Coupled Dynamics and Integrated Control for Position and Attitude Motions of Spacecraft:A Survey

Inspired by the integrated guidance and control design for endo-atmospheric aircraft,the integrated position and attitude control of spacecraft has attracted increasing attention and gradually induced a wide variety of study results in last over two decades,fully incorporating control requirements and actuator characteristics of space missions.This paper presents a novel and comprehensive survey to the coupled position and attitude motions of spacecraft from the perspective of dynamics and control.To this end,a systematic analysis is firstly conducted in details to show the position and attitude mutual couplings of spacecraft.Particularly,in terms of the time discrepancy between spacecraft position and attitude motions,space missions can be categorized into two types:space proximity operation and space orbital maneuver.Based on this classification,the studies on the coupled dynamic modeling and the integrated control design for position and attitude motions of spacecraft are sequentially summarized and analyzed.On the one hand,various coupled position and dynamic formulations of spacecraft based on various mathematical tools are reviewed and compared from five aspects,including mission applicability,modeling simplicity,physical clearance,information matching and expansibility.On the other hand,the development of the integrated position and attitude control of spacecraft is analyzed for two space missions,and especially,five distinctive development trends are captured for space operation missions.Finally,insightful prospects on future development of the integrated position and attitude control technology of spacecraft are proposed,pointing out current primary technical issues and possible feasible solutions.

Forced Response of Fluid-Spacecraft Coupling System and Force and Moment of Fluid Acting on Container

In this paper, forced response of fluid-spacecraft coupling system and force and moment of acting on rect-angular container are studied. Firsily, the interrelation between the generaized coordinates of fluid velocity potential function and surface wave-height function is derived for liearized eqqations describing motion of contained fluid.The drnamical equations of coupling system is obtained by Lagrangian formulation. These equations provides some in-sights of fluid-spacecraft coupling characteristics.It is not in the sense of the whole modal mass that the fluid sloshing of corresponding order is excited by the vibration of the spacecratt.Then, the force and moment of the fiuid on the container are derived and discussed in detal. Latly, numerical simulation and conclusions are given.

Optimal control of attitude for coupled-rigid-body spacecraft via Chebyshev-Gauss pseudospectral method

The attitude optimal control problem （OCP） of a two-rigid-body space- craft with two rigid bodies coupled by a ball-in-socket joint is considered. Based on conservation of angular momentum of the system without the external torque, a dynamic equation of three-dimensional attitude motion of the system is formulated. The attitude motion planning problem of the coupled-rigid-body spacecraft can be converted to a dis- crete nonlinear programming （NLP） problem using the Chebyshev-Gauss pseudospectral method （CGPM）. Solutions of the NLP problem can be obtained using the sequential quadratic programming （SQP） algorithm. Since the collocation points of the CGPM are Chebyshev-Gauss （CG） points, the integration of cost function can be approximated by the Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature, and the corresponding quadrature weights can be calculated efficiently using the fast Fourier transform （FFT）. To improve computational efficiency and numerical stability, the barycentric Lagrange interpolation is presented to substitute for the classic Lagrange interpolation in the approximation of state and con- trol variables. Furthermore, numerical float errors of the state differential matrix and barycentric weights can be alleviated using trigonometric identity especially when the number of CG points is large. A simple yet efficient method is used to avoid sensitivity to the initial values for the SQP algorithm using a layered optimization strategy from a feasible solution to an optimal solution. Effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is perfect for attitude motion planning of a two-rigid-body spacecraft coupled by a ball-in-socket joint through numerical simulation.

Coupling Frequency of the Liquid Sloshing in a Cylindrical Tank with a Flexible Baffle

The coupling oscillation of a liquid in a cylindrical tank with an elastic slosh baffle is investigated. Free surface conditions are considered in the study. The complexity of the coupled boundary-value problem for the liquid and elastic damping spacer results in significant analytical difficulties. Two different velocity potential functions are respectively used in the liquid domain above, or below the damping spacer. A coupled frequency equation is obtained by using the pair of velocity potential functions. The numerical and theoretical analysis show that the natural frequency changes according to the location and stiffness of the spacer. Results indicate that the frequency coupling between damping spacer and sloshing liquid is obvious near the free liquid surface. It is shown that the coupling frequency increases with the increase of damping baffle rigidity.

