Karun and Shatt Al-Arab River System: Historic and Modern Attempts to Manage Iran’s Lifeline

The Islamic Republic of Iran’s principal rivers are the Karun and Shatt al-Arab. The Karun River has a 950 km length. The Karun River starting point is the convergence of the Amand, Kuhrang, and Bazoft rivers. From their headwater sources in the mountains of eastern Iran, these rivers descend through valleys and gorges and flow into the plains of Iran. The Shatt al-Arab River drains an area of 879,790 square kilometers which includes land in Iran, Syria, Türkiye, Kuwait, and Iraq. The Karun joins Shatt al-Arab 110 km downriver from the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers and flows 85 km into the Persian Gulf. The Karun river flows in a southwestern direction through the central plain and provides about 10 per cent of the water balance of Iran’s largest wetland, the Shadegan, which includes permanent marshes, lakes, and riparian habitats. The article summarizes a vast array of publications on the stated topic and this civilizationally important region in order to draw additional attention to its interdependent environmental, economic and political problems the successful resolution of which is only possible with the participation of the entire research community.

The Need for International Cooperation between Israel and Other Middle East Nations to Protect the Jordan River Landscape

The Jordan River, also referred to as Nahr Al Sharieat in Arabic, is a long river in the Middle East that flows from north to south through the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea. The Jordan River is bordered by the Golan Heights and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in the east and by Israel and the Palestinian West Bank (Judea and Samaria) in the west. Soil tunnels, including those in the Jordan River watershed and on the Israel, Syria, and Lebanon borders, have a long history of use for warfare, as invasion pathways, smuggling, and storage of rockets, missiles and ordnance and are causes of serious political tension between the countries. Soil tunnel construction and destruction often has adverse environmental and human health impacts in the Jordan River landscape. Due to agricultural wastes, the discharge of untreated sewage, and diversion of saline springs into the river water there has been serious deterioration in the water quality in the lower courses of the Jordan River. The primary objective of this research is to encourage the development of a multi-country clean-up, mitigation, and protection plan for the Jordan River.

Effect of insufficient tunnel crown thickness on the post-tensioned concrete lining of the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel and its strengthening schemes

The effect of deficiency in tunnel crown thickness on the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel with post-tensioned concrete inner lining was investigated by the elasto-plastic finite element method. Changes in the deformations and circumferential stresses of the post-tensioned concrete inner lining with the gradual decrease of the tunnel crown thickness were compared, and the potential bearing risk of insufficient tunnel crown thickness for the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel was revealed. Based on the finite element calculation results of circumferential stresses under different defective cases, the corresponding reinforcement schemes were proposed. The calculation results show that the inner lining can still maintain a satisfactory stress state when the tunnel crown thickness is equal to or greater than 0. 28 m. When the tunnel crown thickness decreases below 0.28 m, the external surface of the crown and internal surface of the crown＇s adjacent areas may be under tension. The tension stresses will incrementally increase and ultimately exceed the tensile strength of the inner lining concrete as the tunnel crown thickness further decreases gradually. Then, the Yellow River Crossing Tunnel cannot operate normally, and severe cracking, leaking or even failure may occur. When the tunnel crown thickness is equal to or greater than 0.28 m, the reinforcement suggestions are that the void spaces between the inner lining and the outer lining should be back-filled with concrete. When the tunnel crown thickness is less than 0. 28 m, the inner lining should be reinforced by steel plates after concrete back-filling.

Application of Integrated Geological Prediction Technologies in Sub-river Tunnel of Liuyang

Because of the frequent serious geo-hazards met in constructing sub-river tunnels,the application of geological prediction is necessary to reduce the risk. Taking the Liuyang River Tunnel(10.1 km,with 362 m of the sub-river part) which is one of the key projects of the dedicated-passenger railway from Wuhan to Guangzhou as an example,the application of integrated geological prediction technologies is expounded in detail.The effects of TSP(tunnel seismic prediction) and infrared water detectors are analyzed as key points in order to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of these devices.The results of this research which can be adopted to improve the effects of the

Horizontal freezing study for cross passage of river-crossing tunnel

To determine the appropriate soft foundation treatment for a river-crossing tunnel, freezing reinforcement design and technology were introduced based on the channel tunnel design and construction practice. Through finite element analysis and engineering practices, two rows of horizontal perforated freezing pipes were designed and installed on both sides of a passage for tunnel rein- forcement, which produced the thickness and strength of frozen crust that satisfied the design requirements. These information are valuable for guiding the design and construction of river-crossing tunnels in coastal areas.

