Distribution, Mobility, and Health Risks Assessment of Trace Metals in River Sediments from Intense Agricultural Activity Areas in West Africa

The economy of West African countries is mainly based on agriculture. However, the trace metal(loid)s contamination status in rivers is relatively unknown in the region. In this work, 45 surface sediments collected from the Bandama, Comoé, and Bia Rivers in south and south eastern Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa), were analyzed for total metal concentrations and chemical speciation. The results showed that the river sediments were considerably contaminated by Cd and moderately contaminated by As, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Significant spatial variations were observed among the stations but not between the rivers. Metals Cd and Cu were likely to cause more ecological risks. The speciation analysis unravelled that the metal(loid)s partitioned mainly in the residual fraction, with the potential mobile fraction varying from 14% to 28%. The study calls for establishment of strict policies relative to the application of fertilizers and agrochemicals and mining activities to protect the environment and human health risks.

Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Drinking Water Consumed in Dakar, Senegal

Water contamination by chemical pollutants is increasingly associated with waterborne diseases worldwide. The objective of this study is to assess the chemical health risk associated with drinking water consumption in Dakar, Senegal. The methodology adopted in this study is based on the determination of trace metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Cu and Mn) in human drinking water by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the estimation of the exposure of populations of the study area on the basis of the quantity of water consumed daily and the determination of the hazard quotient which allows estimating the health risk. The results indicate unacceptable levels of Pb and Cd in the water according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, while the concentrations of Fe, Cu and Mn are below the regulatory values. The hazard quotient (HQ) is in the majority of samples higher than 1 in children and infants for scenario 1 (based on WHO data), reflecting a high risk for this target. In scenario 2 based on consumption data from the populations studied, the HQ is greater than 1 only in heavy consumers. The drinking water consumed by Dakar population presents health risks related to Pb and Cd, particularly for infants, children and heavy consumers, hence the need to strengthen the water treatment system before home consumption.

Co-Contamination of Arsenic and Other Trace Elements (Hg, Pb, Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, and Cd) in the Rafsanjan Plain Alluvial Aquifer SE of Iran and Arsenic Risk Assessment

Assessing the concentration of trace elements in aquifers is increasingly subjected to study in Iran due to the lack of groundwater resources. This study was undertaken with the objective of determining trace elements in the alluvial aquifer located in the southern part of the Rafsanjan plain, Kerman province, Iran. The total of 73 groundwater samples from individual water wells were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results showed that the levels of As, Hg, Pb, Al, Fe, Cr, Ni, and Cd elements were above the World Health Organization standards for drinking-water in some parts of the plain. Thus, statistical data analyses and spatial distribution interpretation were performed to identify the main sources of the pollution. A health risk assessment model derived from US environmental protection agency was applied to calculate the cumulative exposure to As as well as toxic and carcinogenic risks caused by drinking contaminated raw groundwater. Results show that residents of some part of region may suffer from significant adverse toxic health impacts and are exposed to drinking water with As concentrations.

Dietary exposure estimates of trace elements in selected agricultural products grown in greenhouse and associated health risks in Korean population

This study focuses on the dietary exposure of trace elements (TEs) through the intake of various agricultural products grown in greenhouse, and its corresponding health risks at different age categories in Korean population. It was observed that the mean contents of TEs found in selected agricultural products were well below their guidelines. Mean and 95th percentile intake estimates of TEs were ranged from 0.02 to that considerable attention should be paid to the potential health risks of TEs through intake of various foodstuffs and other exposure pathways.

Effect of Exposure to Trace Elements in the Soil on the Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects in a High-Risk Area of China

Objective Our objective is to build a model that explains the association between the exposure to trace elements in the soil and the risk of neural tube defects. Methods We built a function with different parameters to describe the effects of trace elements on neural tube defects. The association between neural tube defects and trace element levels was transformed into an optimization problem using the maximum likelihood method. Results Tin, lead, nickel, iron, copper, and aluminum had typical layered effects （dosage effects） on the prevalence of neural tube defects. Arsenic, selenium, zinc, strontium, and vanadium had no effect, and molybdenum had one threshold value that affected the prevalence of birth defects. Conclusion As an exploratory research work, our model can be used to determine the direction of the effect of the trace element content of cultivated soil on the risk of neural tube defects, which shows the clues by the dosage effect of their toxicological characteristics. Based on our findings, future biogeochemical research should focus on the direct effects of trace elements on human health.

