黑龙江(阿穆尔河)河槽演变相关研究成果——俄罗斯科学院远东分院水生态所《Formation of the Riverbed Relief and River Banks》简析

在水文学的探索过程中,对河槽演变的研究是揭示河流流量变化、河流水势变化与研究流域自然地理演变的基础。在中国国内对黑龙江(阿穆尔河)流域的研究中,关于河槽演变的成果和分析不多。《Formation of the Riverbed Relief and River Banks》一书是由俄罗斯科学院远东分院水生态研究所(IWEP FEB RAS,文中简称IWEP)副所长阿雷克谢·尼古拉耶维奇·马奇诺夫教授为第一作者编著的,该书从东亚的地区特征出发,对黑龙江(阿穆尔河)河床地貌的形成与河槽演变过程作了详细的说明。全书共分为五章,共172页,附图片44张(9张是实景彩图),并有英语和俄语两版简介与结论。该书对黑龙江河槽演变的研究具有一定的参考价值。

River bank protection from ship-induced waves and river flow

A new equation is proposed for the design of armor units on protected river banks under the combined action of ship-induced waves and river flow.Existing observed field and experimental data in the literature have been examined and a valuable database has been developed.Different conditions,including the river water depth,flow velocity,river bank slope,Froude number,wave height,wave period,and wave obliquity have been considered.Results from an empirical equation (Bhowmik,1978) that only considers the maximum wave height and river bank slope have been compared with the results calculated by the newly developed equation.Calculated results have also been verified against field data.Results show that not only the maximum wave height and river bank slope but also the water depth,flow velocity,wave length,wave obliquity,and wave period are important parameters for predicting the mean diameter of the armor units,highlighting the multivariate behavior of protecting the river bank in the presence of ship-induced waves and river flow velocity.

Erosion risk assessment:A case study of the Langat River bank in Malaysia

River bank erosion is one of the major and unpredictable hazards worldwide including in Malaysia.Soil detachment at river banks is due to two processes:1)hydraulic erosion imposed by channel flow and 2)sub aerial erosion due to the weakening and weathering of bank materials.This paper is focused on the second aspect of the erosion process which mainly depends on the combination of rainfall intensity and the ability of the soil to withstand the raindrop effects.The relative combination of sand,silt and clay in a soil is argued to have an impact on erosion resistance.In cohesive soil composition,sand forms the largest size ranging from 0.05 to 2 mm whereas silt is adequately moderate(ranging from 0.002 to 0.05 mm)and clay is the smallest of all three(less than 0.002 mm).With the knowledge that soil composition does indeed have an effect on erosion resistance,this paper will attempt to relate risk assessment index of river bank erosion specifically to soil composition.Thus,the objectives of this document are as follows;1)to produce risk assessment index for river bank erosion and 2)to carry out a case study for selected rivers in Malaysia pertaining to river bank assessment.The index is produced by inferring the previously developed scale on soil erodibility.Past researchers created the“ROM”scale(named after the researchers,Rolan and Mazidah)to assess degree of soil erodibility into five classes namely“critical”,“very high”,“high”,“medium”and“low”.Instead of using semi empirical formula from the“ROM”scale,a percentage of soil composition was inferred to produce risk assessment index.It was found that as the percentage of clay decreased,susceptibility index became higher and approached a critical level.Application of the newly developed index is verified by conducting a case study at the Langat River,Kajang,Malaysia.The soil composition was classified and form fitted into the index.It was found that the middle reach of the Langat river is susceptible to severe erosion due to low percentage of clay.This finding agreed well with the visual observation of these reaches as a large portion of gully type of erosion had been observed throughout the study.The establishment of risk assessment index which firmly indicates the relationship between soil composition and river bank erosion can be used as a tool in forecasting the risk levels.This formulation is well proven to assess river bank conditions and the associated critical shear stress is very much close with the previously published shear stress.

