Influence Factors Concept Model for Public Participation in Nanotechnology Risk Communication

Based on risk social cognition theory and planned behavior theory, the influence factors of the public participation in the nanotechnology risk communication are analyzed,and the concept model is presented to analyze their relationships and functional mechanism. In the model,the risk communication behaviors are divided into two variables of the public opinion expression and information acquisition,and the subjective norm divided into the internal and external social networks. Then the questionnaire is designed so as to verify the proposed model and analyze their relationships. The survey data are analyzed using SMART PLS software. The validity analysis shows that the questionnaire has a high convergence and discriminant validity. In addition, the Cronbach'a coefficient of each item is more than 0. 70,which shows the questionnaire has a high credibility. Based on the statistical data analysis, relationships of the influence factors are obtained.Further,the influence path model of the public attitude,intention,self regulation and behavior control in the risk communication is established. According to the Bootstrap algorithm in SMART,the path coefficient and its explanation variance of each influence factor are obtained. The calculation results show that the explanation variance values are all bigger than 10% and the path is reliable.Based on the path model, the influence path and function relationships of the participation attitude, subjective norm and behavior control on the participation intention and behavior are obtained. This will provide theoretical and data supports for the risk management and strategy making of the public participation in nanotechnology risk communication.

Chinese public participation monitoring and warning system for geological hazards

In China,many geological hazards occurred in remote mountainous regions,and it was time-consuming to disseminate disaster information for the responsible parties to make timely judgements.Besides,only relying on professionals to monitor and manage disasters was demanding and costly.The Chinese government created a system to engage residents in the process of disaster risk management,namely’Public Participation Monitoring and Warning’(PPMW),to disseminate timely disaster information and bring down management costs.The objective of this system was to reduce casualties with minimum cost by organizing residents to evacuate from disasters in advance.This paper introduced the PPMW system,including its structure,operation mechanism by reviewing government documents and research articles,and its implementation by a case study of a landslide at Boli village(E 101°01’,N 27°29’),Yanyuan County,Sichuan Province,China on July 19th 2018.Further,this paper analyzed the strengths and limitations of the system and discussed its future development.It had the potential to become an affordable disaster risk management tool for other countries facing similar situations to China.

Recent Advances in Nano‑Enabled Seed Treatment Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture:Challenges,Risk Assessment,and Future Perspectives

Agro seeds are vulnerable to environmental stressors,adversely affecting seed vigor,crop growth,and crop productivity.Different agrochemical-based seed treatments enhance seed germination,but they can also cause damage to the environment;therefore,sustainable technologies such as nano-based agrochemicals are urgently needed.Nanoagrochemicals can reduce the dose-dependent toxicity of seed treatment,thereby improving seed viability and ensuring the controlled release of nanoagrochemical active ingredients However,the applications of nanoagrochemicals to plants in the field raise concerns about nanomaterial safety,exposure levels,and toxicological implications to the environment and human health.In the present comprehensive review,the development,scope,challenges,and risk assessments of nanoagrochemicals on seed treatment are discussed.Moreover,the implementation obstacles for nanoagrochemicals use in seed treatments,their commercialization potential,and the need for policy regulations to assess possible risks are also discussed.Based on our knowledge,this is the first time that we have presented legendary literature to readers in order to help them gain a deeper understanding of upcoming nanotechnologies that may enable the development of future generation seed treatment agrochemical formulations,their scope,and potential risks associated with seed treatment.

Legal response to environmental health risks in a risky society

The protection of public health is one of the legislative purposes of China’s environmental legal system.Article 39 of the Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China establishes an environmental and health risk assessment system.The health risk assessment system has biases in understanding,and it fails to face up to the functional transformation from the ex-post relief of environmental damage to the pre-prevention prevention of health risks in the environmental legal system;lack of a complete environmental and health legal system,unclear environmental and health risk assessment framework,and unclear environmental and health risk assessment frameworks.Health risk management capabilities need to be improved,there is a lack of specialized environmental and health risk assessment institutions,and there is a lack of supporting risk assessment technical standard system construction.It is necessary to combine practical experience with China’s national conditions and actual needs,construct an environmental health risk assessment system with Chinese characteristics from both the entity and the procedure,strengthen legislative support,and improve my country’s environmental and health laws on the basis of objective and scientific protection of the assessment process.Institutional system,establish a national environmental health risk assessment expert committee as soon as possible,improve my country’s environmental and health risk assessment framework,strengthen environmental and health management capacity building,improve the environmental and health risk assessment technical system,and promote the development of China’s environmental and health risk assessment system develop and give play to the institutional mission of safeguarding public health.

