Climate warming is significantly influenced by rising summer maximum temperatures:insights from tree-ring evidence of the Western Tianshan Mountains,China

As one of the regions most affected by global climate warming,the Tianshan mountains has experienced several ecological crises,including retreating glaciers and water deficits.Climate warming in these mountains is considered mainly to be caused by increases in minimum temperatures and winter temperatures,while the influence of maximum temperatures is unclear.In this study,a 300-year tree-ring chronology developed from the Western Tianshan Mountains was used to reconstruct the summer(June-August)maximum temperature(Tmax6-8) variations from 1718 to2017.The reconstruction explained 53.1% of the variance in the observed Tmax6-8.Over the past 300 years,the Tmax6-8reconstruction showed clear interannual and decadal variabilities.There was a significant warming trend(0.18 ℃/decade) after the 1950s,which was close to the increasing rates of the minimum and mean temperatures.The increase in maximum temperature was also present over the whole Tianshan mountains and its impact on climate warming has increased.The Tmax6-8variations in the Western Tianshan mountains were influenced by frequent volcanic eruptions combined with the influence of solar activity and the summer North Atlantic Oscillation.This study reveals that climate warming is significantly influenced by the increase in maximum temperatures and clarifies possible driving mechanisms of temperature variations in the Western Tianshan mountains which should aid climate predictions.

Climate warming is significantly influenced by rising summer maximum temperatures: insights from tree-ring evidence of the Western Tianshan Mountains, China

As one of the regions most affected by global cli-mate warming,the Tianshan mountains has experienced sev-eral ecological crises,including retreating glaciers and water deficits.Climate warming in these mountains is considered mainly to be caused by increases in minimum temperatures and winter temperatures,while the influence of maximum temperatures is unclear.In this study,a 300-year tree-ring chronology developed from the Western Tianshan Moun-tains was used to reconstruct the summer(June-August)maximum temperature(T_(max6-8))variations from 1718 to 2017.The reconstruction explained 53.1% of the variance in the observed T_(max6-8).Over the past 300 years,the T_(max6-8)reconstruction showed clear interannual and decadal vari-abilities.There was a significant warming trend(0.18°C/decade)after the 1950s,which was close to the increasing rates of the minimum and mean temperatures.The increase in maximum temperature was also present over the whole Tianshan mountains and its impact on climate warming has increased.The T_(max6-8) variations in the Western Tianshan mountains were influenced by frequent volcanic eruptions combined with the influence of solar activity and the sum-mer North Atlantic Oscillation.This study reveals that cli-mate warming is significantly influenced by the increase in maximum temperatures and clarifies possible driving mech-anisms of temperature variations in the Western Tianshan mountains which should aid climate predictions.

A Novel Technique for Improving Temperature Independence of Ring-ADCs

A new temperature compensation technique for ring-oscillator-based ADCs is proposed. This technique employs a novelcfixed-number-based algorithm and CTAT current biasing technology to compensate the temperature-dependent variations of the output, thus eliminating the need for digital calibrations. Simulation results prove that, with the proposed technique,the resolution in the temperature range of 0 to 100℃ can reach a 2mV quantization bin size with an input voltage span of 120mV at the sampling frequency of fs = 100kHz.

Reconstruction of summer temperature variation from maximum density of alpine pine during 1917-2002 for west Sichuan Plateau, China

Having analyzed the tree ring width and maximum latewood density of Pinus densata from west Sichuan, we obtained different climate information from tree-ring width and maximum latewood density chronology. The growth of tree ring width was responded princi- pally to the precipitation in current May, which might be influenced by the activity of southwest monsoon, whereas the maximum latewood density reflected summer temperature （June-September）. According to the correlation relationship, a transfer function had been used to reconstruct summer temperature for the study area. The explained variance of reconstruction is 51% （F=52.099, p〈0.0001）. In the reconstruction series： before the 1930s, the climate was relatively cold, and relatively warm from 1930 to 1960, this trend was in accordance with the cold-warm period of the last 100 years, west Sichuan. Compared with Chengdu, the warming break point in west Sichuan is 3 years ahead of time, indicating that the Tibetan Plateau was more sensitive to temperature change. There was an evident summer warming signal after 1983. Although the last 100-year running average of summer temperature in the 1990s was the maximum, the running average of the early 1990s was below the average line and it was cold summer, but summer drought occurred in the late 1990s.

