Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers

Objective: To study the effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Methods: The antibacterial activities of varying aqueous concentrations of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol were tested by the agar well diffusion method. The influences of different concentrations of glycerin was similarly tested. Finally, isopropyl alcohol and benzalkonium chloride were combined in different ratios within the sate use concentrations of each, and the effects of these combinations were compared with values obtained for the two agents used alone. Statistical methods, such as student t test and one-way ANOVA were used when appropriate to evaluate the differences in activity. Results: The activities of the alcohols showed marked concentration dependence, and both showed peak activity at 85%-95% concentration range. Over the concentration range of 60%-100%, isopropyl alcohol inhibited more bacterial and fungal organisms than ethanol, though the inhibition zone diameters it produced were not statistically different from those of ethanol for organisms which were sensitive to both of them.Addition of glycerin reduced the antimicrobial activities of the isopropyl alcohol, as shown by reduction in the inhibition zone diameters produced in vitro, which may be due to reduced drug diffusion with increase in viscosity. Addition of benzalkonium to isopropyl alcohol systems improved the activity of the alcohol, but the overall activity of the combination was not superior to that seen in the use of benzalkonium alone. Conclusion: Alcohol-based hand sanitizers should not be used outside the concentration range of 85%-95% and isopropyl alcohol inhibits more bacterial and fungal organisms than ethanol for most concentrations. Inclusion of benzalkonium improves the antimicrobial spectrum and activity of isopropyl alcohol, and the combination may justifiably be used to achieve both immediate and long lasting effect. Glycerin may adversely affect the antimicrobial activities of isopropyl alcohol-based hand sanitizers and should be used with caution.

Evaluation of the Quality and Safety of Hand Sanitizers Marketed in Saudi Arabia

Background: Hand sanitizers are an important preventive measure to halt the spread of pathogens, which has become a huge demand during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Consequently, their safety and quality are top priorities for regulatory organizations. Methods: Saudi Food & Drug Authority laboratories have analyzed numerous samples of hand sanitizers in order to ensure their safety and efficacy. Active ingredients, as well as hazardous impurities, have been checked according to the pharmacopeia. Results: In this study, we report the results of the analysis of 1409 samples, which represent the majority of products available in the Saudi Arabian market. The results showed that 196 samples (13.9%) did not meet international standards. Specifically, out of 196 failed samples, 75, 12, and 4 products contained hazardous substances such as methanol, 1-propanol, and acetaldehyde, respectively. Additionally, some failed samples contained foreign particles, were improperly labeled, or contained an inadequate concentration of alcohol. Conclusion: The substandard hand sanitizers possess a risk to the community, particularly during pandemics, and hence stringent yet dynamic regulations should be implemented.

Cost Efficient Automated Fog Spraying Machine: A Covid-19 Hand Sanitization Solution

As a result of the introduction of new infectious illnesses,key infection prevention measures were implemented.Now,a new coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2)epidemic has expanded swiftly,causing the coronavirus illness 2019(COVID-19).Many microorganisms spread illness via hospital surfaces due to environmental pollution.This virus has been associated to close contact between persons in tight situations such as houses,hospitals,assisted living,and residential institutions.Aside from health care settings,public buildings,faith-based community centers,marketplaces,transportation,and corporate environments are prone to COVID-19 transmission.Physical contact to the sanitizer device may cause for spread Covid virus.That’s why we have pro-posed an automatic fogger mechanism-based hand sanitizer that may able to reduce covid risk.Disinfectant fog will flow when object will pass through the machine.This project will save cost,time and wastage along with Covid spreading risk.This project is about designing a good healthcare system.In recent years,sophisticated automation has influenced the health industry.Health care in poor nations is costly.So,the project is an attempt to tackle this issue.