基于序列-图像映射的航天器智能故障诊断方法

卫星组网是未来航天的发展大趋势,要保证众星在轨安全可靠稳定运行,要求单星具备高精度的在轨自主故障诊断能力。针对航天器控制系统故障闭环传播和数据维数高的特点,结合某航天器的地面测试数据,首先对高维耦合序列数据进行处理,实现序列到灰度图像的映射,然后采用卷积神经网络完成高精度同一故障部件的故障诊断。通过将所提方法与K邻近算法、基于主成分分析的K邻近算法等非图像化机器学习算法进行对比验证,说明了所提方法的有效性。

航天器气动耦合六自由度姿轨动力学多步法积分预报误差分析

航天器轨降过程中的姿态估计是载人航天领域中的重要一环.随着近些年测站精度的提高,任务要求的增加,且研究表明姿态会影响航天器轨降过程中受到的气动力,进而对轨道产生影响,因此发展高精度姿轨耦合预报对航天器状态实时测控至关重要.本文以“天宫一号”航天器轨降过程中姿轨耦合沿弹道联合预报为背景,研究线性多步法积分误差对大型航天器姿轨预报精度的影响.具体包括Adams-Bashforth法、Adams-Moulton法、预估校正法等,为大型航天器轨降过程中的姿轨耦合预报以及落点预报提供数据参考.

充液挠性航天器时变滑模控制及振动抑制

针对存在外界未知干扰、参数不确定问题的刚-液-柔多体耦合航天器姿态控制进行了研究.将液体燃料的晃动等效为球摆模型,挠性附件假设为欧拉-伯努利梁,建立了多体耦合航天器动力学方程.首先,设计了积分滑模干扰观测器,使其能够在有限的时间范围内对控制系统的集总扰动实现准确估计;其次,以此干扰观测器为基础,设计了一种时变滑模控制方法,该控制运用双曲正切函数;最后,结合光滑整形技术,设计出零振动指令光滑器,从而抑制液体晃动和挠性附件振动.数值仿真结果表明:本文所设计的控制方案具有可行性和有效性,多模态充液挠性航天器在姿态机动过程中所引起的残余振动可以得到有效抑制.

分布式航天器编队约定时间姿轨耦合协同控制

针对具有参数不确定性、外部扰动和预设性能需求的航天器编队约定时间姿轨耦合控制问题,本文基于预设性能控制方法提出了一种低复杂度的约定时间编队姿轨耦合协同控制器,使得航天器在设定时间内形成编队,且编队误差满足预设的各种性能指标.首先,通过结合有限时间稳定概念引入一种约定时间性能函数,其系统稳定时间可以由使用者任意设定;然后,把约定时间性能函数与预设性能控制方法结合起来,提出了不依赖航天器质量和转动惯量等信息的约定时间编队协同控制器,保证了编队状态量的收敛性能和收敛时间,并使用李雅普诺夫理论证明了其稳定性.最后,通过仿真验证了该控制方案的有效性.

用于航天器耦合微振动分析的修正动质量法

针对航天器的微振动耦合问题,分别通过动力学平衡方程、动质量法和机械阻抗理论推导建立了微振动源与支撑结构的耦合传递模型,并对比分析了传统动质量法的适用范围。研究表明传统动质量法会对低频范围内耦合特性分析带来较大误差,且适用于微振动源质量远小于支撑结构的情况。在此基础上,提出了基于机械阻抗理论的修正动质量理论方法,并据此建立了反作用飞轮与航天器平台结构的耦合动力学模型,重点给出了采用修正动质量法对陀螺效应的处理方式。利用所建模型,仿真分析了反作用飞轮微振动对航天器平台结构动态影响,以及陀螺效应对系统动态特性的影响规律。所提出的修正动质量法可为航天器耦合微振动分析及地面微振动测试的开展提供理论参考。

超大型多模块结构组装过程动力学与姿态控制

机器人在轨自主组装是未来建造超大型航天结构最具潜力的方式.超大型结构通常包含多个模块,需要机器人在柔性结构上反复进行抓捕、安装和爬行等操作.此外,组装过程中结构还受到空间环境干扰力的影响,需要经历构型的增长和参数的变化,导致其动力学行为非常复杂.为了研究机器人空间组装超大型多模块结构的过程,提出了一套轨道-姿态-结构耦合动力学、规划与控制的仿真框架.首先,采用自然坐标法和绝对节点坐标法建立主结构、空间机器人和组装模块的轨道-姿态-结构耦合动力学模型,采用Kelvin-Voigt线性弹簧阻尼模型描述机器人末端夹持机构和模块对接机构的接触碰撞.然后,对机器人进行运动规划、轨迹规划和关节轨迹跟踪控制研究.最后,采用不同的组装姿态和不同的姿态控制方案对组装过程进行动力学仿真.仿真结果表明,由于质心位置的改变和组装模块的轨道差异,主结构在组装过程中可能会出现显著的轨道漂移(取决于组装姿态).如果模块沿轨道半径方向组装到主结构,将导致组装过程长半轴和离心率出现快速增长;反之,如果模块沿轨道切向组装,长半轴和离心率基本保持不变.此外,即使采用了万有引力梯度稳定的组装姿态,仍需进行姿态控制和结构振动控制,以减小结构振动幅值,降低机器人与结构的碰撞风险,提高组装精度和组装效率.

