measures of relative abundance for the model species. The mean belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) HSI was greater on the main than back channel. However, the model failed to predict kingfisher abundance. The mean reproduction component of the great blue heron (Ardea herodias) HSI, total common muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) HSI, winter cover component of the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) HSI, and brood-rearing component of the wood duck (Aix sponsa) HSI were all greater on the back than main channel, and were positively related with the relative abundance of each species. We found that island back channels provide characteristics not found elsewhere on the Ohio River and warrant conservation as important riparian wildlife habitat. The effectiveness of using HSI models to predict species abundance on the river was mixed. Modifications to several of the models are needed to improve their use on the Ohio River and, likely, other large rivers.

Study of fouling organisms at Tuoji Island in the Bohai Channel

From June 1984 to May 1985, monthly and seasonal panel tests of fouling organisms were carried out on rafts at Tuoji Island. Seventy - three species were obtained. The occurring frequencies of the following species are all at least 30%: Ectocarpus confervoides, Polysiphonia urceolata, Tubularia mesembryanthmum, Cfytia edwardsi, Tubulipora pulchra, Celleporella hyalina, Mytilus edulis, Hiatella arctica, Caprella acanthogaster, Corophium crassicome, Jassa cf.falcata and Podocerus cf . inconspicuus. Large or calcareous species are not dominant ones. The wet weight is comparatively light, the yearly wet weight being 9.12 kg m-2. Attaching seasons of major species are from June to October and no bio - attachment occurs between January and April. Fouling organisms at Tuoji Island differ rather greatly from those in the harbours along the continental coast, showing the charcteristics of fouling organisms in the northern island harbours of China.

深中通道岛隧结合部波流特性及覆盖层稳定性试验研究

基于岛隧工程结合部与传统隧道、近岸陆地工程衔接存在明显差别,以及在设计上面临的新难题,为保证深中通道岛隧结合部沉管隧道覆盖层在极端恶劣条件下的安全性和可靠性,对结合部区域范围内波流特性和防护结构的稳定性进行了研究。通过开展物理模型试验,模拟了包括波浪和水流之间变化角度的水动力场,以及波流耦合作用护面块体稳定性;揭示了岛隧结合部波流耦合效应,总结了波高比(H_(s)′/H_(s))和流速比(U′/U)与相对流速(U/C)、波陡(H_(s)/L)、相对水深(d/L)和波流夹角(α)变化规律,并导出了相应的计算公式;同时通过多组试验对比优化,获得了护面块体最优稳定重量,导出了波流耦合作用下护面块体稳定重量的计算方法。研究结果不仅解决了深中通道重大工程的实际问题,也为今后海底沉管隧道覆盖层的建设提供基础数据和技术支撑。

宁波舟山港条帚门航道扩建方案研究

为进一步缓解虾峙门航道通航压力,避免类似“苏伊士运河堵塞事件”等极端情况的发生,保障宁波舟山港核心港区“双循环”,迫切需要提升条帚门航道的通航能力。针对岛礁海域特殊的自然条件和多船型混合航行要求,通过潮流泥沙数学模型、船舶模拟试验、交通流分析等研究手段,提出了条帚门航道平面布置和设计尺度方案。采用长航道多站联合乘潮方法合理确定各区段乘潮水位,有效降低疏浚标高、建设费用及维护难度。该项目设计理念、研究方法及成果可供类似工程参考。

台阶型煤体孤岛开采自然发火防治技术应用

金桥煤矿1306工作面四面临空,孤岛布置,分层开采,上分层存在遗留煤柱,形成了特殊的“台阶型”构造。针对1306工作面漏风通道多,自然发火风险较大的实际,分正常回采、回撤2个阶段制定针对性防灭火措施。回采期间采取了沿空喷涂、采空区注氮、停采线及采空区压注凝胶、遗煤喷洒阻化剂等措施,回撤期间重点采取了架后压注凝胶措施。通过对安全监控系统、采空区微漏风监测系统及人工检测数据进行耦合性分析,对1306工作面防灭火效果进行验证,得出1306工作面防灭火措施落实得当,肯定了台阶型煤体孤岛开采自然发火防治技术的成效。该技术能够为后续不规则工作面防灭火工作提供技术支撑,对类似开采条件的矿井有一定的借鉴作用。

