Risk signal, financial derivatives transactions and the Indonesian GAAP

Motivated by the accounting events of firm＇s default related to derivatives and other financial instruments transactions, this study is aimed to investigate the capability of accounting information to signal the risks associated with the use of financial derivatives for hedging. Hypothesis are developed based on the theory and empirical evidences of manager＇s motive to use derivatives for hedging （Berkman ＆ Bradbury, 1968; Dune, et al., 2003） as well as signaling theory of accounting information （Ball ＆ Brown, 1968; Beaver ＆ Dukes, 1972; Jensen ＆ Meckling, 1976; Megginson, 1997）. The hypotheses are formulated in the Ordinary Least Square model. The study uses Statistical Product and Service Solutions （SPSS） version 14 as software to conduct the statistical tests. Non-bank and non-financial institutions firms with financial derivatives transactions listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange during 2001 to 2006 are chosen as the sample. Determinations of the time frame has considered the timing of introduction of revisions of accounting standard on derivatives and other financial instruments in Indonesia PSAK 50 Financial Instruments： Presentations and Disclosures which was published in July, 1998, as well as PSAK 55 Financial Instruments： Recognition and Measurements which was published in 1998. Based on the sample selections procedure and the completeness of the data required by the model, 24 firms listed during 2001-2006 or equal to 66 firm-years observations were identified as the data to be tested. Empirical evidences suggests that Indonesian GAAP is capable of providing signal associated with： （1） Fair value exposures related to manager＇s motive to reduce the cost of financial distress; （2） Cash flow exposures related to manager＇s motive to practice tax arbitrage as well as to overcome underinvestment problems; （3） Interest rate risks related to manager＇s motive to avoid the risk default due to limitations of debt covenants; （4） Forex risk related to manager＇s motive to control forex exposures caused by foreign operations as well as foreign sales.

Activated Notch1 reduces myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in vitro during ischemic postconditioning by crosstalk with the RISK signaling pathway

Background Ischemic postconditioning （IPost）,able to significantly attenuate myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury,is dependent on RISK signaling.Studies have shown that Notch signaling repairs damaged myocardium,and this study aimed to investigate the effect of Notch signaling in myocardial IPost.Methods We used H9c2 cells to establish the myocardial IPost and Hypoxia/Reoxygenation （H/R） model in vitro,which were randomly divided into control,H/R,IPost,Hepatocyte growth factor （HGF）＋IPost and DAPT＋IPost,N1ICD＋IPost,miRNA＋lPost,and Mock treatment groups.The myocardial cell viability was assessed by MTT,the cell apoptosis was detected using Annexin V/PI double staining and flow cytometry analyses.The expression of N1ICD,Hes1,PTEN Phospho-Akt/Akt,Phospho-GSK-3β/GSK-3β were detected by Western blotting.Finally,we assessed the changes in Ψm using the potential-sensitive dye JC-1 and measured using flow cytometry analyses.Results The Notch1 signaling is activated by HGF and ectopic expression of N1ICD during myocardial IPost,which increased myocardial cell viability,prevented cardiomyocyte apoptosis,and reduced loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential.However,myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury was increased in IPost when Notch1 signaling was inhibited using DAPT or with knockdown by Notch1-miRNA.Western blotting found that PTEN was down-regulated by Hes1 when Notch1 was activated,which consequently promoted Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation.Conclusions Notch1 crosstalk with RISK signaling may be dependent on PTEN,which plays a cardioprotective role during IPost.This mechanism could provide a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.