Risk Factors Contributing to Microbiological Contamination of Boreholes and Hand Dug Wells Water in the Vina Division, Adamawa, Cameroon

This study examined the sanitary conditions of public boreholes and hand dug wells water in relation to pathogenic bacteria isolated in water samples. To assess the suitability of drinking water, sanitary inspection of surroundings of the sources was conducted, membrane filtration technic was used to trap the microorganisms in the water sample and other standard microbiological technics were applied to check the heterotrophic plate counts, total coliforms, fecal coliforms and some pathogenic bacteria in the samples. It was observed that there were no delineated protection zones around many boreholes (61.19%) and in almost all hand dug wells;thus, hand dug wells were pruned to more contamination than boreholes. Heterotrophic plate counts of boreholes were significantly different between (p < 0.0001) zones in dry and rainy seasons. Total coliforms per 100 ml varied significantly (p < 0.001) between the two seasons both in boreholes and hand dug wells. Fecal coliforms were significantly absent in some boreholes, but significantly present in all hand dug wells with the presence of E. coli 157H in some. Risk assessment of factors contributing to water contamination showed that: pumps manipulation with feet, other sources of contamination such as wastewater dumps, within 10m were significantly associated to boreholes contamination with Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureuse, fecal coliform (p = 0.01);in hand dug wells, presence of latrine or septic tank soak-away within 10 m of the wells, poor depth and lack of internal lining, uncapped wells, presence of trees near the wells, animal and birds feces, were significant and associated to contamination with Salmonela spp., B. cepaceae, S. aureus E. coli 1 (p < 0.05). Generally water collection points are marked with very poor sanitary conditions and this situation may not change unless the contaminating risk factors are fixed and sanitary measures are taken.

32份居民日常使用洗手液抑菌效果分析

日常生活中,民众经常会用到洗手液,尤其是具有抑菌功效的洗手液产品,为保障民众的洗手效果,确保洗手液能够真正发挥抑菌功效,文章对从居民家中收集32份正在使用的洗手液产品进行监测,并参照我国现行标准GB 15979-2002溶出性抗(抑)菌产品抑菌性能试验方法,评估不同洗手液产品对大肠杆菌的抑制效果。测试结果表明,在8份冲水洗手液中,有6份对大肠杆菌的抑菌率>99.99%,判定其具有较强抑菌作用;在24份免洗洗手液中,有23份对大肠杆菌的抑菌率>90%,判定为具有较强抑菌作用,而剩余1份样品的抑菌率为81.8%,被判定为具有抑菌作用。因此,可以认为居民日常使用的抑菌洗手液大多都对大肠杆菌具有较好的抑制作用,可达到预期抑菌效果。

含艾草精油的抑菌护肤洗手液的制备

为了避免洗手液中抑菌成分对皮肤造成危害和对环境造成污染,以天然植物提取物艾草精油为抗菌成分制备了一款洗手液。抑菌实验结果表明,艾草洗手液在稀释100倍、1 000倍和10 000倍时,抑菌率均为100%,与75%(体积分数)乙醇的抑菌效果相同,抑菌效果好。清洁力实验表明,用该洗手液清洗后,水分保持在56%以上,油分保持在20%左右,去油保湿效果较好;发泡力实验表明,艾草洗手液的发泡力在100 mm以上,符合国家标准;红细胞溶血性实验表明,在浓度梯度在0.1 g/L~1.0 g/L范围内,艾草精油洗手液对眼部的刺激性为轻度刺激,在更低的质量浓度范围0.001 g/L~0.010 g/L范围内,为微弱刺激性,表明该洗手液的刺激性较小,对皮肤温和。总之,该艾草精油洗手液是一款较理想的抑菌护肤洗手液。

响应面法优化鱼腥草洗手液制备工艺的综合实验设计

在教材原有方案中添加天然抑菌成分鱼腥草提取液,提高洗手液的抑菌性能。利用Design Expert软件优化鱼腥草抑菌洗手液的制备参数,得出最佳制备工艺。抑菌性能测试结果表明,鱼腥草洗手液具有优越的抑菌效果。

采血时残留手消对血常规分析的影响

目的:探究爱护佳免洗手消毒液(简称手消)对血常规分析的影响。方法:随机选取2022年4月在南通大学附属医院进行血常规检测的标本54例,各取180μL分别加入0、6、15、30μL手消中,观察在不同浓度下,手消对血常规检测不同指标的影响。结果:与未加手消相比,当手消量为6μL时,嗜酸性粒细胞增高,血红蛋白降低(P<0.05)。当手消量为15μL时,红细胞平均血红蛋白、红细胞分布宽度、红细胞平均体积增高,淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞、RBC减少(均P<0.05)。当手消量增至30μL时,上述指标变化趋势相同,同时平均血小板体积、血小板分布宽度增高,嗜碱性粒细胞、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度降低(均P<0.05)。结论:手消影响血常规分析检测结果,在采血过程中尤其是婴幼儿末梢采血时应注意手消的正确使用,避免因手消污染导致测定结果出现误差。