Study of risk factors for gastric cancer by populational databases analysis

AIM:To study the association between the incidence of gastric cancer and populational exposure to risk/protective factors through an analysis of international databases.METHODS:Open-access global databases concerning the incidence of gastric cancer and its risk/protective factors were identified through an extensive search on the Web.As its distribution was neither normal nor symmetric,the cancer incidence of each country was categorized according to ranges of percentile distribution.The association of each risk/protective factor with exposure was measured between the extreme ranges of the incidence of gastric cancer(under the 25th percentile and above the 75th percentile)by the use of the Mann-Whitney test,considering a significance level of0.05.RESULTS:A variable amount of data omission was observed among all of the factors under study.A weak or nonexistent correlation between the incidence of gastric cancer and the study variables was shown by a visual analysis of scatterplot dispersion.In contrast,an analysis of categorized incidence revealed that the countries with the highest human development index(HDI)values had the highest rates of obesity in males and the highest consumption of alcohol,tobacco,fruits,vegetables and meat,which were associated with higher incidences of gastric cancer.There was no significant difference for the risk factors of obesity in females and fish consumption.CONCLUSION:Higher HDI values,coupled with a higher prevalence of male obesity and a higher per capita consumption of alcohol,tobacco,fruits,vegetables and meat,are associated with a higher incidence of gastric cancer based on an analysis of populational global data.

环境规制影响企业税收规避吗?--基于新《环保法》实施的准自然实验

作为重要的命令控制型环境规制工具,新《环保法》实施对企业经营产生了广泛的影响。以2010-2020年我国A股上市公司为样本,利用新《环保法》这一外生冲击事件,采用双重差分模型检验环境规制对企业税收规避的影响。结果表明,环境规制趋严促使企业提高税收规避程度。机制检验表明,环境规制导致企业融资约束程度和经营风险增加。进一步分析发现,环境规制与税收规避的正相关关系主要存在于融资难度较高和经营压力较大的企业,新《环保法》实施情境下的企业避税行为提升了财务业绩和企业价值。研究结论提供了微观企业如何应对宏观环境规制的经验证据,为政府部门结合税收政策优化环境政策提供了参考。

新时代我国环境法风险预防原则的制度建构

风险社会背景下,风险预防原则在国际环境法领域的国际习惯法地位逐渐清晰并巩固。为了维护国家生态安全,实现生态环境治理现代化,提升我国生态环境法律体系的协调性与科学性,实现当前生态环境法治改革的逻辑自洽,亟需将风险预防原则确立为我国环境法的基本原则。未来的环境法典中应当明文规定风险预防原则,其展开宜采总分模式。风险预防原则的三种强度版本是相辅相成、彼此衔接的有机统一体,灵活适用于不同类型的、严重的或不可逆转的且发生可能性应达到“合理怀疑”程度的生态环境风险活动。协商合作型生态环境风险规制模式耦合科学理性与社会理性于法律理性之中,将实体上生态环境风险共识的形成纳入程序性的法律制度过程,是生态环境风险规制现实可行的路径选择。