Saigon River Valley: A Navigation, Trade, Mitigation, Invasion, Liberation, and Unification Pathway

The Saigon River is located in southern Vietnam with headwaters starting in southeastern Cambodia. The river flows southeast for about 225 km to the South China Sea. Most readers of Vietnam’s history know about the American-Vietnam War (1965-1973). However, centuries before that time, Vietnam fought with the Chinese, the Khmers, the Chams and the Mongols. The history of Vietnam begins in the Red River Delta, where farmers first cultivated rice. A millenia of struggle against the Chinese then followed. The Saigon River Valley was the pathway used by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) to get from the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia to Saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive. The NVA dug Cu Chi and Iron Triangle soil tunnels near Cu Chi in the Old Alluvium terrace to hide from American Forces and Air Force bombers. In 1962, the Tan Son Nhut Air Force base on the northern edge of Saigon received the first shipments of Agent Blue, the arsenic based herbicide, used to destroy the rice crop. The most dioxin TCDD and arsenic contaminated site in Vietnam was Bien Hoa Air Force base on the Saigon River just 30 km northeast east of Ho Chi Minh City. The adjacent Bien Hoa City has a population of over 800,000. The Port of Ho Chi Minh City is the most significant river port in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. The river is navigable by ships which draft up to 9 m. Vietnam only became a united country in the 19th century. Its independence was soon affected by French colonialism and then the destructive American intervention in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War Archive no. 2 in Ho Chi Minh City houses residual correspondence between the Republic of Vietnam (RV) President Diem’s administration and US President Kennedy’s administration related to the Khai Huang program (hamlet strategy). In addition, the archive contains some of the tactical herbicide spray records of the RV military for the Mekong Delta. The primary objective this study is to document the role that the Saigon River Valley played, in modern warfare. The Saigon River Valley was used as a navigation, trade, invasion, liberation and unification pathway. The Vietnamese people have survived centuries of stormy, troubled times and their power of character has served them well.

软弱富水地层超大直径盾构下穿长江堤防变形分析

软弱富水地层上长江堤防变形受浅埋超大直径盾构隧道施工扰动影响大。以盾构开挖直径为15.07 m的某双线隧道工程为背景,基于现场监测资料,研究盾构过堤时无为长江堤防沉降的时空演化规律,并对掘进参数与堤防加固措施的合理性进行分析。研究结果表明,压密注浆加固处理可有效减小堤防地表沉降幅度。右线隧道过堤时,中轴线上方堤防沉降变形总体随着盾尾离开天数的增加而增大,最大沉降位于堤前段,为20.37 mm,远离中轴线部位普遍产生轻微隆起。左线隧道下穿堤防后,堤防竖直变形整体呈“左线堤前段与堤后段隆起、堤坝段沉降,右线整体沉降,幅度从堤前段往堤后段沉减小”的分布规律。盾构下穿长江堤防时,切口压力、推力、扭矩等掘进参数的调整受堤坝超载效应影响。

内河中游区大型沉管隧道建造关键新技术——以襄阳鱼梁洲隧道为例

为解决内河中游区沉管隧道建造面临的河床冲刷强、强透水地层深厚、防洪要求高等问题,依托襄阳鱼梁洲沉管隧道工程,通过工程调研、理论分析、物模试验、数值模拟、现场测试等手段,对内河沉管隧道建造关键技术进行创新及应用,首次形成如下创新成果:1)提出沉管隧道冲刷安全量化评价方法,给出沉管结构横向稳定性安全系数等5项评价指标及其评价标准体系,填补了沉管隧道防冲安全量化评价方法的空白;2)研发利用管周摩擦力抵抗止水带回弹力的摩擦止推型最终接头,解决常规陆域接头需设置大型圬工结构的问题;3)研发并量产可满足0.3 MPa外水压水密性、100年设计使用寿命的沉管接头外侧止水带国产化产品,其百年应力松弛衰减率仅25.5%,预测使用寿命144年,使中国实现沉管隧道全产业链技术的国产化;4)提出整体式管节不设后浇带全断面顺浇预制工法,实现沉管结构预制工效提高52%、结构接缝减少61%、浇筑裂缝减少60%;5)在内河沉管隧道中采用先铺卵石垫层基础,并研发出全浮式高精度先铺卵石基床整平船;6)研发应用沉管无焊接装配式端封门和柔性水袋压载水系统,可实现舾装设施的便捷循环使用和施工效率的提升。