国外空间磁场耦合式近场无线能量传输技术发展分析

磁场耦合式近场无线能量传输具有高效率、非接触、无金属触点裸露等优点,对于解决空间非接触供电具有重要应用前景。为了推进空间磁场耦合式近场无线能量传输相关技术的研发和成果转化,文章重点梳理了国外在空间磁场耦合式近场无线能量传输技术的发展路线图,调研近十五年来已经开展的演示验证或技术示范项目,分析国外关键技术方案及指标,提出航天器内设备间厘米级范围内优先采用感应耦合式无线能量传输、航天器间几十厘米到米级范围优先采用谐振耦合式无线能量传输、传输功率需提升至千瓦级以上、传输效率优于85%的发展建议,为未来发展空间磁场耦合式近场无线能量传输技术提供指导。

Attitude tracking control of flexible spacecraft with large amplitude slosh

This paper is focused on attitude tracking control of a spacecraft that is equipped with flexible appendage and partially filled liquid propellant tank. The large amplitude liquid slosh is included by using a moving pulsating ball model that is further improved to estimate the settling location of liquid in microgravity or a zero-g environment. The flexible appendage is modelled as a three-dimensional Bernoulli–Euler beam, and the assumed modal method is employed.A hybrid controller that combines sliding mode control with an adaptive algorithm is designed for spacecraft to perform attitude tracking. The proposed controller has proved to be asymptotically stable. A nonlinear model for the overall coupled system including spacecraft attitude dynamics,liquid slosh, structural vibration and control action is established. Numerical simulation results are presented to show the dynamic behaviors of the coupled system and to verify the effectiveness of the control approach when the spacecraft undergoes the disturbance produced by large amplitude slosh and appendage vibration. Lastly, the designed adaptive algorithm is found to be effective to improve the precision of attitude tracking.

Nonlinear coupled dynamics of liquid-filled spherical container in microgravity

Nonlinear coupled dynamics of a liquid-filled spherical container in microgravity are investigated. The governing equations of the low-gravity liquid sloshing in a convex axisymmetrical container subjected to lateral excitation is obtained by the variational principle and solved with a modal analysis method. The variational formulas are transformed into a frequency equation in the form of a standard eigenvalue problem by the Galerkin method, in which admissible functions for the velocity potential and the liquid flee surface displacement are determined analytically in terms of the Gaussian hypergeometric series. The coupled dynamic equations of the liquid-filled container are derived using the Lagrange＇s method and are numerically solved. The time histories of the modal solutions are obtained in numerical simulations.

挠性充液航天器复合自适应姿态机动控制

主要研究了刚-挠-液耦合航天器的大角度姿态机动问题.将液体燃料的晃动等效为二阶的弹簧质量模型,挠性帆板假设为欧拉-伯努利梁,考虑外部未知干扰力矩、系统的状态变量不可见以及姿态机动引起的液体晃动及挠性体振动的抑制问题,结合模糊控制和输入成型技术,设计了一种基于Lyapunov第二法的自适应输出反馈复合控制方法.其中模糊控制器用于动态优化复合控制器内的参数,增强其鲁棒性;多模态的输入成型前馈控制器用于抑制液体晃动和挠性附件振动的位移响应.数值模拟给出了各状态变量的时间历程图,仿真结果显示复合控制器在实现姿态跟踪误差渐近收敛的前提下明显地减小了液体晃动及挠性附件振动的位移响应,验证了本方法的有效性.

太阳帆板扰动下的DFP航天器姿态控制方案

为更好的满足无扰载荷(Disturbance-free payload,DFP)航天器在未来太空探索的应用,本文针对支持模块(support module,SM)太阳帆板的扰动会造成SM的姿态失控的问题,考虑了SM太阳帆板扰动的影响,建立了SM的刚柔耦合动力学方程和有效载荷模块(payload module,PM)的刚体姿态动力学方程。在此基础上分别建立PM姿态PD控制律,SM姿态PD鲁棒控制律、PM和SM相对位置PD控制律,考虑执行器和传感器以及太空环境的影响对PM和SM模块进行仿真分析,结果表明了太阳能帆板的振动对SM姿态控制产生较大影响,采用PD鲁棒控制律很好的提升了SM姿态控制的稳定性其指向精度高出三个数量级。