数字政府建设政企合作法律风险的规制模式

数字政府建设政企合作的目标是公私协力实现公共给付,以数字化赋能中国式现代化。相较于传统公共服务领域,数字政府建设政企合作存在数字技术侵权、政府权力迁移、行政优益权履行不能和责任虚化等法律风险,容易产生合作中断、非正常终止等问题,致使合作结果与目标存在差距。政府规制、自我规制和元规制等现有风险规制模式各有优劣,但在面对数字政府建设的特定适用场景时均呈现出捉襟见肘之势,表现为风险防范不足,对互动关注不够,过于强调过程规制而缺乏结果有效性的考量。结果导向型合作规制模式强调结果与目标的一致性、协商与互动、合作绩效与公共问责,对数字政府建设政企合作法律风险的规制更为妥当,并可分为目标规制、过程规制和结果规制三个层面。结果导向型风险规制模式的法律构造为:建构将公共价值嵌入算法的合作机制,并通过风险评估和公民参与程序规避侵权风险;强化信用监管、优化契约机制分别规避政府权力迁移风险和行政优益权履行不能风险,并通过风险管理程序予以实现;明确政企责任分担,并通过公共问责程序规制责任虚化风险。

论风险预防原则在环境司法适用中的谦抑性

风险预防原则在当下环境法中的司法适用,游走在能动与谦抑之间,且呈现出过度能动倾向。“谦抑性”是对风险预防原则适用“分寸”之理论回应,其法理基础可从风险预防原则的规范基础、固有局限以及司法属性等层面予以诠释。风险预防原则在环境法中适用的谦抑性可被解构为“补充性”“有限性”“温和性”和“内敛性”四要素,由此推理出风险预防原则在环境司法中谦抑性适用的制度框架:在实体上,应促成风险预防原则在环境法典上的体现,只有在对照生态环境风险标准的前提下存在科学不确定性时,方能动用风险预防原则,其适用遵循整体温和的类型化理路。在程序上,诉讼推进阶段下的司法适用应严守职权探知界限,配置阶段化举证责任和类型化的诉前程序;案件裁判阶段下的司法适用不得超出认定事实范围,同时应对援引的风险预防原则附加适用理由。

环境健康风险法律规制的限度及其调适

基于问题导向,环境健康风险法律规制呈现为环境联系健康的立法观与系统性的风险规制法制。然而,事实因应导向的环境健康风险法律规制也不可避免地存在过度干预权利、法律控制乏力与解释空间过大的风险,需要在既有理路框架下,由宪法从立法选择与法律实施层面对其进行结构性调适。在立法选择中,有必要重塑环境健康风险预防义务与基本权利并重的立法观,明确环境健康风险系统规制中事权协同的合宪性标准,搭建合理表达预防积极化与比例选择规制措施的规范结构;在法律实施中,需以基本权利作为解释标准,强化环境行政裁量与司法裁判的合宪性控制,避免给私主体增加不必要的损害或负担。

算法嵌入政府环境治理的正向效应、潜在风险与规制路径

与传统的政府环境治理模式相比,政府运用算法开展环境治理具有明显的正向效应:能够提升环境治理的精准性、预测性和高效性。算法嵌入政府环境治理的过程容易引发伦理、工具和法治三个维度的风险。伦理维度中面临价值失衡风险,工具维度中包含环境数据结构性不足、环境算法模型透明度不足的风险,法治维度中则存在环境算法模型掌控者权力滥用和责任分配不均的风险,故有必要对算法嵌入政府环境治理所诱发的风险建构系统性的法律规制体系,从而充分发挥算法自动化决策的环境治理优势。在规制路径的选择上,应当立足于宏观基本原则指引和具体规制方案设计两个方面,对算法嵌入政府环境治理的潜在风险进行系统规范:宏观层面上,算法嵌入政府环境治理应该遵循依法治理、公平正义、浮动比例和正当程序的基本原则。在具体的规制方案上,既要建立算法嵌入政府环境治理的支持结构,以发挥算法嵌入政府环境治理的优势,又要根据算法本身的漏洞,进行适当的规则变动,从而通过“支持性结构和适应性流变相平衡”的方式,提升具体规制方案的可行性。在具体规制方案的架构上,应秉持全过程治理的视角,实现事前预防、事中监管和事后归责相统一:在事前预防部分,要求算法嵌入政府环境治理能够切实符合伦理要求,建立完善的环境数据核准、反馈和保护机制以及环境算法模型的解释机制。在事中监管部分,应当建立算法嵌入政府环境治理的部门、社会组织和社会公众监管制度。在事后归责部分,需要压实算法嵌入政府环境治理的责任分配制度。