High-temperature nodal ring semimetal in two-dimensional honeycomb-kagome Mn_(2)N_(3) lattice

The search for two-dimensional(2D)nodal ring semimetallic materials is a current research hotspot in spintronics,and designing a 2D nodal ring(NR)material with high Curie temperature(TC)and strong robustness to spin-orbit coupling(SOC)is an even greater challenge.Here,based on the first-principles calculations and symmetry analysis,we predict that 2D Mn_(2)N_(3)is a nodal ring semimetal(NRSM)with three energy bands near the Fermi energy level consisting of electrons in the same spin channel.An electron-like energy band and two hole-like energy bands near the Fermi plane cross to form two NRs centered at the pointΓ.Symmetry analysis shows that the spin-polarized NR semimetal is robust to SOC due to the conservation of horizontal mirror symmetry.Monte-Carlo simulations further demonstrate that the TCof the 2D Mn_(2)N_(3)reaches 530 K,well above the room temperature.Notably,the 2D Mn_(2)N_(3)remains an NRSM on h-BN substrate.Our results not only reveal a general framework for designing 2D NR materials,but also promote further research in the direction of multifunctional quantum devices for spintronics.

Reconstruction of October Mean Temperature since 1796 in Wuying Based on Tree Ring Data

The monthly mean temperature for October in the Fenglin National Natural Reserve of Wuying, in Heilongjiang province, was reconstructed for the period running from 1796 to 2004 using RES tree ring chronology. The explained variance of the reconstruction is 34.8%. In the past 209 years, there are 4 colder and 4 warmer periods according to the reconstructed series. A period of 3.33-year is found significant based on the power spectrum method. Abrupt changes are also detected in the reconstructed series with 30-year time scale based on the smoothing t-test, smoothing F-test and Le Page test methods. Significant abrupt changes in mean value are observed for around 1871 and 1900, and a significant abrupt change in standard deviation is observed for around 1851.

January to August temperature variability since 1776 inferred from tree-ring width of Pinus tabulaeformis in Helan Mountain

Tree-ring standardized chronologies are developed by 78 cores collected from the eastern and western Helan Mountain. Statistical analysis shows that both the STD and RES chronologies correlate negatively with the temperature of different periods of early half year, especially with January to August mean （JA） temperature, which means that JA temperature is one of the predominant limiting factors of tree growth in the Helan Mountain. Based on this analysis, we reconstructed JA temperature, and the explained variance is 43.3% （F=21.422, p〈0.001 ）. The comparatively high temperature periods in the reconstruction were： 1805-1818 1828-1857, 1899-1907, 1919-1931 and 1968-1995; and the comparatively low temperatu re periods happened in 1858-1872, 1883-1895 and 1935-1953. Ten-year moving average curve shows three slow uplifting trends： 1766-1853, 1862-1931 and 1944-1995. Each temperature increase was followed by a sudden temperature decrease about 10 years, that is to say, the JA temperature in the Helan Mountain is characterized by slow increase and sudden decrease. The 70- and 10.77-year periodicities detected in the temperature series correspond to the Gleissberg （80-year） and Schwabe （11-year） periodicities of solar activity respectively, the 2.11-2.62 years cycles are considered to be influenced by QBO （Quasi-Biennial-Oscillation） and the local environmental change.

