The Dynamic Characteristic Experimental Method on the Composite Foundation with Rigid-Flexible Compound Piles

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the composite foundations, which include cememt-flyash-gaavel (for short CFG) long piles and cement-soil (for short CS) short piles, and CS piles with CFG core as well, are formed. The method of the site dynamic characteristic tests of the composite foundations is discussed. The test results show that fireworks bomb may replace demolitions as the vibration resource. Vibration time is about 0.1 sec. Horizontal vibration major frequency is at 22.476 - 56.436 Hz, and vertical vibration major frequency is at 15.538 - 55.884 Hz. The pile arrangements of the composite foundation in the same site have more effect on the acceleration peak value. From the point of vibration, the anti-seismic effect of the CS piles with CFG core is better than others.

Deformation and failure modes of composite foundation with sub-embankment plain concrete piles

With the development of high-speed railway in China, composite foundation with rigid piles has become a stamdard solution of meeting the high requirements of stability and post-construction settlement of embankment on soft subgrade. Among several im- provement pattems, plain concrete piles have been extensively used to treat soft ground supported embankment. To investigate the deformation and failure modes of unimproved soft ground and soft ground reinforced by sub-embankment plain concrete piles, and to learn the influences of track and vehicle load, the effect of pile spacing, as well as the compression moduli of soil layers and upper load condition on the failure modes, a series of centrifuge model tests were performed. Test results indicate that the dis- placement of unimproved soft ground under the embankment increases continuously as embankment, track and train loading, and slip circle failure takes place. The deformation law of soft ground reinforced by sub-embankment plain concrete piles depends on pile spacing, compression modulus of the soft ground, and loading conditions. It was also found that plain concrete piles show displacement and failure patterns depending on its location, compression modulus of soft soil around the pile, and loading condi- tions. Furthermore, the evaluation of improved ground stability as well as the model test procedure is also presented.

Consolidation analysis of composite foundation with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles under changing permeable boundary conditions

Based on the double-layered foundation theory, the composite ground with partially penetrated cement fly-ash gravel(CFG) piles was regarded as a double-layered foundation including the surface reinforced area and the underlying untreated stratum. Due to the changing permeability property of CFG piles, the whole consolidation process of the composite ground with CFG piles was divided into two stages, i.e., the early stage(permeable CFG pile bodies) and the later stage(impermeable pile bodies). Then, the consolidation equation of the composite foundation with CFG piles was established by using the Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory. Consequently, the unified formula to calculate the excess pore water pressure was derived with the specific solutions for the consolidation degree of composite ground, reinforced area and underlying stratum under instant load obtained respectively. Finally, combined with a numerical example, influencing rules by main factors(including the replacement rate m, the treatment depth h1, the permeability coefficient Ks1, Kv2 and compression modulus Es1, Es2 of reinforced area and underlying stratum) on the consolidation property of composite ground with CFG piles were discussed in detail. The result shows that the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slower than that of the reinforced area. However, the consolidation velocity of underlying stratum is slow at first then fast as a result of the transferring of effective stress to the underlying stratum during the dissipating process of excess pore water pressure.

Experimental Study of Dynamic Characteristics on Composite Foundation with CFG Long Pile and Rammed Cement-Soil Short Pile

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the two kinds of the typical pile type are selected, which containing flexibility pile (e.g. rammed cement-soil pile is for short RCSP), and rigid pile (e.g. cement-flyash-gravel pile is for short CFGP). The three kinds of the composite foundation are designed, which are CFGP, CFG long pile and CFG short pile (for short CFGLP-CFGSP), CFG long-short pile and rammed cement-soil short pile (for short CFGLP-RCSSP). Natural earthquake is simulated by using the engineering blasting;the dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the composite foundation are studied through field test. CFGLP-RCSSP is closed to linear relation. The bearing capacity of the four composite foundation of the CFGP, CFGLP-CFGSP, and CFGLP-RCSSP in the site are 225 kPa, 179 kPa, and 197 kPa, separately increases 150%, 98.8% and 119% compared to the natural foundation. The vibration main frequency is mainly depended on properties of foundation soil and piles between vibration source and measuring point, pilling load value. Horizontal vibration main frequency greater than the vertical vibration main frequency and the vertical vibration main frequency close to the first-order natural frequency of composite foundation. With the pilling load increasing, the CFGLP-RCSSP pile composite foundation combined frequency decreased. Under the same blast energy, the acceleration peak on the CFG pile composite foundation is less than CFGLP-CFGSP the corresponding values, as the load increases, the peak acceleration gently. CFG pile composite foundation is favorable on seismic. The distribution of peak acceleration is consistent within 4 m from pile top in the CFGLP_RCSSP composite foundation. The maximum of the horizontal acceleration peak along the pile body occurs at a distance of pile top 4 m or the pile top, and that of vertical acceleration peak occurred at a pile top.