隧道施工引发粉土地面沉降模拟与分析

为研究黄泛区粉土地层内开挖双线地铁隧道对地上及其周边地面沉降的影响,以某双线地铁隧道开挖工程为例,考虑地下水、隧道间距对地面沉降的影响,采用流固耦合数值方法和理论分析方法对隧道施工引起的地面沉降规律进行分析。将数值模拟数据与Peck公式进行反演计算,并考虑隧道间隔和埋深的影响提出修正Peck公式,再结合叠加原理建立适用于双线隧道开挖引起地面沉降的修正叠加公式。结果表明:隧道开挖扰动地层将引起超静孔隙水压力现象;数值模拟与理论计算得到隧道间隔为4 m时,地面沉降曲线呈现“V”型,隧道间隔为8 m、12 m时,则沉降曲线呈现“U”形;粉土内开挖双线地铁隧道,地面容易受到扰动且沉降量大,随着隧道间距的增加,隧道上方土体沉降量逐渐减小;基于修正Peck公式计算结果与数值模拟结果基本一致,相对误差在3%左右,表明该公式具有很好的实用性。研究可为粉土地区隧道及地下工程建设提供理论依据和技术支撑。

广州城市快捷路二期过江通道总体设计

广州城市快捷路二期是广州中心城区内外环之间的辅助环形连续交通道路,同时也是白鹅潭地区“三环七射”道路骨架系统的三环之一,过江通道两岸具有接线路网复杂、沿线城中村及建设地块密集等特点,总体设计难度大。详述了过江通道建设的意义,综合考虑总体规划、城中村改造计划、征地拆迁、环境效应和江中通航要求等因素,先进行线位比选,然后进行过江桥隧方案比选,最后通过隧道工法比选,对过江通道总体设计做了细致的分析比对,最终选取了过江沉管隧道作为实施方案。该项目对缓解城市交通压力和加速项目沿线经济快速发展具有重要意义,同时也为沉管隧道建设进一步积累经验。

隧道岩溶施工处置技术研究

岩溶隧道处置技术一直是工程界的重点及难点问题,结合某高速铁路贵州区段施工状况,将隧道岩溶分为串珠型或管道型的线状溶洞、洞穴型溶洞及洞厅型溶洞,根据其不同的填充性质提出了不同的施工处置措施。并具体结合丫口寨隧道、斗磨隧道、大独山隧道,对典型岩溶,包括无充填型溶洞群、暗河、富水填充型岩溶、过水通道型岩溶及黏土填充型岩溶的处置措施进行分析,主要结论为,针对岩溶隧道,应综合考虑岩溶类型和特征,因地制宜进行设计、施工。

长江三角洲浅层气地质赋存特征及其对越江隧道工程的影响

为研究我国长江中下游沿江、沿海平原赋存的浅层气不良地质及其对工程的影响,以长江崇太隧道遭遇浅层气地质为工程背景,基于长江三角洲地理地貌、沉积历史和沉积相特征,通过专项地质勘察和地球化学分析,研究区域浅层气地质的赋存特征,分析其对工程的不利影响,并提出针对性防治措施。结果表明:长江三角洲区域地层互相叠置、层序完整明显,浅海相淤泥质黏土层既是浅层气的产气层,又是封盖层,下覆厚状砂层是气体的良好储集体。隧址区具备典型的长江三角洲沉积特征,地层中赋存的浅层气属于原生甲烷型生物成因气;喷发性气体赋存于浅海相淤泥质黏土层内部的粉土、粉砂微、薄夹层中,属于未经长距离运移的自生、自储、自盖型生物成因气;隧道越江段主要穿越的厚层河口湾相细、中砂层虽具备良好的储气条件,但未见大量气体储集。从越江隧道段浅层气的赋存特征出发,虽然分析认为其对工程的影响程度有限,但在工程建设中仍不容忽视,需采取针对性预防措施以避免浅层气地质造成工程危害。