Tree-ring-based reconstruction of temperature variability(1445–2011) for the upper reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Long-term temperature variability has significant effects on runoff into the upper reaches of inland rivers. This paper developed a tree-ring chronology of Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) from the upper tree-line of the middle Qilian Mountains within the upper reaches of Heihe River Basin, Northwest China for a long-term reconstruction of temperature at the study site. In this paper, tree-ring chronology was used to examine climate-growth associations considering local climate data obtained from Qilian Meteorological Station. The results showed that temperatures correlated extremely well with standardized growth indices of trees (r=0.564, P<0.001). Tree-ring chronology was highest correlated with annual mean temperature (r=0.641, P<0.0001). Annual mean temperature which spans the period of 1445–2011 was reconstructed and explained 57.8% of the inter-annual to decadal temperature variance at the regional scale for the period 1961–2011. Spatial correlation patterns revealed that reconstructed temperature data and gridded temperature data had a significant correlation on a regional scale, indicating that the reconstruction represents climatic variations for an extended area surrounding the sampling sites. Analysis of the temperature reconstruction indicated that major cold periods occurred during the periods of 1450s–1480s, 1590s–1770s, 1810s–1890s, 1920s–1940s, and 1960s–1970s. Warm intervals occurred during 1490s–1580s, 1780s–1800s, 1900s–1910s, 1950s, and 1980s to present. The coldest 100-year and decadal periods occurred from 1490s–1580s and 1780s–1800s, respectively, while the warmest 100 years within the studied time period was the 20th century. Colder events and intervals coincided with wet or moist conditions in and near the study region. The reconstructed temperature agreed well with other temperature series reconstructed across the surrounding areas, demonstrating that this reconstructed temperature could be used to evaluate regional climate change. Compared to the tree-ring reconstructed temperature from nearby regions and records of glacier fluctuations from the surrounding high mountains, this reconstruction was reliable, and could aid in the evaluation of regional climate variability. Spectral analyses suggested that the reconstructed annual mean temperature variation may be related to large-scale atmospheric–oceanic variability such as the solar activity, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Polycaprolactone (PCL) Chains Grafting on the Surface of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) during <i>In Situ</i>Polymerization of <i>ε</i>-Caprolactone at Room Temperature

This work aimed at investigating the feasibility of surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) using in situ ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) at room temperature. Residues of flax and milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) stem fibers were used as a source of cellulose to obtain and isolate CNCs. The cationic ring opening polymerization (CROP) of the monomer ε-CL was used to covalently graft polycaprolactone (PCL) chains at the CNCs surface. Silver hexafluoroantimonate (AgSbF6) was used in combination with the extracted CNCs to initiate, at room temperature, the polymerization and the grafting reactions with no other stimulus. Fourier-Transform InfraRed (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS), UV/visible absorption and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analyses evidenced the presence of PCL chains covalently grafted at CNCs surface, the formation of Ag(0) particles as well as low or moderate molecular weight free PCL chains.

Recent Climate Warming of Central China Reflected by Temperature-sensitive Tree Growth in the Eastern Qinling Mountains and its Linkages to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

We have developed a 202-year tree-ring width chronology of Shensi fir(Abies chensiensis) growing in an open canopy forest at the treeline of the eastern Qinling Mountains. Climate response analyses revealed that the ring width of Shensi fir trees is primarily controlled by the range of temperature from February–June. The regression model that we used for statistical temperature reconstruction passed the leave-one-out cross-validation used in dendroclimatology, resulting in a quality-controlled February–June reconstruction for the eastern Qinling Mountains. The model accounts for 36.7% of the instrumental temperature variance during the period of 1960–2012. Warm springs and early summers occurred during AD 1870–1873, 1909–1914, 1927–1958 and 1997–2012, while the periods of AD 1874–1908, 1915–1926 and 1959–1996 were relatively cold. Spatial climate correlation analyses with gridded land surface data revealed that our temperature reconstruction contains a strong regional temperature signal for central China. The linkages of ourtemperature reconstruction with sea surface temperature in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans suggest the connection of regional temperature variations to large-scale ocean–atmosphere–land circulation. Preliminary analysis of links between large-scale climatic variation and the temperature reconstruction also shows that there is a relationship between extremes in spring and early summer temperature and anomalous atmospheric circulation in the Qinling Mountains. Overall, our study provides reliable information for the research of past temperature variability in the Qinling Mountains, China.

Tribological Properties of SiC/Cu Composite at High Temperature

SiC/Cu composites were prepared by hot pressing. The high temperature tribological properties of the composites were investigated. XRD, SEM techniques were carried out to characterize the samples. It is found that the friction coefficient of SiC/Cu composites increases with the increasing SiC content. The SiC reinforcement particles are worn down other than removed by pulling out during the wear test. Oxidation of Cu debris leads to the smooth contacting surface. Ring crack is formed under the cyclic wear test. The crack propagates through the damaged matrix and along the brittle interface between SiC particles and Cu matrix.