蒲公英洗手液的制备与研究

通过从蒲公英中提取黄酮来作为洗手液中的抑菌成分,表面活性剂为脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)和椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB),通过对不同比例的AES和CAB的比值的分析确定最佳的配比。通过实验变量选取AES+CAB(质量分数为30%,AES:CAB=1:2)、甘油(质量分数为3%)、椴树蜜(质量分数为1%)、香精(质量分数为0.1%)、蒲公英提取液(质量分数为50%)。实验证明该洗手液的PH适合人体、粘度合适、起泡性符合要求、可以抑制S.aureus(金黄色葡萄球菌)和E.coil(大肠杆菌)的生长。

罗勒精油免洗洗手液的研制及其抗菌能力测试

为研制出手感及其抗菌效果最佳的罗勒精油免洗洗手液。通过超声波辅助萃取法提取出罗勒精油;采用单因素考察和正交试验法法,以感官评价为指标,探究出罗勒精油免洗洗手液的最佳配方;采用纸片扩散法与菌落计数法进行抑菌性能测定。结果显示最佳配方为卡波姆940含量3%、吐温80含量2%、食用甘油含量2%、罗勒精油含量10%,罗勒精油免洗洗手液对金黄色葡萄球菌;大肠杆菌和白色念珠菌的抑菌能力都较好。罗勒精油免洗洗手液性能稳定,温和并具有较好的抑菌能力。

含银离子改良配方抑菌洗手液的抑菌性能分析

近年来,银离子洗手液的市场份额逐渐增长,因其出色的杀菌能力和长效性,受到市场的广泛青睐。然而,其生产过程中存在稳定性问题,特别是使用非电解法制备的银离子溶液。为解决这一问题,本研究聚焦于以银氨溶液为基础的改良配方,开发新型银离子洗手液,并通过抑菌实验来验证其稳定性和有效性。期望为银离子洗手液的优化和推广提供科学依据,促进消毒产品行业的发展。

裸花紫珠艾纳香抑菌洗手液的制备和性能检测

制备一种含有裸花紫珠与滇桂艾纳香成分的抑菌洗手液,并通过其起泡性、黏度、抑菌性评价其性能。其处方由18%脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)、9%椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱(CAB)、3%甘油(丙三醇)、7%裸花紫珠艾纳香提取浓缩液、0.26%10%NaOH溶液和62.74%去离子水组成;该洗手液的起泡性能稳定,黏度与市售洗手液相比无显著差异,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径为22 mm,该洗手液性能良好。

微生物教学实验室中不同有效成分洗手/消毒液对手卫生效果的比较分析

目的评估不同手部抑菌消毒产品对微生物实验室操作人员手部清洁的效果。方法微生物实验室工作人员分别使用含有不同主要抑菌成分的洗手液/消毒液对手部进行消毒处理,对消毒前后培养出的菌落样本进行菌落种类计数、革兰染色和生化、药敏鉴定,并对检验结果进行整合、对比和分析。结果在所研究的实验条件下,主要成分为63%-75%(V/V)乙醇和0.45%-0.55%(W/N)醋酸氯己定的品牌8对大多数细菌有着良好的消毒效果;主要抑菌成分为0.18%-0.22%(W/W)对氯间二甲苯酚的品牌6和0.18%-0.22%(W/W)吡罗克酮乙醇胺盐的品牌7的消毒效果相对较差。含0.27%-0.33%(W/W)水杨酸的品牌5和含0.32%-0.38%(W/W)水杨酸的品牌1对特定菌种有较好的消毒效果;含0.000126%-0.000154%(W/W)银离子的品牌2效果较一般,而无抑菌成分的洗手液对大多数菌种皆无明显抑制作用。结论在所研究的微生物实验室条件下,主要成分为63%-75%(V/V)乙醇和0.45%-0.55%(W/N)醋酸氯己定的免洗消毒液抑菌效果最好,不同品牌洗手液的效果均不如免洗消毒液,且洗手/消毒程序不影响免洗消毒液的抑菌效果。

Towards greener and more sustainable cellulose-based hand sanitizer products

More than 85%of the currently marketed hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based products,and the alcohol content is usually about 70%in order to be effective.The high alcohol content can cause dehydration,which is undesirable for sensitive skin,particularly for children.This creates opportunities for the development of innovative hand sanitizer products that are free of alcohol and have green nano-cellulose-based materials as carriers for the antibacterial agents.Good skin affinity and biocompatibility are the special features of the newly developed products,which would satisfy the need of the general public for green products.