临近既有河道的隧道掘进引起的地表沉降

传统的隧道施工诱发地面沉降问题的研究通常假定地面为水平,目前针对大直径盾构或顶管隧道工程在既有河道附近的复杂边界条件下掘进所引起的地面沉降的研究不足.以杭州某泥水平衡掘进顶管法隧道工程实例为背景,基于影像源法,考虑土体非均匀收敛,采用叠加原理给出临近既有河道条件下隧道施工引起地表沉降的解析解,并与工程实测数据进行对比.参数分析表明,隧道与河道间的水平距离越小,地表沉降槽的非对称性越显著,由隧道掘进引起的地表沉降越大;与无河道情况相比,沉降槽峰值的增幅最大可超过30%,从环境保护和施工安全的角度出发,在实际工程中隧道施工时应尽量远离河道;随着隧道埋深的增大,由隧道掘进引起的地表沉降越小,而当隧道拱腰深度大于邻近既有河道深度时,靠近河道附近的地表沉降明显大于无河道情况下的,此时更应重视既有河道的影响.

隧道洞渣加工机制砂制备超高性能混凝土及其力学性能研究

采用隧道洞渣加工机制砂替代传统河砂制备超高性能混凝土(UHPC)。研究不同替代率对其工作性能、干缩、抗折强度、抗压强度和微观性能的影响规律。结果表明:机制砂替代河砂,其工作性能尽管存在一定程度的下降,但依然具备良好的工作性能;机制砂替代掺量为40%时,相应抗压强度和抗折强度均最优;UHPC微观形貌受机制砂影响显著,随着机制砂替代率的增大,UHPC微观孔隙和裂缝逐渐增加。机制砂粗糙的表面和不规则边缘更利于与水泥浆体紧密连接,不规则边缘构造在机制砂颗粒间产生互锁效应,能够进一步增强水泥浆体和骨料的机械咬合力。但是,钢纤维与机制砂界面过渡区微观结构相对疏松,且含有较多微孔洞,使得该处具有较弱的桥接能力,从而导致整体抗折强度的降低。总而言之,洞渣加工机制砂替代传统河砂制备UH-PC是一个行之有效的策略。

基于正交试验的盾构掘进江底变形分析与施工方案优化

盾构隧道的施工易引发开挖面上层土体松动塌陷,造成邻近建筑物沉降破坏。针对盾构隧道施工地层变形的问题,依托南京建宁西路过江通道工程,建立有限元模型模拟盾构隧道开挖过程,探究盾构掘进对河床沉降、深层土体水平及竖向位移等影响。以河床表面最大沉降、沉降影响范围、拱顶竖向位移、隧底隆起为指标,支护应力比、埋径比、盾尾注浆压力、泥浆相对密度等为影响因素安排L16(45)正交试验,分析各个影响因素的显著性及主次顺序,结果表明支护应力比和泥浆相对密度对各项指标影响程度较小,可采取最经济水平。由此得到最优水平组合为A_(4)B_(1)C_(4)D_(3)和A_(4)B_(2)C_(4)D_(3),并设计优化追加试验,追加试验方案1减小了埋径比,增加了盾尾注浆压力,结果表明其对地层变形的控制效果更好,为优选方案。

暗河发育区岩溶隧道突涌水洪峰流量估计

地下暗河是岩溶隧道建设与运营重大的安全风险,暗河发育区岩溶隧道突涌水洪峰估计是岩溶隧道施工抢险与后期处治方案制定的重要基础数据。地下暗河洪峰流量不仅由岩溶区水文地质条件控制,而且还受到暴雨期地表径流补给的影响。本文结合实测数据和统计数据,围绕小流域暴雨资料推求出地表汇流洪峰和地下暗河汇泄流洪峰,提出了一种考虑地表径流补给的暗河发育区岩溶隧道突涌水洪峰估计方法,并结合翠屏隧道的地形地貌、水文地质与实测涌水资料,开展了案例分析计算并比较实测涌水量。表明传统涌水预测方法无法考虑暗河与地表水补给的影响,与实测结果差距很大,本方法能够较好预测岩溶区因地表汇水补给暗河发育区隧道突涌水洪峰,为隧道防洪护堤高度、涵管过水容量设计、洪峰避险时间提供重要支撑,保障隧道施工与运营安全。