论湿地保护领域中的预防性环境行政公益诉讼

传统的湿地保护模式具有“行政执法人员的机会主义”“多元规制机构的协调难题”“持续性的运行成本支出”等相对劣势。为实现对于湿地生态的全过程保护,督促湿地行政主管部门积极履职,有必要将预防性环境行政公益诉讼纳入湿地保护体系。应通过立法或司法解释,明确预防性环境行政公益诉讼的提起范围、提出时机和诉讼程序。

补偿抑或挤出?命令控制型环境规制与企业风险承担——基于中国A股上市公司的证据

环境规制是生态文明建设的有力手段,而投资决策中的风险承担是企业进行绿色转型的重要条件。基于2010—2021年A股上市公司数据,实证检验了命令控制型环境规制对企业风险承担的影响及其作用机制。研究发现:命令控制型环境规制显著提升了企业风险承担水平。机制分析表明,命令控制型环境规制通过创新机制、信息机制及资源机制对企业风险承担产生正向影响,且这种影响在地方财政分权程度低的企业、非“双高”企业以及区域创新文化水平高的企业中更显著。有效性分析结果显示,尽管命令控制型环境规制推高的企业风险承担在短期内可以提升企业绩效,但其导致的资本配置效率降低会损害企业的长期价值。研究结论为推动企业绿色转型,完善政府主导的环境政策体制提供经验证据。

公众参与、银行监管和银行风险

鼓励公众参与是赋能银行监管的重要途径。本文将银行监管领域中的公众参与区分为公众监督监管行为(公众监督)和公众举报违法行为(公众投诉),并使用2SLS-IV回归法,探讨了两类公众参与在银行监管中的作用。研究结果表明,两类公众参与均有助于降低银行风险,但其发挥作用的渠道机制存在差异。具体而言,公众监督通过提升监管执法规范来降低银行风险,而公众投诉则通过加强监管执法力度来降低银行风险。进一步的分析发现,反腐败强度越大,公众监督的影响效应越强;银行资产规模越小,公众投诉的影响效应越强。根据以上结论,本文建议银行监管改革在注重监管机构“从上而下”治理思路的同时,还应重视公众参与“自下而上”的作用。

Extreme rain event highlights the lack of governance to face climate change in the Southeastern coast of Brazil

New rainfall records were registered in the southeastern region of Brazil during February 2023.The amount of rain in the north coast region of the State of São Paulo was more than 650 mm in less than two days.Landslides and tragedies with a socioeconomically vulnerable population marked this climatic extreme.The country has a regulatory system that suggests the elaboration and implementation of municipal public policies aimed at territorial organization,environmental conservation,and the prevention of disasters induced by natural hazards.In addition,both federal and state funds earmarked for such hazard's prevention have been underutilized over the last decade.In addition to this current devastating climate episode,other events were registered in this decade,reinforcing that financial governance is a key challenge to face the climate crisis in Brazil.The predicted future extreme events in different regions of Brazil will require a different governance system to minimize social inequality,seek sustainable alternatives for urban environments and manage to adapt cities for the challenges posed by climate change.

“以人民为中心”:环境风险感知与民众公共服务共同生产

“以人民为中心”的发展思想强调在环境治理中加强与民众的互动,以增强环境治理的韧性,并促进公共价值实现。为此,研究从议题关注型、规则遵从型、集体行动型三种共同生产的类型出发,基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)2021年微观数据,从环境风险感知的视角考察了民众的环境公共服务共同生产。研究发现,环境风险感知对民众议题关注型共同生产的影响不显著,但显著促进了民众的规则遵从型和集体行动型共同生产。从异质性来看,女性以及低收入群体在环境风险感知对议题关注型共同生产上影响更加显著,而男性、高收入群体在规则遵从型和集体行动型共同生产上表现更加显著;从城乡比较来看,城市居民在三种共同生产方式上均表现较为突出。进一步的分析发现,环境责任意识是环境风险感知促进民众环境公共服务共同生产的主要路径。上述效应在加入工具变量讨论内生性的基础上仍然稳健。研究为推动我国贯彻“以人民为中心”的发展思想,形成“共享共建共治”的环境治理格局提供有益的启发。

