Fiber optic monitoring of an anti-slide pile in a retrogressive landslide

Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods of pile internal forces include cantilever beam method and elastic foundation beam method.However,due to many assumptions involved in calculation,the analytical models cannot be fully applicable to complex site situations,e.g.landslides with multi-sliding surfaces and pile-soil interface separation as discussed herein.In view of this,the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)and strain-internal force conversion methods was proposed to evaluate the working conditions of an anti-sliding pile in a typical retrogressive landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area,China.Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR)was utilized to monitor the strain distri-bution along the pile.Next,by analyzing the relative deformation between the pile and its adjacent inclinometer,the pile-soil interface separation was profiled.Finally,the internal forces of the anti-slide pile were derived based on the strain-internal force conversion method.According to the ratio of calculated internal forces to the design values,the working conditions of the anti-slide pile could be evaluated.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could reveal the deformation pattern of the anti-slide pile system,and can quantitatively evaluate its working conditions.

Centrifuge and numerical modeling of h-type anti-slide pile reinforced soil-rock mixture slope

Due to the loose structure,high porosity and high permeability of soil-rock mixture slope,the slope is unstable and may cause huge economic losses and casualties.The h-type anti-slide pile is regarded as an effective means to prevent the instability of soilrock mixture slope.In this paper,a centrifuge model test was conducted to investigate the stress distribution of the h-type anti-slide pile and the evolution process of soil arching during the loading.A numerical simulation model was built based on the similar relationship between the centrifuge model and the prototype to investigate the influence factors of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness,and some recommendations were proposed for its application.The results show that the bending moment distribution of the rear pile exhibits Wshaped,while for the front pile,its distribution resembles V-shaped.The soil arching evolution process during loading is gradually dissipated from bottom to top and from far to near.During the loading,the change of bending moment can be divided into three stages,namely,the stabilization stage,the slow growth stage,and the rapid growth stage.In engineering projects,the recommended values of the pile spacing,anchored depth,and crossbeam stiffness are 4.0d,2.0d,and 2.0EI,where d and EI are the diameter and bending stiffness of the h-type anti-slide pile respectively.

Anchoring Depth Research of Anti-Slide Piles of Anchor Bar in Soil

The model test result of earth force in the side of anti-slide pile of anchor bars was introduced.There are three groups of the tests.The loads were on the back side of the slope in two groups.The other one was loaded just behind the pile by the jack.In order to get the force of the soil,some earth-pressure boxes were used to get the earth pressure on the side of the piles.The part of the max pressure and the earth pressure was mainly focused under the slip line

Shaking table test for reinforcement of soil slope with multiple sliding surfaces by reinforced double-row anti-slide piles

Despite the continuous advancements of engineering construction in high-intensity areas,many engineering landslides are still manufactured with huge thrust force,and double-row piles are effective to control such large landslides.In this study,large shaking table test were performed to test and obtain multi-attribute seismic data such as feature image,acceleration,and dynamic soil pressure.Through the feature image processing analysis,the deformation characteristics for the slope reinforced by double-row piles were revealed.By analyzing the acceleration and the dynamic soil pressure time domain,the spatial dynamic response characteristics were revealed.Using Fast Fourier Transform and half-power bandwidth,the damping ratio of acceleration and dynamic soil pressure was obtained.Following that,the Seism Signal was used to calculate the spectral displacement of the accelerations to obtain the regional differences of spectral displacement.The results showed that the overall deformation mechanism of the slope originates from tension failure in the soil mass.The platform at the back of the slope was caused by seismic subsidence,and the peak acceleration ratio was positively correlated with the relative pile heights.The dynamic soil pressure of the front row piles showed an inverted"K"-shaped distribution,but that of the back row piles showed an"S"-shaped distribution.The predominant frequency of acceleration was 2.16 Hz,and the main frequency band was 0.7-6.87 Hz;for dynamic soil pressure,the two parameters became 1.15 Hz and 0.5-6.59 Hz,respectively.In conclusion,dynamic soil pressure was more sensitive to dampening effects than acceleration.Besides,compared to acceleration,dynamic soil pressure exhibited larger loss factors and lower resonance peaks.Finally,back row pile heads were highly sensitive to spectral displacement compared to front row pile heads.These findings may be of reference value for future seismic designs of double-row piles.