Numerical Analysis of the Settlement of Composite Foundation Reinforced with Crushed Stone Grouting Pile and Rigid Bearing Plate

This paper deals with a new type of crushed stone grouting pile with a rigid bearing plate. The load transfer characteristics were analyzed, and a settlement model of the composite foundation reinforced with crushed stone grouting pile and rigid bearing plate was built by FEM program. The effects of replacement ratio of capping plate, replacement ratio of pile, replacement ratio of grout diffusion zone, pile-soil modulus ratio, and serous-soil modulus ratio, on the composite foundation settlement were discussed. It is concluded that the proposed crushed stone grouting pile with a rigid bearing plate is effective in decreasing the settlement of composite foundation.

Calculation method of composite foundation sedimentation of grouting pile with cover plate under embankment load

Grouting pile is a new soft soil foundation treatment method with characteristics such as no vibration, no noise, no soil compaction, light construction machines and quick construction velocity and so on. At present, study on reinforcement mechanism and design calculation method of composite foundation of grouting pile is initially started without design specifications, so it is usually required to draw on design specifications of stump pile when designing composite foundation of grouting pile while grouting pile has its characteristics and difference although reinforcement mechanisms and construction processes of two types of piles are similar. Sedimentation formula of composite foundation of grouting pile with cover plate is educed and a suitable deformation mode is proposed by aiming to deformation characteristics of composite foundation of grouting pile with cover plate under embankment load on basis of relevant sedimentation theories of composite foundation by combination of characteristics of composite foundation of grouting pile. The sedimentation calculation formula of grouting pile with cover plate under embankment load is educed according to balance relation of force and displacement coordination conditions by elastic theory and sedimentation calculation model established is validated by sedimentation monitoring documents of one expressway in China.

Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Settlement of composite foundation with discrete material pile considering modulus change

Based on deeply discussing the deformation mechanism of composite foundation with discrete material pile, firstly, the settlement of composite foundation in rigid foundation conditions was assumed to consist of two parts, an expanding part and an un-expanding part. Then, in view of the differences of deformation properties between the expanding part and the un-expanding part, the relationships between the pile modulus and the applied load in these two parts were respectively developed. Thirdly, by introducing the above relationships into settlement analysis, a new method to calculate displacement of composite foundation with discrete material pile was proposed by using the multi-stage loading theory and the layer-wise summation approach. This method is effective not only for accounting for the effect of variations of pores on deformation modulus of the pile body in different depths, but also for describing the characteristics of different deformation mechanisms of the pile body with varying depth. Finally, the proposed method was used to a practical composite foundation problem, whose theoretical results were presented and compared to those of other methods. The rationality and feasibility of this method are identified through comparative analysis.

Experiments of Multi-element Composite Foundation with Steel Pipe Pile and Gravel Pile

A set of serf-developed apparatus for foundation physical model were utilized to conduct model tests of the multi-element composite foundation with a steel pipe pile and several gravel piles. Some load-bearing characteristics of the multi-element Composite foundation, including the curves of foundation settlement, stresses of piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piles and soil, were obtained to study its working performances in silty sand soil. The experimental results revealed that the multi-element composite foundation with steel pipe pile and gravel pile contributed more than the gravel pile composite foundation in improving the bearing capacity of the silty fine sand.