Rigid-flexible coupling dynamic modeling and vibration control for flexible spacecraft based on its global analytical modes

In this study, we used global analytical modeswfny(GAMs) to develop a rigid-flexible dynamic modeling approach for spacecraft with large flexible appendages(SwLFA). This approach enables the convenient and precise calculation of the natural characteristics for designing an attitude control law for the spacecraft while simultaneously suppressing the active vibration of its flexible appendages. We simplify the flexible spacecraft as a rigid-flexible coupling hub-beam system with tip mass and derive the system's governing equations of motion based on Hamilton's principle. By solving the linearized form of those equations with their associated boundary conditions, we obtain the frequencies as well as the corresponding GAMs of flexible spacecraft,which we use to discretize the equations of motion. Using this approach, we performed numerical simulations to investigate the system's global modes and assess the performance of the controller based on the GAM model. The results reveal that the GAM model can be used to directly calculate the exact global modes of SwLFAs and that the controller based on the discrete GAM model can achieve a control-index for a SwLFA in a shorter time with less input energy than other methods.

燃料大幅晃动等几何分析仿真及航天器耦合动力学研究

现代航天器肩负许多周期长且复杂的航天任务,通常需要携带大量的液体燃料.贮箱中液体燃料大幅晃动会严重影响航天器的姿态稳定性和控制精度,是现代航天器耦合动力学建模和精确控制研究的重要问题.本文提出了一种新的液体大幅晃动数值仿真方法,采用等几何分析方法对贮箱内气体和液体整体进行建模和空间离散,采用压力修正的分步法对控制方程进行时间离散,结合水平集方法划分气体和液体区域并且实时追踪液体晃动自由面.提出了一种质量修正方法以消除水平集函数演化产生的液体质量误差.基于燃料大幅晃动等几何分析仿真方法,对携带太阳能帆板的充液航天器进行动力学建模和耦合运动数值仿真.对于太阳能帆板的振动问题则采用Kirchhoff-Love板理论建模和模态分析法数值求解.通过将数值仿真结果与解析解对比,证明了本文给出方法的正确性.本文还对燃料大幅晃动下的航天器刚−液−柔耦合运动进行了数值仿真,发现液体晃动对航天器的姿态变化和结构振动的幅值和频率具有不可忽视的影响.

充液挠性航天器姿态机动终端滑模控制

对存在未知外界干扰、参数不确定问题的刚–液–柔多体耦合航天器姿态控制进行了研究。将液体燃料的晃动等效为球摆模型,挠性附件假设为欧拉–伯努利梁,运用拉格朗日方法建立航天器的动力学方程。将外界干扰、航天器转动惯量的参数不确定性以及液体晃动和挠性附件振动带来的耦合干扰归结为集总干扰,设计干扰观测器对其进行补偿;在干扰观测器的基础上,设计一种模糊滑模控制律。在原有的终端滑模控制基础上采用模糊控制对切换增益进行改进,达到抑制系统抖动的目的。数值仿真结果表明:所设计的模糊终端滑模控制律不仅能够实现充液挠性航天器的姿态机动,而且能够有效抑制液体晃动和挠性附件的振动,具有更好的控制性能。

温度梯度下钛合金热防护结构的导波特性研究

目的实现可重复使用钛合金热防护结构的导波健康监测。方法针对钛合金热防护结构,提出热–力–电多物理场耦合导波传播建模仿真分析方法,研究温度梯度下钛合金热防护结构中导波的传播特性,以及在温度梯度和裂纹损伤耦合作用下导波的传播特性。结果20~500℃的温度梯度会导致钛合金结构中导波的群速度降低、幅值衰减降低,裂纹损伤使得钛合金结构中导波的群速度、幅值降低,且损伤越大,影响越明显。裂纹扩展至20 mm时,S0模式群速度降低了1.5%,A0模式群速度降低了2%。结论此模型可为大范围的温度梯度条件下,钛合金热防护结构上传感器优化布置以及导波监测方法的研究提供指导。

运载火箭与航天器界面载荷设计优化方法

基于动力学理论,开展了器箭界面动态内力的理论建模,对影响器箭界面动态内力的主要因素进行辨识,并分析了器箭界面动态内力随各影响因素的变化趋势。同时,基于某真实火箭构型以及对应外激励,通过设计有效载荷的质量、质心高度以及基频参数组合集,开展跨声速工况下器箭动力学耦合分析,获取横向质心等效加速度分布数据。结合理论分析的分布规律,对耦合分析质心等效加速度进行分类统计,构建了一种可行的器箭界面动态内力精细化设计方法。该方法应用于新一代运载火箭,可有效降低器箭界面载荷设计条件,具有重要的工程意义。