信号交叉口右转渠化岛区域非机动车过街冲突

为科学评价信号交叉口右转渠化岛设置给非机动车过街带来的交通安全风险,实地采集了南昌市5个信号交叉口的视频,并提取了各交叉口右转渠化岛区域机非冲突数据、交叉口几何设计特征、交叉口渠化方式以及交通流特性等数据;采用改进型距离碰撞时间(time to collision,TTC)对交通冲突进行判定,共得到304起冲突事件;基于贝叶斯方法构建了考虑不同交叉口间异质性的随机效应冲突模型,对比了固定效应与随机效应负二项模型的拟合优度并分析了显著影响因素;基于随机效应模型,确定了期望机非冲突数计算公式,绘制了不同交通流情况下信号交叉口渠化岛设置标准曲线并提供了案例说明。研究表明:相比于固定效应模型,随机效应模型对机非冲突有更好的拟合效果;相比于无渠化岛交叉口,软渠化岛和硬渠化岛的设置会导致交通冲突分别增加38%和61.4%;右转机动车交通量、过街非机动车交通量和非机动车违法行驶数量每增加1%,将导致机非冲突分别增加0.85%、0.44%和0.18%;右转机动车平均速度每增加1%,将导致机非冲突减少2.5%。研究成果为定量化分析交通冲突影响要素提供了有效思路,可为右转渠化岛交通设计提供理论支撑。

台湾海峡西侧海湾-岛屿系统影响下的流场年季变化——以南日水道为例

台湾海峡地理位置独特,西侧海域海湾-岛屿系统普遍发育,显著影响了海域流场分布。同时,海峡西岸经济区的快速发展对区域海洋动力环境背景场及其变化的精细认识提出了更高的要求。福建莆田南日岛西侧南日水道是连通兴化湾与平海湾的主要水道,是区域海洋动力环境的“咽喉”所在,在区域海洋环境保护与科学开发利用中居于至关重要的位置。为了全面认识台湾海峡西侧海湾-岛屿系统影响下区域海洋动力环境背景场的年季变化,本研究利用布放在南日水道的座底观测系统获得的周年海流资料,结合同期气象风场资料,通过数据统计分析、调和分析、滤波处理和小波变化等手段,研究了南日水道内海流的季节变化规律和驱动余流的动力要素,初步探讨了热带气旋等对海洋动力演化过程的影响。研究结果表明,研究海域潮流为不正规半日浅海潮流,并具有明显的半月周期,涨潮流大于落潮流,涨潮流主方向为WNW向,落潮流主方向为SE—ESE向。旋转谱结果表明,研究海域以半日潮为主,逆时针能量强于顺时针,惯性周期无明显的谱峰。潮流强度的季节变化特征为冬季最强,秋季、春季次之,夏季最弱。夏、秋季的余流流速较其他季节明显偏大,表层余流有明显的季节特征,底层余流全年为北向流。观测点余流主要由风引起,二者有很好的相关性,但频率统计结果显示二者方向不一致,表明余流在地形的作用下发生了转向,其中潮致余流对表层余流贡献较小。小波能量图表明,双台风(热带气旋)期间风和余流均存在1 d及6 d左右的周期信号,二者密切相关。本研究成果对于区域海洋环保以及海域科学开发与应用具有重要的现实意义。

重建静脉回流通道在手指背穿支筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣术中的应用

目的探讨重建静脉回流通道在手指背穿支筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣转位修复指部缺损中的应用效果。方法将50例行手指背穿支筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣转位修复的指部缺损患者按是否重建静脉回流通道分为观察组(重建静脉回流通道,25例,25指)和对照组(未重建静脉回流通道,25例,25指)。比较两组手术情况、术后并发症发生情况。采用中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评价疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~24(16.40±3.25)个月。手术时间观察组长于对照组(P<0.01);住院时间、住院费用观察组短(少)于对照组(P<0.05)。两组术后均未发生皮瓣感染及坏死等并发症,皮瓣均成活;水疱发生率观察组低于对照组(P<0.05)。疗效评价:术后1、12个月外形优良率观察组均高于对照组(P<0.05);术后1个月患指总主动活动度优良率观察组高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论重建静脉回流通道行手指背穿支筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣转位修复治疗指部缺损,不仅能缩短住院时间、降低住院费用,而且能获得较满意的患指外形及早期总主动活动度。