Parameter analysis of composite pile foundation in bridge foundation

In the current theory of bridge foundation design,all of the loads above the cap are loaded by the pile,and the bearing capacity of the soil among piles is not taken into account.In order to analyze the bearing capacity of the soil among piles in bridge pile foundation,a model of pile foundation is established based on a bridge foundation which is under construction,and by the finite element analysis software ANSYS.According to the results of finite element analysis(FEA)and current bridge foundation design theory,a feasible composite pile foundation which can be applied in the design of bridge foundation,is recommended.Additionally,a number of modifications are made to the original design.It was confirmed that these modifications derived from numerical simulations can improve the performance of the foundation.

Settlement Characteristics of Cement Fly-Ash GravelPile-Plate Composite Foundation of High-Speed Railway

Field tests on settlement characteristics were carried out on the cement fly-ash gravel （CFG） pile-plate composite foundation on Beijing-Xuzhou section of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. The settlements of the piles and the soil between pries were measured and analyzed. The results show that the settlement-time dependency experienced three phases： rapid development phase, stable development phase and stable phase. Therefore, surcharge preloading was necessary to reduce the settlement after construction. The finite element software Plaxis was used to calculate the deformations of the pile top and the soil between piles at the embankment center, as well as the settlements of CFG pile reinforcement area and the underlying stratum under surcharge preloading. The calculation results and the field test results were compared and analyzed. Both the results show that the settlement of the composite foundation mainly occured in underlying stratum. The settlement characteristics of pile-plate composite foundation under high embankment are also concluded.

Displacement and force analyses of piles in the pile-caisson composite structure under eccentric inclined loading considering different stratum features

A novel anchorage for long-span suspension bridges,called pile-caisson composite structures,was recently proposed by the authors in an attempt to reduce the construction period and costs.This study aims to investigate the displacement and force behavior of piles in a pile-caisson composite structure under eccentric inclined loading considering different stratum features.To this end,both 1g model tests and three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed.Two groups of 1g model tests were used to validate the finite-element(FE)method.Parametric studies were then performed to investigate the effects of groundwater level,burial depth of the pile-caisson composite structure,and distribution of soil layers on the performance of the pile-caisson composite structure.The numerical analyses indicated that the influence of the groundwater level on the stability of the caisson was much greater than that of the piles.In addition,increasing the burial depth of the pile-caisson composite structure can assist in reducing the displacements and improving the stability of the pile-caisson composite structure.In addition,the distribution of soil layers can significantly affect the stability of the pile-caisson composite structure,especially the soil layer around the caisson.

黏土中海上风力机桩-筒复合基础地震响应分析

参考NREL海上风力机结构参数,基于ABAQUS软件平台,建立黏土中海上风力机桩-筒复合基础的三维整体有限元模型;采用总应力形式的非线性运动硬化模型描述黏土的不排水动应力应变响应,通过编制Matlab程序实现随机风荷载及波浪荷载的模拟;开展地震及风、浪、流荷载共同作用下海上风力机桩-筒复合基础的时域整体动力响应分析,揭示桩-筒复合基础的承载机理,分析地震烈度、土体强度及基础尺寸对桩-筒复合基础动力响应的影响规律。

就地固化联合复合地基对堆载邻近桩基的影响

路桥并线路基修筑引起既有桥桩产生挠曲、侧向位移,严重时可能会造成重大坍塌事故的发生。结合工程现场试验,针对道路施工对邻近桥桩影响问题提出就地固化联合复合地基加固新方法,联合数值模型分析就地固化深度、固化土弹性模量和复合地基相关因素对邻近桩基的保护效果。研究结果表明:搅拌桩加固影响深度为1.5倍桩长左右,素混凝土桩施工会对被动桩在0.75倍桩长左右处产生最大水平位移。就地固化(2.0 m)+水泥搅拌桩法(1.8 m)可极大减小被动桩浅层水平位移,保护桥桩的安全。当固化土水泥掺量为5%~7%、水泥搅拌桩水泥掺量为12%~18%时,提高水泥掺量对减小被动桩水平位移有着明显的作用。同时,将普通褥垫层水泥搅拌桩替换为就地固化+水泥搅拌桩复合地基,桩身最大负弯矩减小近16.6%。