Combined load bearing capacity of rigid piles embedded in a crossanisotropic clay deposit using 3D finite element lower bound

In this study,an iterative-based three-dimensional finite element lower bound in association with the second-order cone programming method is adopted to evaluate the limit load of a single pile embedded in cross-anisotropic soils under general loading condition.The lower bound solutions of the pile embedded in an anisotropic soil deposit can be found by formulating the element equilibrium,equilibrium of shear and normal stresses along discontinuities,boundary conditions,yield function,and optimizing the objective function through the second-order cone programming method in conjunction with an iterative-based update procedure.A general loading condition is considered to profile the expansion of the safe load in the vertical-horizontal-moment(V-H-M)space.The results of this study are compared and validated against three different cases including an isotropic lateral loading,anisotropic end bearing capacity,and a pile embedded in an isotropic soil deposit under general loading condition.A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the impact of different influencing factors.It was found that the effect of anisotropy on the variation of lateral limit load of a single pile is more pronounced than the corresponding vertical and bending moment limit loads,whereas the interface properties have more significant effects on the vertical and bending moment limit loads in comparison to the lateral limit load.

Pre-Stressed Rope Reinforced Anti-Sliding Pile

Pre-stressed rope reinforced anti-sliding pile is a composite anti-sliding structure. It is made up of pre-stressed rope and general anti-sliding pile. It can bring traditional anti-sliding pile＇s retaining performance into full play, and to treat with landslide fast and economically. The difference between them is that the pre-stressed rope will transfix the whole anti- sliding pile through a prearranged pipe in this structure. The working mechanics, the design method and economic benefit are studied. The results show that the pre-stressed rope reinforced anti-sliding pile can treat with the small and middle landslides or high slopes well and possess the notable advantage of technology and economic.

Screening of plane S waves by an array of rigid piles in poroelastic soil

An array of rigid piles used as a screening barrier for plane shear (S) waves is investigated in a homogeneous unbounded space. The dynamic poroelastic theory of Biot is employed, under the assumption of an incompressible solid grain. Using Fourier-Bessel series, the problem of multiple scattering is solved by imposing continuity conditions and equilibrium conditions at the soil-pile interfaces with the translational addition theorem. A parametric analysis is conducted to investigate the influence of the permeability of poroelastic soil, separation between piles, number of piles and frequency of incident waves on screening effectiveness of the barrier, and the results are compared with those in an elastic soil medium. Computed results show that the intrinsic permeability of the soil medium displays an apparent effect on the screening of plane S waves.

Development technology of rigidity-drain pile and numerical analysis of its anti-liquefaction characteristics

Pile foundation is widely used in the offshore engineering. The pile can be seriously destroyed by the soil liquefaction during strong earthquakes. The potentials of liquefaction and damages of pile foundation due to the liquefaction can be reduced by the implementation of the drainage in the liquefiable foundation. A patented pile technology, named rigidity-drain pile, was introduced. The partial section of the pile body was filled by materials with higher penetrability which forms some effective drainage channels in the pile. The principles and construction methods were presented. 3D models for both rigidity-drain pile and ordinary pile were built in FLAC3D code. The dynamic loadings were applied on the bottom of the model. According to the numerical results, in the case of the rigidity-drain pile, the water in the relevant distance range around the pile flows toward the pile drainage, the contour of the pore pressure shows a funnel form. Contrast to the ordinary pile, the rigidity-drain pile can dissipate the accumulated excess pore water, maintain effective stress and obviously reduce the possibility of surrounding soil liquefaction.

重庆官栈河大桥主桥主墩基础锁口钢管桩围堰加固

重庆官栈河大桥主桥为(62+110+62)m三跨连续刚构桥,主墩基础采用锁口钢管桩围堰施工。围堰施工正常水位+325.300 m,施工期控制水位+330.500 m。在该桥主墩围堰完成四周锁口钢管桩插打及前4道内支撑安装后,因极端天气原因,长寿湖水位上涨到+332.200 m,危及围堰安全。为解决钢管桩围堰的安全问题,提出采用水下施工内支撑的加固方案。待围堰内部水头与外部保持一致后,将已经插打的锁口钢管桩加高至标高+334.000 m,拆除已安装好的4道内支撑,重新安装6道内支撑。采用MIDAS Civil软件分别建立加固前、后钢管桩围堰结构有限元模型,分析钢管桩及内支撑的受力安全与稳定性。结果表明:施工控制水位+330.500 m下,围堰结构最大正应力由加固前的162.6 MPa下降到加固后的82.3 MPa,下降了49.3%;承载水位可从施工控制水位+330.500 m增加到目标控制水位+333.500 m,且强度和刚度等均留有一定储备。水下施工内支撑的加固方案可提升围堰的承载能力。该桥围堰加固后整体受力效果良好,已顺利完成承台浇筑施工。