盾构下穿河道地层沉降分析与支护力优化确定方法——以济南地铁4号线下穿刘公河为例

随着我国地铁的大力建设,施工中难免会面临下穿建筑物、桩基、管线、河流等情况的出现,因此对盾构施工的参数要求越来越高,施工难度逐渐增加。以济南轨道交通4号线邢村站至唐冶南站区间盾构施工为工程背景,利用ABAQUS有限元软件构建三维数值计算模型,对下穿河道高差过程中的不同开挖面支护力设定以及沉降位移变化进行研究。研究结果表明:全覆土理论下计算所得开挖面支护力对地表及河道的沉降控制效果最好;在不同支护力下,地层水平位移最大值均出现在隧道开挖面附近;隧道中心线上方的地层分层沉降量随着埋深的增加而增大。研究结论在盾构下穿高差地层的工程实际中具有指导意义。

泥水盾构隧道地层渗透压力的确定及规律研究

泥水盾构隧道施工中的地层渗透压力是设定开挖仓泥水压力等施工参数的主要依据之一。为提高地层渗透压力计算的准确性,开展泥水盾构隧道地层渗透压力的确定方法及规律研究。考虑土体开挖、泥水支护、壁后注浆等施工因素,建立模拟泥水盾构施工动态过程的三维流固耦合模型,分析盾构掘进和同步注浆等施工作业以及地层情况对地层渗透压力的扰动范围和扰动程度,基于此提出泥水盾构隧道地层渗透压力的修正公式。结果表明:当注浆压力为200~500 kPa时,盾构施工对地层渗透压力的最远影响范围为距离开挖面前方4.5环处;在相同注浆压力下,对岩层渗透压力的扰动范围最大,砂土层次之,黏土层最小;采用修正公式得出的地层渗透压力计算值与实测值变化趋势基本一致,验证了修正公式的合理性。

地下工程预制梁钢筋骨架安装与成型技术研究

预制梁钢筋骨架技术可提高地下工程的施工效率和质量,但是也面临着技术标准不统一、设计与制造的一体化、运输和安装、质量控制和监测、经济可行性等多种问题和挑战。在此背景下,本研究以南京市建宁西路过江隧道江南工作井环梁施工项目为依托,介绍了基坑预制环梁钢筋骨架技术,并针对工作井第2~8道环梁开展了相关研究,取得了一系列研究成果,包括超长预制环梁钢筋骨架吊装施工、吊装方案的计算和选择以及拼接标准的制订等,为地下工程预制梁钢筋骨架技术的发展提供了参考。

软土地区河道开挖对下方地铁隧道变形的影响及其控制措施

[目的]地铁盾构隧道因上方河道开挖卸荷产生隆起变形,可能会影响地铁隧道的正常运行。为此,应就软土地区河道开挖工程对下方地铁隧道的变形影响进行研究,并制定地铁隧道变形控制措施。[方法]介绍了案例工程的概况,采用有限元方法对其实测数据进行分析,验证了土体本构模型及参数的合理性。基于具有典型软土特征的宁波地区地层剖面和土层参数,建立了土体简化模型,依次分析了河道开挖宽度变化对下方地铁隧道变形的影响、河道开挖深度变化对下方地铁隧道变形的影响、软土层埋深对地铁隧道变形的影响。介绍了门架式土体加固措施及门架式梁板加固措施两种变形控制措施,将考虑了控制变形措施的计算模型与基准模型的有限元计算结果进行了比较分析。[结果及结论]在土体加固和河道开挖阶段,下方地铁隧道变形分别表现为沉降和隆起;河道开挖断面面积相同时,减小河道的开挖深度、增加河道开挖宽度,有利于减少下方地铁隧道变形;地铁隧道竖向位移主要由其下方土体回弹变形产生;门架式梁板加固措施对于地铁隧道隆起变形的控制效果明显。