将感染控制在“手”中——手部卫生与医院感染

由于约30%的医院感染是由医务人员的手传播细菌而造成的,因此院内洗手作为降低医院感染最可行最重要的措施之一有着重大的安全意义与经济学意义。作者介绍了目前我国手部卫生的现状及影响医务人员洗手的因素,并对医院提高医务人员手部卫生的可行措施和意义进行了探讨。

茶皂素的脱色研究及其在洗手液中的应用

工艺水中提取得到的茶皂素中含有黄酮类色素,考察了不同脱色剂对茶皂素脱色效果的影响,通过色阶比较和红外光谱分析对脱色后的茶皂素进行了表征,研究了脱色茶皂素在洗手液中的应用。结果表明,复合金属氧化物MMO脱色效果最佳,脱色时间为100 min,脱色率为78.76%,茶皂素含量为80.09%,纯度为91.63%。茶皂素与十二烷基硫酸钠进行复配,并将本产品与市售洗手液进行比较。结果表明,复配比为0.3∶1时,表面张力最低,发泡性更强,具有更好的抑菌效果。

医院工作人员手卫生现况调查

目的了解医院工作人员手卫生执行现状,探讨提高手卫生依从性的措施。方法根据自行设计的调查表,统一培训调查员,对8个病区38个科室手卫生设施和628名医务人员手卫生依从性进行调查。结果手卫生设施齐全科室为52.6%(20/38),628名医务人员应洗手1926次,实际洗手727次,手卫生依从性为37.75%。其中本院医生为41.2%(124/301例次),本院护士为51.6%(283/549例次),进修、实习医生和护士为33.2%(199/598例次),护工、保洁员为25.3%(121/478例次),各岗位间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);接触患者前为5.5%(32/584例次),接触血液、体液后为100%(71/71例次),二者分别与其它各项比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论提高医务人员手卫生依从性,首先要有完善的手卫生设施,同时还需加强宣传教育培训,提高洗手意识,加大监管力度。

气相色谱法测定甘油乙醇洗手液中甘油和乙醇含量

目的建立同时测定甘油乙醇洗手液中甘油乙醇含量的气相色谱法。方法采用直接进样法。色谱柱为HP-Innowa毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm,1.0μm),载气为氮气;氢火焰离子化检测器,进样口温度为350℃,检测器温度为380℃;柱温起始温度为100℃,维持3 min,以100℃/min的速率升温至240℃,维持7 min。结果乙醇、甘油的检测质量浓度线性范围分别是0.12～0.36 g/mL(r=0.999 6)和0.007 6～0.022 8 g/mL(r=0.999 2)。结论该方法准确、可靠,可同时有效测定甘油乙醇洗手液中甘油和乙醇含量。

情景模拟训练在提高医院保洁员与护理员洗手依从性中的应用

目的探讨应用情景模拟训练提高医院保洁员和护理员的洗手依从性。方法应用自行设计的调查问卷,对我院保洁员和护理员进行洗手依从性调查,根据问卷分析结果设计相应的情景模拟训练方法,对被调查人员进行统一培训,培训结束后1个月,再应用相同的问卷对研究对象进行调查,并比较培训前后洗手依从性情况。结果情景模拟训练后,保洁员和护理员对影响洗手依从性各因素的赞同比例均显著下降(均P<0.001),标准洗手依从性由8.8%提高到52.2%。结论应用情景模拟训练,能有效提高医院保洁员和护理员的洗手依从性,降低接触传染的机会,从而进一步降低医院感染的发生率。

三种洗手用品洗手效果比较

目的比较临床医护人员使用传统的肥皂、洗手液、无水洗手液三种洗手用品洗手的效果。方法分别对三种洗手用品的效果进行细菌学监测并作统计学分析。结果肥皂、洗手液、无水洗手液洗手后平均菌数分别为10.1cfu/cm2、8.3cfu/cm2和3.6cfu/cm2。结论无水洗手液洗手效果优于传统的肥皂和洗手液,且方便、快速、高效,值得临床广泛推广。