模块化建筑刚性桩复合地基共同作用试验分析

本文依据某模块化示范楼,制作了简化后的1∶10的模块化建筑刚性桩复合地基的室外缩尺模型,考虑了上部模块结构与地基基础共同作用。通过模型试验分析了上部模块刚度变化对上部模块钢柱、筏板基础和刚性桩复合地基各受力体的影响。结果表明:模块化建筑中部柱轴力>边部柱轴力>角部柱轴力;随上部模块刚度的增加,中部柱轴力逐渐减小,边部柱和角部柱轴力逐渐增大;筏板基础中部沉降最大,边部沉降最小,整体沉降随上部模块楼层的增加逐渐增大;角部桩身轴力>边部桩身轴力>中部桩身轴力,桩身轴力沿着桩深度方向先增大后减小;桩身上部一定范围内产生负摩阻力。分析结果能够为模块化建筑单元构件设计及刚性桩复合地基基础优化设计提供参考。

不均匀地层中刚性桩复合地基变形及加固措施分析

刚性桩复合地基凭借其工后沉降小、施工周期短、整体稳定性强、社会经济效益高等优势,逐渐得到广泛应用,但也伴随着一些工程问题,如在不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基路堤容易出现稳定性问题。本文针对不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基典型工程案例展开研究,采用有限元软件建立三维模型,揭示改进方案前后不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基的变形规律,研究3种加固方式对于刚性桩复合地基稳定性的增强效果。结果表明:不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基会产生偏应力进而引起路堤差异沉降,结构稳定性较差,改进方案可以有效降低路堤沉降,提高结构整体稳定性,横梁加固可以有效提高刚性桩复合地基的水平稳定性。

Experimental study on seismic reinforcement of bridge foundation on silty clay landslide with inclined interlayer

A shaking table test for a bridge foundation reinforced by anti-slide piles on a silty clay landslide model with an inclined interlayer was performed.The deformation characteristics of the bridge foundation piles and anti-slide piles were analyzed in different loading conditions.The dynamic response law of a silty clay landslide with an inclined interlayer was summarized.The spacing between the rear anti-slide piles and bridge foundation should be reasonably controlled according to the seismic fortification requirements,to avoid the two peaks in the forced deformation of the bridge foundation piles.The“blocking effect”of the bridge foundation piles reduced the deformation of the forward anti-slide piles.The stress-strain response of silty clay was intensified as the vibration wave field appeared on the slope.Since the vibration intensified,the thrust distribution of the landslide underwent a process of shifting from triangle to inverted trapezoid,the difference in the acceleration response between the bearing platform and silty clay landslide tended to decrease,and the spectrum amplitude near the natural vibration frequency increased.The rear anti-slide piles were able to slow down the shear deformation of the soil in front of the piles and avoid excessive acceleration response of the bridge foundation piles.

H-V组合荷载作用下HSCM桩承载性能

螺旋桩芯劲性复合桩(helix stiffened cement mixing pile,HSCM桩)是由螺旋桩芯与水泥土桩劲性复合而成的新型桩基。为研究水平-竖向(H-V)组合荷载作用下HSCM桩的承载性能,基于自制土工箱,开展HSCM桩室内模型试验研究,设计并制作3组共12根HSCM模型桩进行H-V组合荷载试验,分析加载角度与螺旋叶片数量对桩基承载性能的影响。试验结果表明:上拔荷载分量对桩基水平极限承载性能有不利影响;叶片数量越多,HSCM桩成桩质量越好,H-V组合荷载作用下承载力越大。

上海市某装配式减震住宅结构设计

上海市某装配式减震住宅项目位于上海市中心城区,项目大规模采用劲性复合桩,解决工程对施工环境、工期、成本等方面的特殊要求。针对项目超限带来的不利影响,在此项目的高层装配整体式剪力墙住宅中采用减震技术,有效降低了地震作用,提高了结构的抗震性能,达到降低材料用量、方便施工的目的。在与金属连梁阻尼器连接的预制剪力墙暗柱中,纵向钢筋采用新型可调节机械连接套筒进行快速连接,确保连接安全可靠。在预制叠合梁设计中,采用新型干法连接节点,有效提升施工进度。主要对上述劲性复合桩、减震设计以及新型连接等关键技术应用进行了阐述分析。项目是运用绿色低碳技术进行结构设计的有益尝试,可为类似项目提供参考。

基于附加应力法的刚性桩复合地基沉降影响参数分析

针对现有文献中刚性桩复合地基沉降的影响因素分析较为缺乏这一问题,基于刚性桩复合地基的附加应力法,对地基土、刚性桩、路堤等因素对加固区沉降、中性面深度、负摩擦力等的影响规律进行了分析。研究结果表明,加固区沉降随淤泥质粉质黏土压缩模量、工作垫层厚度、工作垫层侧阻力逐渐增加;中性面深度随工作垫层厚度逐渐增加,但随工作垫层侧阻力逐渐减小;负摩擦力均随工作垫层厚度、工作垫层侧阻力逐渐增加。加固区沉降均随桩端土极限端阻力、总极限端阻力和单桩极限承载力逐渐增加。相对于开口条件,桩端为闭口时,桩端阻力较大,单桩承载力较高,加固区沉降较小。加固区沉降均随路堤高度、路堤填料重度、路堤顶宽和路堤边坡坡率逐渐增加;中性面深度和负摩擦力也随之呈现增加趋势。此研究结果可为刚性桩复合地基设计与计算提供一定参考。