喷油润滑内齿圈外圆面红外测温及误差分析

高速重载人字齿轮箱的摩擦功率损失会转换成为温升,齿面温度测量是评价齿轮箱润滑和冷却设计的重要手段。针对某人字齿轮箱中内齿圈外圆面温度的在线实时准确测量需求,提出了一种基于红外测温仪的旋转齿轮表面温度测量方法,并分别设计搭建了相关测试试验装置。首先,分析了基于红外测温仪的旋转齿轮表面温度测量误差的影响因素;其次,通过试验对待测齿面的发射率进行标定;最后,开展了不同转速工况下的喷油润滑齿轮表面温度测量试验,并分析了吹气压力和吹气温度对红外测温误差的影响。研究结果表明:待测齿面喷涂黑色哑光漆后的标定发射率为0.96,而红外测温光路上的光学镜片会使红外测温值低2℃左右;带有空气吹扫管的红外测温仪可以在线实时测量旋转内齿圈外圆面的温度,且红外与热电偶测温值的最大相对误差不超过7%;选择合适的空气吹扫压力和吹扫温度,可以进一步减小红外测温误差。

神农架地区树轮蓝光强度对气候要素的响应

树轮在过去气候变化研究中发挥着难以替代的作用,在树木生长条件较为适宜地区传统的树轮宽度指标存在短板。树轮蓝光强度作为树轮密度的替代性指标,成为树轮-气候研究的重要载体。然而,树轮蓝光强度这一新兴的指标在亚热带地区的研究仍十分不足。为进一步挖掘树轮蓝光强度在我国亚热带地区树轮气候学研究中的应用潜力,利用神农架地区树轮宽度、树轮早材蓝光强度、树轮晚材蓝光强度、树轮早晚材蓝光强度差以及巴东气象站资料,基于树轮气候学方法,分析了上述树轮指标与月降水量、月平均最低气温、月平均气温和月平均最高气温之间的相关关系,对比了不同树轮指标蕴含气候信号的能力。研究结果表明,与树轮宽度相比,神农架地区树轮蓝光强度蕴含更为丰富的气候信号,其中树轮晚材蓝光强度、树轮早晚材蓝光强度差能够很好反映8月平均气温变化。其中,在原序列上树轮早晚材蓝光强度差与8月气温的关系最为紧密,而在高频上树轮晚材蓝光强度与8月平均气温的关系则更为紧密。树轮蓝光强度与气温之间高频信号一致性的发现,有助于丰富树木生长条件较为适宜地区树轮气候学的研究,为进一步的过去气温重建工作提供参考和依据。

基于多个热成像探头传感器的滑环装置碳刷温度监测与分析

文章设计了一款基于多个热成像探头传感器的滑环装置碳刷温度监测系统,该系统利用热成像探头传感器来获取碳刷的温度数据,并通过数据处理和分析,实现对碳刷温度的监测和报警。系统采用热成像视频监测,增加现地显示装置,通过对系统进行设计,实现了历史数据查询、故障预警等多种功能,可更好地保障水利发电的安全运行。

Effects of Climatic Factors on Tree-ring Maximum Latewood Density of Picea schrenkiana in Xinjiang, China

Based on two tree-ring maximum latewood density （MXD） chronologies of Picea schrenkiana from the Manas River Basin, Xinjiang, the response characteristics of MXD to climate variation was discussed. Correlation analysis between MXD chronologies and instrumental records from Shihezi meteorological station showed that each chronology was significantly and positively correlated with the maximum monthly average temperature in July-August, and especially, the regional chronology （RC） was the most highly correlated variable （r=0.54, P〈0.001）. Afterwards, the maximum average temperature in July-August was reconstructed using RC. Comparison among reconstructed temperature, observed values, and the drought index （Is） confirmed that precipitation would affect MXD when the absolute value of Is is greater than 1.5σ （｜Is｜ 〉 2.5 during 1953-2008） or near to 1.5a over a 2-3 year period. The response characteristics are related to the semiarid climate of the study area. In dry years, lack of precipitation would limit the thickening of latewood cell walls and, as a result, impact MXD. Therefore, compared with relatively humid regions, the response of tree-ring MXD to air temperature similarly would be influenced by extreme moisture conditions in semiarid areas, and MXD, as a temperature proxy, should be used prudently on a limited scale.