不均匀地层中刚性桩复合地基变形及加固措施分析

刚性桩复合地基凭借其工后沉降小、施工周期短、整体稳定性强、社会经济效益高等优势,逐渐得到广泛应用,但也伴随着一些工程问题,如在不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基路堤容易出现稳定性问题。本文针对不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基典型工程案例展开研究,采用有限元软件建立三维模型,揭示改进方案前后不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基的变形规律,研究3种加固方式对于刚性桩复合地基稳定性的增强效果。结果表明:不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基会产生偏应力进而引起路堤差异沉降,结构稳定性较差,改进方案可以有效降低路堤沉降,提高结构整体稳定性,横梁加固可以有效提高刚性桩复合地基的水平稳定性。

地震和高铁共同作用下桩网复合地基振动特性

为研究地震和高铁列车荷载共同作用下桩网复合地基振动特性,通过建立轨道-路堤-桩网复合地基三维有限元计算模型,分别与实测数据和一维波动理论对比验证模型的正确性。通过对比不同荷载工况下地面位移和加速度时频振动曲线,分析地震和高铁两动载共同作用时不同车速下桩网复合地基时频振动特性,研究桩体模量对桩网复合地基减震效果的影响。研究表明,Hollister地震荷载和高铁荷载共同作用下,距轨道中心1 m处地面振动位移由地震荷载主导,地面振动加速度由列车荷载主导;20 Hz以下地面低频振动由高铁和地震荷载共同控制,地面高频振动主要由列车荷载控制。Lytle Creek地震荷载和高铁荷载共同作用下,桩网复合地基地面振动位移和加速度峰值均大于高铁荷载单独作用下的值;增加桩体模量对高铁荷载单独作用和两动载共同作用下桩网复合地基地面振动均有减振效果,但两动载共同作用下增加桩体模量对地面减振效果比高铁荷载单独作用下弱。

岩溶区PST管桩复合地基的工程应用

经对某场地高层建筑地基素填土厚度大、下伏基岩岩溶发育、以多层串珠状溶洞为主的地层条件研究,提出一种PST管桩刚性复合地基。采用试验和监测等方法来指导复合地基处理设计与施工,根据场地试桩数据来验证设计的合理性。施工完成后,采用静载荷试验对复合地基进行质量验收检测,并连续进行沉降监测。结果表明:岩溶区PST管桩复合地基是一种处理高层建筑地基很可行的方法,处理后可以满足高层建筑物对地基强度、变形及稳定性的要求。

上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础V-H承载特性

海上风机基础不仅受自重等竖向力V作用,也因水流、波浪和风等影响而承受水平荷载H。为探讨上砂下黏地层中一种由单桩和吸力筒组成的新型海上风机桩-筒复合基础受V-H组合作用时的承载特性,自主设计完成了一系列室内桩-筒复合基础V-H组合加载模型试验,获得不同组合参数下桩-筒复合基础的荷载-位移曲线和桩身弯矩分布曲线,并绘制出V-H承载力包络线。在此基础上,采用ABAQUS建立了上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础三维数值分析模型,经模型验证与参数分析,进一步讨论了砂土厚度、筒径、筒高以及加载高度等参数对桩-筒复合基础承载特性的影响曲线,并拟合出桩-筒复合基础承载力简化计算公式,分析结果表明:桩-筒复合基础能显著提高桩身水平承载力,增幅达30%~90%,且增加筒径比增加筒高更有利于提高基础水平承载力;上部砂土层较厚时,桩-筒复合基础存在一个使复合基础水平承载力达到最大的预加竖向荷载最佳值,其值随不同载荷工况在(0.4~0.7)Vult范围内变化。

深基坑斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙数值模拟分析

依托福建某医院的基坑工程实例,采用数值模拟方法,研究斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护结构的变形特征及其稳定性。结果表明:坡面水平位移最大变形出现在基坑“腰部”,设计时应适当加强此位置的变形控制;斜直交替钢管桩复合土钉墙支护体系安全可行,其较双排直立钢管桩复合土钉墙及单一土钉墙有更好的变形控制能力和更高的稳定性。