Vertical physicochemical parameter distributions and health risk assessment for trace metals in water columns in eastern Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania

The vertical distributions of trace metals and physicochemical parameters in water columns in Kigoma Bay and Kungwe Bay in eastern Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania, were studied. The Al, Ba, Ca, Co,K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Sn, Sr, and V concentrations were low and varied very little with depth. The toxic heavy metal(As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) concentrations were relatively high in the surface water, and the Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations decreased with depth. Principal component and cluster analyses indicated that the metals in the lake had three main sources. Al, Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Sr, Sn, and V were found to be geogenic; As, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn anthropogenic; and As, Ca, Co, Mg, and Na biogenic.Human health risk assessments were performed, and it was found that trace metals in the water at most of the sampling sites would cause no potential adverse ef fects or non-carcinogenic health risks through dermal contact or ingestion. However, trace metals in surface water in Kungwe Bay could have certain adverse ef fects on human health through the ingestion pathway(the total hazard quotient for ingestion(ΣHQi ng)was 1.75(a value >1 was de?ned as possibly indicating adverse ef fects). The Pb HQi ng for surface water in Kungwe Bay was 1.50 and contributed >80% of the ΣHQ_(ing_, implying that Pb pollution is a water quality and safety problem that needs to be carefully monitored and the potential sources identi?ed.

湖南省2023年5—6月跨省调入饲养用牛羊追溯调查与布鲁氏菌病监测

为评估分析外省份调入湖南省饲养用牛羊引入布鲁氏菌病(以下简称“布病”)的风险,对“湖南省动物卫生监督信息平台”2023年5—6月跨省调入饲养用牛羊开展监测排查,并就其来源、去向及布病检测结果等进行调查统计。结果显示:全省共调入饲养用牛羊270批次12850头/只,涉及19个省/自治区/直辖市,其中13个省份为原布病防控一类地区;有164批次牛羊来源于布病免疫区,占60.74%;有96批次牛羊实际用于继续饲养,占35.56%;采集牛羊血清样品1396份,检出布病抗体阳性7份。结果表明,湖南省存在牛羊布病输入性风险,应加大调运监管力度,减少牛羊布病从高风险地区向低风险地区传播的风险。

重庆市主城区居民饮用水9种微量元素含量特征及其健康风险评价

为明确重庆市主城区饮用水中微量元素含量及其对居民健康的潜在影响,采集主城区居民末梢饮用水80件、水源地水样3件,室内测定水样中As、Ba、Cr、Cu、Mo、Ni、Sb、Se、Zn含量,并采用USEPA推荐的健康风险评价模型,评估饮用水中微量元素的健康风险水平。结果表明:①重庆市主城区居民末梢饮用水中9种微量元素均值(算术均值,下同)均未超过国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》。②儿童和成人的总健康风险均值分别为8.72×10^(-5)a^(-1)和3.56×10^(-5)a^(-1),在USEPA推荐的最大可接受标准(10-6~10^(-4)a^(-1))内,但儿童总健康风险高于成人。③居民末梢饮用水健康风险主要表现为Cr和As的致癌风险,儿童和成人致癌风险均呈现R Cr(8.54×10^(-5)a^(-1)和3.48×10^(-5)a^(-1))>R As(1.62×10^(-6)a^(-1)和6.74×10^(-7)a^(-1)),但均低于USEPA推荐的最大可接受标准(10^(-4)a^(-1))。因此饮用水中Cr和As是重庆市主城区居民饮用水产生健康风险的主要物质,需进一步加强这2种元素的监测和管理。

甲状腺乳头状癌患者血微量元素水平变化及相关性研究

目的评估甲状腺乳头状癌与微量元素水平的相关性并筛选发病因素。方法招募2017年10月至2021年10月在上海市奉贤区中心医院住院的甲状腺乳头状癌患者(试验组,n=168)及健康体检人群(对照组,n=156),采集静脉血样本,采用化学发光法测定甲状腺功能及甲状腺自身抗体、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法检测8种必需微量元素(碘、锌、硒、铜、钼、铬、钴、铁)水平,并比较2组间差异。采用Logistic回归分析,分析甲状腺乳头状癌发病危险因素。结果与对照组相比,试验组甲状腺激素及抗甲状腺过氧化物酶自身抗体水平、血碘及铜水平上升(P<0.05),而血锌及硒水平下降(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现性别为女、血碘升高、血锌及硒水平降低可增加甲状腺乳头状癌的发病风险(P<0.05)。结论甲状腺乳头状癌患者相较于健康人群拥有更高的血碘以及更低的血锌和硒水平,三者水平的改变也增加了甲状腺乳头状癌的发病风险。