Assessment of Underwater Anthropogenic Noise Associated with Construction Activities in Bechers Bay, Santa Rosa Island, California

Acoustic monitoring and mitigation of underwater construction noise was conducted during marine pier demolition and reconstruction activities near Santa Rosa Island, California. Activities spanned two construction seasons and used both auger and pneumatic percussion drilling methods for pile placement. Pile drilling activities during construction resulted in sound pressure levels (SPL) ranging from 121.0 to 184.5 dB re 1 μPa. No significant difference was found for calculated source SPLs between the Season 1 and Season 2 methods of pile drilling (KW = 2.28, p = 0.15). Additionally, no significant difference was found for calculated source SPLs during active drilling between the Season 1 and Season 2 methods of pile drilling (KW = 3.39, p = 0.07). The average calculated source SPL documented during this study was lower than the NOAA Fisheries mandated safety zone threshold (160.0 dB re 1 μPa [rms]) for harassment to marine mammals. This is the first known report of SPL data collected in concert with marine pile drilling via the auger drilling technique. The results from this study can be used to improve information for and assist with the development of regulatory policies and techniques regarding sound level thresholds and mitigation monitoring.

Case Study: Hydraulic Model Experiment to Analyze the Hydraulic Features for Installing Floating Islands

The viewpoint of a river is changing as people regard the river as water-friendly space where they can enjoy and share the space beyond the simple purpose of flood control alongside the improving social level. The floating islands installation was planned featuring three islands. The river’s flow and channel stability could be changed when new structures are built in a river. Hence an analysis of the hydraulic characteristic changes should need. The hydraulic model experiment in this study sought to review the impacts of the floating islands installation on the safety of flood control and stability of river channel. This study analyzed the hydraulic features affecting the surrounding stability when installing floating islands and proposed stable floating islands layout in terms of hydraulics based on the experiment results.

海南玉带滩障壁型海岸现代沉积特征及沉积演化

海南玉带滩是我国南海沿岸典型的障壁型海岸现代沉积场所之一。根据野外考察和室内分析,从沉积物的成分、结构、沉积构造等方面揭示了玉带滩障壁型海岸现代沉积特征。结果表明:玉带滩东侧为障壁岛海滩,沉积层序总体上表现为粒度向上变粗;中部为障壁岛沙丘,以中、粗粒石英砂为主,具平行层理、斜层理;西侧为障壁坪,以中、细砂沉积为主,夹杂一些贝壳碎片,层理构造比较明显。玉带滩西侧水体为河流作用明显强于潮汐作用的潟湖;河口沙坝发育或河流岩岛阻挡产生河汊是形成潟湖中冲积岛分布的主要原因;仅在潮汐通道外侧出现拦口沙坝堆积。现代沉积特征结合Google Earth卫星图像分析认为,该障壁型海岸沉积演化大致包括3个阶段:第一阶段,河流携带泥沙入海,在河口湾地区形成多级近新月型河口沙坝。第二阶段,由于后期水道延伸方向、水动力的不断变化,西侧河口沙坝出现合并并向冲积岛转化;在海岸拐弯处,以原有河口沙坝为主体,形成初期障壁沙坝,障壁沙坝西侧水体演变成潟湖。第三阶段,障壁岛西侧受河流冲刷作用影响,河口沙坝坝头几乎完全消失;障壁沙坝形成后,潟湖水面加宽,流速减小,河口沙坝增生合并,最终形成了三大冲积岛(沙坡岛、东屿岛、鸳鸯岛)。该障壁型海岸现代沉积发育冲积岛的障壁岛-潟湖沉积体系,而不同于传统的碎屑海岸障壁岛-潟湖沉积体系,研究其沉积特征和沉积演化为进一步认识和预测特殊类型的古代碎屑海岸障壁岛-潟湖沉积体系油气储层提供了具有参考价值的沉积演化模式。

Designing Right-Turn Vehicle Box as a Supplemental Treatment to Eliminate Conflicts with Pedestrians and Bicycles