云南红河特大桥浅埋重力式锚锭基础现场试验研究

云南红河特大桥建水侧采用浅埋重力式锚碇基础,锚碇后趾区和前趾区分别坐落在中风化板岩和强风化板岩上。该工程在前趾区域采用非等长刚性桩复合地基方案解决土岩组合地基、偏心受荷等因素引起的不均匀沉降和水平变位问题。为保证方案可靠性,项目在中风化和强风化板岩区域分别进行了3组直剪试验、3组载荷试验,针对刚性桩开展了2组单桩载荷试验。试验得到了中风化、强风化板岩的地基承载力分别不小于1200 kPa、800 k Pa,与基础的摩阻系数分别为0.60、0.55;单桩承载力特征值不小于3500 kN。

地铁路基刚性桩处理沉降计算方法探讨

地基处理采用刚性桩桩网复合地基往往是应用于深厚软土层中,且对沉降有较为严格的控制要求。地铁路基对沉降要求较为严苛,尤其是在路基面上铺设轨道时,工后沉降根据轨道铺设类型的不同细分为:有咋轨道线路不应大于200 mm,过渡段不应大于100 mm,沉降速率不应大于50 mm/a,无咋轨道线路不应大于20 mm,差异沉降不应大于10 mm。严苛的沉降要求使得设计者应对刚性桩的作用原理十分熟悉,设计观念中不应仅采用传统的柔性桩设计思路,桩长穿透软弱土层,进入持力层即可,应选择合适的计算理论去应对精密的工后沉降要求。通过分析多种沉降计算方法,并结合实际工程案例,选取较适用的刚性桩沉降计算理论。

水平荷载作用下刚性桩桩土相互作用弱化规律和分布模式研究

目前,海上风力发电在中国发展非常迅速,“十四五”规划中我国海上风力发电装机容量将达到50 GW。超大直径单桩基础是当前全球海上风电场应用最为广泛的基础形式之一,占已建成海上风电场基础的75%。目前水平荷载对桩基竖向承载力的影响鲜有研究,桩周土压力水平是影响桩基竖向侧摩阻力的关键因素之一。为研究海上风电超大直径单桩基础水平承载特性,针对粉土中的刚性桩,开展了1 g模型试验,观察和分析水平荷载作用下的桩土相互作用弱化和沿桩身的分布规律,建立桩周土压力-变形弱化表达式,提出水平受荷后桩周土压力变化分布模式。结果表明:水平循环荷载作用下,随着循环次数的增加,主动区土压力逐渐降低,被动区土压力稍有增加;桩身发生水平变形后,主动区土压力变化可分为3个阶段,即急剧下降段、缓慢下降段和稳定阶段;桩身变形后,桩周土压力可沿桩身分为脱开区、弱化区、稳定区3个区域。

梁系平面刚度偏心分布高桩平台结构地震响应

基于工程实例,采用反应谱方法、时程分析法对梁系平面刚度偏心分布高桩平台结构地震响应规律进行分析研究。结果发现:横向地震作用下,反应谱法和人工波时程分析法计算结果较为接近,天然波时程分析法结果则因选波呈现差异;桩基二维、三维模型计算结果较为接近,横梁二维、三维模型剪力峰值计算结果接近,弯矩峰值结果差异大。纵向地震作用下,三维反应谱法和人工波时程分析法计算结果接近。不同计算模式对比表明三维反应谱法适应性较好。抗震设防烈度大于7度时,该类型平台结构桩基不宜选用PHC桩。对梁-板连接刚性系数λ进行参数分析表明:λ变化对横梁、纵梁内力的影响大于对桩基的影响,对纵横梁弯矩的影响大于对剪力的影响,且纵向地震作用下影响程度大于横向地震。说明板、梁之间的约束状态改变了结构的刚度分配情况,进而对结构的地震效应产生规律性影响。

城际铁路单跨门式刚构设计研究

结合工程设计实例,通过调整刚构的墩高、桥墩壁厚及承台底边界条件来改变结构刚度,研究单跨门式刚构刚度对桥梁结构受力的影响。结果表明对于单跨门式刚构桥,桥墩刚度对于梁部受力影响较小;桥墩刚度越大,桥墩的恒载弯矩越大;承台底的边界条件对结构体系内力影响较大,应考虑桩土相互作用的影响;m值越大,墩顶恒载弯矩越大,主梁梁端恒载负弯矩绝对值越大,整体温度、梯度温度效应对应的弯矩也越大,应考虑不同m取值下结构内力差异,并按照最不利结果进行设计。