A study of the relationship between trace element Mo and gastric cancer

IM To study the relationship between trace element Mo and gastric cancer.MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil samples were collected according to its type in different areas of Jiangxi Province; available molybdenum content in soil was measured by catalytic polarography and rank correlation method was used to analyse correlation between the mean of soil available molybdenum and mortality rate of gastric cancer in each county and city in Jiangxi Province. Gastric cancer cases were selected from the authors′ hospital, occiput hair was collected to measure its molybdenum content with an atomic absorption spectrograph and controls were selected from the same hospital for comparison. Gastric cancer cases were selected from three hospitals at the same time, blood samples were taken on an empty stomach and serum molybdenum contents were measured with the atomic absorption spectrograph, and controls were selected from the same hospitals. Blind method was used in the whole course (chemical analysts did not know the source and nature of samples).RESULTS A negative correlation existed between soil available molybdenum content and mortality rate of gastric cancer (r=-0285, P<005); hair molybdenum contents of gastric cancer cases were lower than those of healthy controls (0308μg/g±0673μg/g and 0707μg/g±0561μg/g respectively, P<001); serum molybdenum contents of patients were also lower than those of healthy controls (2184μg/L±749μg/L and 2538μg/L±858μg/L respectively, P<005).CONCLUSION Deficiency of molybdenum may be one of the risk factors in gastric cancer.

Risk zone of wrack hitting marine structure simulated by 2D hydraulic model

The wrack or the ship out of control will drift with flow.One of the most important factors that drive the ship is flow current which moves circularly in tidal area.The wrack from same place always drifts in different ways if the start time is different.So,during the ship drifting period,the drift trace is also determined by both wave and wind forces.The drift direction is limited by water depth which must be deeper than ship draft. These marine structures that can not afford the hit of wrack or will destroy the wrack must be well considered when they are placed near harbor and waterway or other water area with ship running.The risk zone should be consulted according to tide and weather conditions to protect structures and ships in necessary.A method is presented here to simulate the risk zone by 2D numerical hydraulic model with tidal current,wave,wind and water depth considered.This model can be used to built early-warning and protect system for special marine structure.

Distribution, Enrichment and Ecological Risk Assessment of Six Elements in Bed Sediments of a Tropical River, Chottanagpur Plateau: A Spatial and Temporal Appraisal

Distribution and enrichment of six elements (iron, zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and manganese) in surface bed sediments, collected from seventeen selected locations during pre-monsoon and postmonsoon periods, of the tropical Chottanagpur plateau river Subarnarekha along with the ecological risks involved were investigated. Owing to the rich occurrence of mineral resources, the Subarnarekha river basin has a large scale presence of industrial and mining units especially in the Indian State of Jharkhand. An assessment, which involved examining distribution pattern of elements, comparative studies with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and geochemical background values and a sequential and integrated index analyses approach (containing contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), contamination degree (CD), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (PERI)), was followed to estimate enrichment and risks of elements in the bed sediments. Sediments collected from areas having abundance of population, industrial conglomerates and mining units recorded elevated element concentrations, which exceeded SQGs, and significantly higher values of CF, CD, PLI, EF, Igeo and PERI. Cadmium demonstrated surprising regularity in its enrichment;contributed most to the ecological risks;and high toxicity risks due to cadmium exceeded 64% of the sites. Moreover, chronic exposures of other elements would also lead to similar ecological risks. In addition to revealing potential ecological risks due to cadmium and other elements our investigation markedly highlighted anthropogenic control over sediment quality deterioration and some immediate sediment quality management strategies are needed to remediate and control river bed contamination.