Field observations illustrated that, right-turn vehicles stopped at various positions when proceeding within the right-turn lanes, while some of them trespassed on the crosswalks with multiple stops. In this case, pedestrians and bikes (ped/bike) are encountered unsmooth and hazardous crossings when right-turn vehicles encroaching their lanes. Meanwhile, this also causes conflicts between right-turn and through vehicles at the crossing street. To better protect ped/bike at crossings with right-turn vehicles, this paper proposes a concept of “right-turn vehicle box” (RTVB) as a supplemental treatment within right-turn lanes. Sight distance, geometric conditions, and behaviors of vehicles and ped/bike are key factors to consider so as to set up the criteria and to design the suitable treatment. A case study was conducted at an intersection pair in Houston, USA to shape the idea of RTVB, together with driving simulator tests under relevant scenarios. The preliminary crosscheck examination shows that the right-turn vehicle box could possibly provide ped/ bike with smoother and safer crossings. In the interim, the safety and efficiency of right-turn operations were also improved. To further validate the effects, implementation studies should be conducted before the RTVB can make its debut in practice. Future works will focus on the complete warrants and design details of this treatment. Moreover, the concept of “vehicle box” could also be transplanted to other places where turning movement(s) needs assistance or improvements.

基于WOA18的西北太平洋第一、二岛链间声速特征分析

本文基于WOA18温盐剖面数据集,利用声速经验公式计算了西北太平洋第一、二岛链间海区的声速剖面,研究了声速特征信息的诊断方法。通过提取声跃层、声道轴等声速特征信息,分别对表面声速、声跃层、声道轴进行分析,统计表面声速、声跃层和声道轴在各个季节的分布情况,得到了研究海区不同声学要素的季节变化特征。结果表明,表面声速主要在1520~1540 m/s区间变化,等值线基本与纬线平行,呈现出自低纬向高纬递减的趋势,声速值随季节变化较大;声跃层平均位置在低纬海区和高纬海区的差异较大,大约在100~650 m区域,低纬海区的声跃层受季节变化影响小,高纬海区的声跃层受季节变化影响大;声道轴深度基本在800 m以深区域,总体上呈现南北深、中间浅的分布态势且四季变化幅度较小。

海南岛西南海域古河道空间分布规律及地质意义

古河道是陆架出现最多的限制性灾害地质因素,分析其空间分布规律并挖掘隐藏其中的地质信息,能为海洋工程建设与防灾减灾提供科学依据,并有助于复原沉积作用的发育历史。从单道地震剖面识别古河道并对其空间分布规律进行分析后发现,海南岛西南海域沉积层中至少有3期埋藏古河道分布,其中30~80 m水深最为发育,推测分别发育于MIS2、MIS4及MIS5;古河流整体上沉积动力条件较弱,古河道空间分布总体上受海南岛岸线空间分布控制,沉积物主要来源于海南岛陆域,部分沉积物可能来源于古红河流域;即便受到海平面升降的影响,水系空间分布格局在时间上仍然具有较强的延续性。

海南岛西部海域海砂资源调查单道地震数据处理方法

为提高在海砂资源调查中单道地震勘探效果,文章对海南岛西部海域单道地震数据进行细致分析和参数试验,制定针对性的处理流程,处理后剖面的深部能量得到加强,分辨率和信噪比明显提高,真实层位同相轴更加连续,多次波得到有效压制后对真实地层的影响较小,有助于更精确的厘定研究区地层结构、圈定出砂体范围,为钻孔施工设计提供充分的依据。本次研究提出,在类似环境单道地震数据的处理中,采用相对保幅处理有助于保护有效信号,主要处理参数须经过反复对比分析后确认,去除海底反射多次波前须对随机噪音进行衰减,采用精细拾取的海底静态漂移作为多次波模型可获得较好的多次波压制效果。

天然河道中鱼类对水深、流速选择特性的初步观测——以长江江口至涴市段为例

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基于普适性单通道算法,利用2005年5月6日的TM数据反演北京市区的实际地表温度。在此基础上,分析了北京市区的热环境特征、热岛分布的位置。运用GIS空间分析工具,分析了地表温度与地形特征和地表覆盖类型之间的关系。结果表明,北京市热岛分布具有环状和带状分布特征,高程较低处和坡度较小处更容易形成热岛中心,不同地表覆盖类型的热特征具有显著的差异。

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