A GIS audit framework is necessary considering the diverse nature of GIS with regard to components, applications and industry. In practice, checklists are generated during the audit process based on specific objective...A GIS audit framework is necessary considering the diverse nature of GIS with regard to components, applications and industry. In practice, checklists are generated during the audit process based on specific objectives. There is no standardized list of items that can be used as a reference. The purpose of this study was to develop a GIS audit framework as a foundation for GIS audits. The framework provides that comprehensive approach to various GIS aspects during the audit process. The design builds on a developed conceptual framework where most significant categories of GIS audit parameters namely data quality, software utilization, GIS competency and procedures (work flows) were identified. The study adopted a reductive model approach to simplify the complexity associated with each category of GIS audit parameter. The resultant audit elements for each category are organized in a matrix that forms an integral part of the framework. The columns comprise audit goal, audit questions and audit subjects as indicators which are qualitatively measured. The rows comprise the parameters (data quality, software utilization, personnel competency and procedure (workflows)). To use the framework, an auditor only needs to create an audit checklist that consists of particular parameters and indicators from the framework depending on audit objective. As part of an on-going research, the next step will involve validating the framework through a mock testing process.展开更多
The quality system of any modern pharmaceutical company is the pharmaceutical quality system(PQS),which extends the GMP standards to all stages of the medicinal productslife cycle,from pharmaceutical development to it...The quality system of any modern pharmaceutical company is the pharmaceutical quality system(PQS),which extends the GMP standards to all stages of the medicinal productslife cycle,from pharmaceutical development to its withdrawal from production.The principal difference between PQS and GxP rules from other quality systems is that the medicinal product,its safety and efficacy is put at the forefront.At the same time,PQS implies a process approach to all components that should be aimed at achieving the main goal—ensuring and guaranteeing the quality of the medicinal product for the end user(patient)—and should be based on the quality risk management system.An integral part of PQS,as well as the GxP rules adopted in the European Union and PIC/S,is a process for self-inspections and/or quality audits,which regularly appraises the effectiveness and applicability of the PQS.This publication is dedicated to the definition of self-inspections(internal audits)as one of the PQS’s processes.The article defines the main standard stages and develops a model of a risk-based approach to the self-inspections’planning in relation to processes of the pharmaceutical quality system.展开更多
Validity of service in the service system is significantly affected by reliability of providers and availability of service contents.Most service inspiring schemes in peer-to-peer(P2P) networks associate each provider...Validity of service in the service system is significantly affected by reliability of providers and availability of service contents.Most service inspiring schemes in peer-to-peer(P2P) networks associate each provider with reputation or money to ensure provider's reliability so as to improve the availability of service contents.However,these schemes bring considerable risk to consumers when a provider with high reputation or money publishes a malicious service content.Moreover,the number of providers decreases as some providers are rejected while they have unconsciously published one or several polluted contents ever.The risk may spread to more users and cause the collapse of the service system.Recently,some researches have shown that the unconscious polluted contents are over twice as many as the intentional polluted contents.In order to distinguish the unconscious polluted contents from the intentional polluted contents and rescue those correlative users,we propose an audit model based on each service content to improve the validity of services.In our model,each node is associated with money,and each service content is associated with reputation.The unconscious polluted contents are prevented via consumers' evaluation,and the intentional polluted contents and malicious providers are rejected via audit executors' evaluation.Simulation results show that the model improves the ratio of available service contents and reliable providers.展开更多
It is a complex and important topic to study the linkage mechanism of government audit,social audit,and internal audit in the context of China’s high-quality economic development.The implementation of measures,such a...It is a complex and important topic to study the linkage mechanism of government audit,social audit,and internal audit in the context of China’s high-quality economic development.The implementation of measures,such as establishing a sound and perfect organizational safeguard mechanism,strengthening project collaborative audit mechanism,enhancing the mechanism for utilizing audit results,and establishing an audit and rectification joint mechanism can promote the efficient operation of the audit supervision system and the high-quality development of audit services.展开更多
文摘A GIS audit framework is necessary considering the diverse nature of GIS with regard to components, applications and industry. In practice, checklists are generated during the audit process based on specific objectives. There is no standardized list of items that can be used as a reference. The purpose of this study was to develop a GIS audit framework as a foundation for GIS audits. The framework provides that comprehensive approach to various GIS aspects during the audit process. The design builds on a developed conceptual framework where most significant categories of GIS audit parameters namely data quality, software utilization, GIS competency and procedures (work flows) were identified. The study adopted a reductive model approach to simplify the complexity associated with each category of GIS audit parameter. The resultant audit elements for each category are organized in a matrix that forms an integral part of the framework. The columns comprise audit goal, audit questions and audit subjects as indicators which are qualitatively measured. The rows comprise the parameters (data quality, software utilization, personnel competency and procedure (workflows)). To use the framework, an auditor only needs to create an audit checklist that consists of particular parameters and indicators from the framework depending on audit objective. As part of an on-going research, the next step will involve validating the framework through a mock testing process.
文摘The quality system of any modern pharmaceutical company is the pharmaceutical quality system(PQS),which extends the GMP standards to all stages of the medicinal productslife cycle,from pharmaceutical development to its withdrawal from production.The principal difference between PQS and GxP rules from other quality systems is that the medicinal product,its safety and efficacy is put at the forefront.At the same time,PQS implies a process approach to all components that should be aimed at achieving the main goal—ensuring and guaranteeing the quality of the medicinal product for the end user(patient)—and should be based on the quality risk management system.An integral part of PQS,as well as the GxP rules adopted in the European Union and PIC/S,is a process for self-inspections and/or quality audits,which regularly appraises the effectiveness and applicability of the PQS.This publication is dedicated to the definition of self-inspections(internal audits)as one of the PQS’s processes.The article defines the main standard stages and develops a model of a risk-based approach to the self-inspections’planning in relation to processes of the pharmaceutical quality system.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60903160)
文摘Validity of service in the service system is significantly affected by reliability of providers and availability of service contents.Most service inspiring schemes in peer-to-peer(P2P) networks associate each provider with reputation or money to ensure provider's reliability so as to improve the availability of service contents.However,these schemes bring considerable risk to consumers when a provider with high reputation or money publishes a malicious service content.Moreover,the number of providers decreases as some providers are rejected while they have unconsciously published one or several polluted contents ever.The risk may spread to more users and cause the collapse of the service system.Recently,some researches have shown that the unconscious polluted contents are over twice as many as the intentional polluted contents.In order to distinguish the unconscious polluted contents from the intentional polluted contents and rescue those correlative users,we propose an audit model based on each service content to improve the validity of services.In our model,each node is associated with money,and each service content is associated with reputation.The unconscious polluted contents are prevented via consumers' evaluation,and the intentional polluted contents and malicious providers are rejected via audit executors' evaluation.Simulation results show that the model improves the ratio of available service contents and reliable providers.
基金The authors are grateful for research supports from the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Planning Fund Project of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. llYJA790179) and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant No. ZR2010GM010).
文摘It is a complex and important topic to study the linkage mechanism of government audit,social audit,and internal audit in the context of China’s high-quality economic development.The implementation of measures,such as establishing a sound and perfect organizational safeguard mechanism,strengthening project collaborative audit mechanism,enhancing the mechanism for utilizing audit results,and establishing an audit and rectification joint mechanism can promote the efficient operation of the audit supervision system and the high-quality development of audit services.