Health Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment at Marsa-Matrouh, Mediterranean Sea, Egypt

In an attempt to evaluate the environmental quality of Marsa-Matrouh city which covered the most famous beaches in Egypt, an environmental risk assessment was performed, including a screening level ecological risk assessment. The aim of this work was to determine which metals could possibly pose toxic adverse ecological effects to marine organisms and to determine whether hot spots exist or not. To fulfill the goals of study, surfacial sediment and water samples were collected from ten different locations covering Marsa-Matrouh city during four seasons (2010-2011). The average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were 2.381 ± 3.389, 9.307 ± 14.159, 68.969 ± 9.397, 2.642 ± 1.004, 16.712 ± 8.469, 31.168 ± 15.322 μg/l in water and 0.755 ± 0.240, 5.363 ± 1.581, 962.131 ± 975.084, 3.972 ± 2.180, 15.210 ± 4.434 and 24.608 ± 7.706 μg/g dry weight in sediment respectively. The concentrations of the investigated six metals in water were within the acceptable limits except for two stations (Cleopatra and El-Obayed) which exhibited higher values than the permissible level of Cd during autumn 2010. Metal pollution assessment for both water and sediment was studied. Heavy metal pollution index indicates that water is not critically polluted with respect to the investigated metals. For sediment samples, threshold effect concentrations (TEC HQ) were lower than 1 except for Cd which showed higher value than 1, indicating the possibility of occurrence of toxic adverse ecological effects to benthic organisms for Cd, while rare adverse ecological effects are expected to occur with respect to Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn.

Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Trace Metals in River Samre at Samreboi in the Wassa Amenfi West District of the Western Region of Ghana

The rational for the study was to assess the levels of endocrine disrupting trace metals in River Samre. The levels of Mercury ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/l (mean of 0.006 mg/l), whiles cadmium levels ranged from 0.002 to 0.011 mg/l (mean of 0.01 mg/l). The high levels of Hg and Cd may have adverse effects on the endocrine system of inhabitants who drink directly from the river without treatment. High levels of mercury and cadmium might be caused by the activities of a Timber and Plywood Company located close to the river and the underlying bedrocks of the area exposed as a result of human activities such as farming. The concentration of lead was below detection limit ( mg/l) but that of Arsenic ranged from 0.001 to 0.007 mg/l (mean of 0.005). Health risk assessment conducted shows that the risk associated with exposure to these metals for now are low. Continuous water quality monitoring is recommended to help protect the resource and also to safeguard human health.

南京市PM_(2.5)中痕量元素的健康风险评价

痕量金属元素由于其较高的毒性及难降解性,对人类健康造成了极大的威胁,因此评价大气环境中痕量元素对人群的健康风险具有重要意义。文章为探究南京大气PM_(2.5)中痕量元素的健康风险及其空间分布,基于南京市20个采样点PM_(2.5)中的痕量元素测定数据,利用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对样品中10种痕量元素的健康风险进行评价并分析其空间分布特征。结果表明:南京市大气PM_(2.5)中痕量元素存在较高的非致癌风险,非致癌风险系数远超出阈值1,且儿童的非致癌风险远超成年人;所有元素的致癌风险总和为8.76×10^(-5),表明存在致癌风险,但在可接受范围内;Cr、As、Ni、Cd的致癌风险系数均超过10^(-6),表明存在一定的致癌风险,特别不应忽视Cr和As的致癌风险。就健康风险空间分布而言,非城区居民比城区居民面临着更高的风险,这可能与工业源多分布在郊区有关。

海峡西岸典型城市大气降尘稀土元素生态风险及来源--基于钕同位素MixSIAR模型解析

为了探明海峡西岸典型城市大气降尘中稀土元素生态风险及其来源贡献,在泉州市不同功能区设置了15个采样点位,对大气降尘样品和主要潜在污染源样品进行采集和分析.采用潜在生态风险指数对稀土元素的风险进行评价,采用Nd同位素MixSIAR模型进行定性分析和定量计算.结果表明,海峡西岸典型城市降尘稀土元素的潜在生态风险指数整体处于低风险等级,Lu元素在部分点位处于中风险,工业区、商业区及交通繁忙区个别采样点潜在风险指数相对较高.εNd(0)vs Eu/Eu*和εNd(0)vsΣREEs关系图解显示,大气降尘样品中稀土元素受自然源以及汽车尾气尘、燃煤热电厂飞灰、水泥厂飞灰等局地人为排放的影响较大.利用Nd同位素(^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd)MixSIAR模型计算出各潜在源的相对贡献率,泉州市大气降尘中稀土元素受土壤母质层(24.0%~40.9%)影响较大,其次是汽车尾气尘(20.7%~33.3%)和燃煤尘(21.1%~29.0%),受水泥厂飞灰(13.7%~20.0%)影响相对较小.