考虑公众参与和规制俘获的央地企环境行为的演化博弈分析

在环境压力日益增大的情境中,有效的环境治理不仅是提升生态质量的关键,也是确保社会经济可持续发展的必要条件。基于演化博弈理论,结合规制俘获并引入公众参与作为主要参数构建中央政府、地方政府和企业的三方博弈模型,探究了各博弈主体的策略选择及其影响因素,并分析了系统均衡点的稳定性。结论表明:企业选择绿色转型主要取决于转型的成本和收益,在缺乏各级政府监管情况下企业转型收益的提高有利于企业主动转型;中央政府的策略选择受到成本收益的制约,公众环境关注度的增加可以有效推动中央政府选择监督策略;地方政府是否被规制俘获的关键在于其监督成本的高低和对经济的偏好程度。

区块链赋能农村环境治理的法律规制研究

农村环境治理现代化是中国式现代化的重要组成部分。我国农村环境治理面临“共同生态利益”维护的共识未形成、多元主体协同的互信机制不健全、平台化治理数据安全保障不充分等诸多制约因素,需要区块链技术予以赋能和化解。区块链的去中心化和集体维护优势,能够实现农村环境治理的规范有序和治理主体的多元互信,为我国农村环境治理构建全新的理论架构、技术思路和价值基础。区块链应用于农村环境治理也存在诸多挑战,包括区块链去中心化对农村环境治理公共性维护的挑战、区块链工具理性对农村环境治理中权利保障的挑战、区块链快速迭代对农村环境治理规则体系的挑战等。有必要坚持农村环境治理公共性优先的价值共识,构建技术治理与法律治理协同的权力限制与权利保障新架构,同时不断完善农村环境治理中区块链风险的技术规制制度。

市场激励型环境规制与企业风险承担——以碳排放权交易试点政策为例

提升企业的风险承担水平是市场激励型环境规制促使企业实现绿色转型的重要保障。以中国碳排放权交易试点政策为对象进行研究,构建了一个反映企业碳排放权交易行为的理论模型,探讨碳排放权交易如何影响轻(重)污染企业的风险承担水平。理论研究表明,碳排放权交易有助于引导企业研发创新、降低生产成本和提高利润,最终提升企业风险承担水平。实证结果显示,市场激励型环境规制显著提高了碳排放权交易试点地区企业的风险承担水平,且主要提高轻污染、非国有和东部地区等样本组企业的风险承担水平。机制检验表明,市场激励型环境规制通过提高企业研发创新、生产率和利润率提升企业风险承担水平,并且市场激励型环境规制对轻污染企业研发创新、生产率和利润率的促进作用大于重污染企业。因此,面对环境治理压力,企业应当主动承担碳排放权交易带来的机会和挑战,通过研发创新提升自身的风险承担能力。

气候冲击下金融风险的研究进展和展望——基于物理风险和转型风险视角

本文从物理风险和转型风险两个视角综述了近年来关于气候风险对经济和金融体系影响的研究进展。在宏观经济层面,气候风险对经济增长和波动的影响显著。物理风险通过减少资本积累、降低劳动生产率,对经济增长产生负面影响;转型风险在短期内抑制经济产出和就业,但长期内通过推动低碳技术进步,有助于提升经济效率和产出。在微观经济层面,气候风险对企业生产经营和财务决策的影响广泛。气候物理风险可能导致企业市场估值下降、成本增加和盈利能力减弱;转型风险则通过影响企业融资成本和资产估值,形成“碳泡沫”并引发金融风险。金融机构方面,银行、保险和资管行业需在现有风险管理体系中纳入气候风险因素,以应对潜在的金融不稳定性。研究表明,气候风险敞口对金融机构资产负债表和经营稳定性构成重要威胁。在梳理现有文献的基础上,本文提出了多角度的气候风险测度方法,并探讨了气候风险对宏观经济波动、微观企业生产经营及金融机构稳定性的影响,最后对未来研究方向进行了展望。本文为进一步研究气候风险及其经济金融影响提供了有益的理论基础和实践参考。