大兴安岭北部不同海拔樟子松树轮宽度对气候因子的响应

海拔梯度作为一个重要的环境因素,对植物的分布、种类、生长速度和生理特征具有深远的影响。为探究大兴安岭北部不同海拔樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)树轮宽度对气候因子的响应差异,利用大兴安岭北部满归地区5个海拔樟子松的树芯样本,建立树轮宽度年表,并分析5个海拔樟子松树木径向生长特征与气候要素的相关关系,进而探讨了不同海拔间的树木生长气候响应异同及响应关系的稳定性。研究结果表明,与其他海拔相比,中高海拔(1150m)樟子松树轮宽度年表可能包含更多的气候信息。树轮宽度年表与气候因子的相关分析表明,高海拔(1200 m)樟子松对温度的响应并不明显,仅与上年10月和当年9月的气温呈显著正相关,中高海拔和中海拔(900 m)的樟子松分别对生长季4—9月和5—8月的温度表现出较好的显著正相关,中低海拔(800 m)和低海拔(700 m)的樟子松均受到了干旱胁迫的抑制,均与当年6月的降水量呈显著正相关,与4月和6月的温度呈显著负相关,与上年10月到当年9月的帕默尔干旱指数均呈极显著正相关。气温发生突变后,高海拔、中高海拔和中海拔樟子松的生长趋势显著上升,而中低海拔和低海拔樟子松的生长趋势下降。相关结果显示,当年5月的平均最低气温是高海拔、中高海拔和中海拔树轮宽度增加的主要原因。滑动相关分析结果显示,高海拔和低海拔的樟子松对气候因子的敏感性均减弱,中高海拔和中海拔樟子松对温度的敏感性增强,但中海拔樟子松对帕默尔干旱指数的敏感性减弱,中低海拔樟子松对降水和帕默尔干旱指数的敏感性均减弱。研究揭示了大兴安岭北部不同海拔樟子松树木年轮宽度与气候因子之间的复杂关系,并为评估大兴安岭樟子松对未来气候变化的适应能力提供了科学依据。

圆锥滚子轴承套圈辗扩成形有限元模拟

环件辗扩是轴承套圈的主要成形方法,加工质量直接影响轴承的使用性能。以圆锥滚子轴承为例,基于DEFORM建立套圈径向辗扩有限元模型,通过试验验证了模型的正确性,并分析了初始辗扩温度、芯辊进给速度和主动辊转速对套圈等效应变和温度的影响,结果表明:初始辗扩温度、芯辊进给速度增大,套圈等效应变减小;主动辊转速增大会使套圈等效应变增加;芯辊进给速度和主动辊转速增大,套圈温度升高且温度分布更均匀。

二苯基硅基改性的加成型聚二甲基硅氧烷离型涂层的合成及性能

以甲醇钾为催化剂,四(二甲基乙烯基硅氧基)硅烷(TVDMS)为封端剂,三(三甲基硅基)磷酸酯为中止剂,使用二甲基硅氧烷混合环体(DMC)、四乙烯基四甲基环四硅氧烷(V4)、八苯基环四硅氧烷(P8)为原料,通过高温阴离子开环聚合反应环境友好地成功合成了二苯基硅基改性的含乙烯基的聚二甲基硅氧烷,并利用FT-IR、HNMR和GPC对其结构和分子量数据进行了表征,将其制备成离型涂层后,通过180°剥离力测试、疏水角测量、折光率测量等对其性能进行了表征。结果表明,固化样品硬度高,透明性好,折光率随苯基含量的提高而提高,涂层具有100~110°的水接触角,随着苯基含量的提高,剥离力和残余接着率都有所下降。

冻融温度区间对砂岩声发射特性的影响

为探究冻融作用对砂岩物理力学特性及内部破裂损伤规律的影响,对砂岩开展不同温度区间的冻融循环试验,并对冻融损伤岩石进行单轴加载作用的声发射试验,研究冻融温度区间对岩石物理力学参数及声发射特性的影响。结果表明:随着冻融循环温度区间增长,质量损失率和纵波波速变化率整体上呈先陡后缓的上升趋势,砂岩的峰值强度不断下降且峰值应变逐渐增加,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量逐渐减小,且同一冻融温度区间对弹性模量的影响较单轴抗压强度更为显著,泊松比呈现逐渐增长趋势;声发射振铃计数及累计振铃计数呈现逐渐增长趋势,沉寂期逐渐变短,声发射分布时间范围减小,峰值频率呈现向低频发展的趋势。研究成果为寒区岩体工程稳定性预测提供实验依据。