基于电网风险评估的事故控制措施分析

针对电网运行过程中存在的风险控制措施不到位的问题,提出了一种基于风险评估的电网事故控制措施.引入经济学领域的效用函数,采用指数型效用函数评估风险严重程度方案,提出了电网风险评估定级方案.采用潮流追踪法建立了发电机注入功率和支路潮流之间风险控制矩阵,通过求解发电机出力的调整量实现对系统风险的控制.对N-1故障条件下的风险等级进行评估,并给出了发电机出力的调整方案.结果表明,所提出的事故控制措施能够避免系统的重过载风险.

日用陶瓷制品元素迁移及铜、锰迁移量风险分析

日用陶瓷制品被广泛使用,其使用安全问题和人的健康息息相关。陶瓷制品在使用时的元素迁移日益受到关注。本文概述了日用陶瓷制品中铜、锰元素来源及其迁移量检测结果,以期促进对铜、锰迁移的相关研究。

血清Zn浓度对肝硬化失代偿期患者短期预后的预测价值

目的探讨血清微量元素Zn浓度对失代偿期肝硬化患者短期预后的预测价值。方法收集天津医科大学总医院消化内科收治住院的失代偿期肝硬化患者100例,原子吸收法检测血清Zn浓度,同时收集患者外周血如血小板、胆红素、肌酐、白蛋白、转氨酶等生化指标和一般资料,电话随访患者出院后180 d生存情况。采用X-tile软件计算评估短期预后的血清Zn浓度最适合阈值,在此基础上,绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,Log-rank检验比较高Zn浓度和低Zn浓度组之间的生存率差异。多因素Cox回归分析确定180 d死亡的独立危险因素。结果X-tile软件计算得到区分失代偿期肝硬化患者180 d生存情况的最佳诊断阈值为0.5 mg/L,根据这一阈值,将患者划分为低Zn浓度组(Zn<0.5 mg/L)和高Zn浓度组(Zn≥0.5 mg/L),高Zn浓度组共77例患者,低Zn浓度组共23例患者,与高Zn浓度组相比其女性患者所占比例更高(78%vs.42%),Child评分C级患者所占比例更高(44%vs.5%),表现为更高的MELD评分(12 vs.10),更高的衰弱指数(0.22 vs.0.09)和更高的碱性磷酸酶(119 U/L vs.91.50 U/L),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析提示低Zn浓度组肝硬化患者的平均生存率低于高Zn浓度组(Log-rank检验,P<0.001)。多因素Cox比例风险回归分析提示MELD评分(HR=1.152,95%CI:1.070~1.240,P<0.001)和Zn<0.5 mg/L(HR=3.393,95%CI 1.070~10.756,P=0.038)是180 d死亡的独立危险因素。结论血清Zn浓度(<0.5 mg/L)能够作为预测失代偿期肝硬化患者短期预后的独立危险因素。

LC-MS/MS法监控阿齐沙坦原料中带警示结构的叠氮化杂质残留风险

目的建立可监控阿齐沙坦原料中具有警示结构的叠氮化杂质AMBC含量的方法。方法采用AB SCIEX 4000APILC-MS/MS串联质谱系统,ACE Excel 3 C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,3μm),柱温40℃,流动相A为0.01 mol/L乙酸铵水溶液-乙腈(90∶10),流动相B为乙腈,梯度洗脱,总流速:0.5 mL/min。串联质谱的参数设置:大气压化学电离-正电离模式(APCI+),多反应监测模式(MRM),用207.3→180.3离子对定量监测化合物AMBC的残留量,探头温度:450℃,电晕针电流:3.0μA,气帘气:35 psi,碰撞气:4 psi,雾化气:45 psi,采集时间:16 min。结果采用拟定方法测得的AMBC检测限和定量限分别为0.062 ng/mL和0.21 ng/mL(相当于0.07,远低于其杂质限37.5);在10.4~312.2ng/mL范围内,AMBC呈良好的线性响应(r=0.9998),方法的加样回收率介于100.2%~104.2%。结论该方法灵敏度高、准确性好、专属性强,在覆盖限度的较宽范围内均呈良好的线性响应,能用于阿齐沙坦原料中具有警示结构的叠氮杂质AMBC的残留风险监控。