One-Step Reverse Osmosis Based on Riverbank Filtration for Future Drinking Water Purification

The presence of newly emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment poses great challenges for drink-ing water treatment plants.Due to their low concentrations and unknown characteristics,emerging pol-lutants cannot be efficiently removed by conventional water treatment processes,making technically,economically,and environmentally friendly water purification technologies increasingly important.This article introduces a one-step reverse osmosis(OSRO)concept consisting of riverbank filtration(RBF)and reverse osmosis(RO)for drinking water treatment.The OSRO concept combines the relatively low-cost natural pretreatment of river water with an advanced engineered purification system.RBF pro-vides a continuous natural source of water with stable water quality and a robust barrier for contami-nants.With the pre-removal of particles,organic matter,organic micro-pollutants(OMPs),and microbes,RBF becomes an ideal source for a purification system based on RO membranes,in comparison with the direct intake of surface water.OSRO treatment removes almost 99.9%of the particles,pathogens,viruses,and OMPs,as well as the vast majority of nutrients,and thus meets the requirements for the chlorine-free delivery of drinking water with high biostability.The OSRO treatment is cost effective com-pared with the standard conventional series of purification steps involving sprinkling filters,softening,and activated carbon.Artificial bank filtration(ABF),which functions as an artificial recharge in combi-nation with a sand filtration system,is proposed as an alternative for RBF in the OSRO concept to supply drinking water from locally available resources.It is also suggested that the OSRO concept be imple-mented with wind power as an alternative energy source in order to be more sustainable and renewable.An OSRO-based decentralized water system is proposed for water reclaiming and reuse.It is suggested that future water treatment focus on the combination of natural and engineered systems to provide drinking water through technically efficient,financially feasible,resource reusable,and environmentally relevant means.

Strategic Planning of "Yellow River Golden Bank" of Yinchuan Section

Through the analysis on location condition,industrial development situation of "Yellow River Golden Bank" of Yinchuan section,strategic idea for this section has been proposed,providing theoretical basis for Yinchuan City to build a distinctive city along Yellow River.

Difference Analysis of Urban Landscape Pattern Change at Both Banks of Pearl River Estuary in China

By using remote sensing image data of Landsat-5 TM (1988, 1995 and 1998) and Landsat-7 ETM (2002), remote sensing image data, land-use map and DEM had been put in the same coordinate system and projection. In ArcView, all data had been rasterized as grid data of 30 m×30 m. By Fragstats, landscape pattern indexes had been calculated. Based on the average area, patch density, landscape isolation, boundary density, shape index, fractal dimension, aggregation degree, diversity and evenness index, landscape pattern at different periods and its evolution had been analyzed, revealing the differentiation of spatio-temporal change of landscape pattern at both banks of Pearl River Estuary.

Heritage Corridor Construction:New Idea for Protection of Heritage along the Right Bank of the Yalu River

This paper analyzed feasibility,mode,and significance of heritage corridor construction along the right bank of the Yalu River.It stated that the region along the right bank of the Yalu River conforms to characteristics of heritage corridor and is suitable for heritage corridor theory.For Liaoning and Jilin provinces integrating their tourism into the One Belt and One Road strategy,and promoting harmonious use of regional tourist resources,vigorous development of tourism,and targeted poverty alleviation through tourism,the heritage corridor construction is of profound significance.

Iron Oxen on the Banks of the Yelow River

The twelfth year of the Kaiyuan Reign during the Tang Dynasty （725 A. D.）Each iron ox is about 3.3 m long and 2.5 m high, weighs about 30 t, and is mounted on a square ron base which is 2.3 m wide and 0.5 m thick. Behind the rear legs of each iron ox, there is a large horizontal iron bar which is about 2.33 m long, 0.4 m in diameter, and was used to support the iron chain bridge across over the roaring Yellow River. Under the square iron base, there are 6 slant iron columns buried in the ground, each of which is about 3 m long and 0.4 m in diameter. The iron base and columns weigh about 40 t. The total weight of each whole iron ox sculpture is approximately 70 t

Development of Rural Banks in Yellow River Delta

The status quo of new-type rural financial institutions in the Yellow River delta is summarized.It is pointed out that these financial institutions have improved the development of economy concerning agriculture,rural areas and peasants,but due to the shortage of capital,deficit and many other reasons,the outlets is fewer,which can not serve the agriculture,rural areas and peasants well.The necessity of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta is introduced:firstly,rural banks can serve the agriculture,rural areas and peasants well with flexible system and management methods.Secondly,rural banks can serve and support the vulnerable groups of the three rural issues concerning agriculture,countryside and famers well.Thirdly,rural banks provide strong support for the all around development of rural business concerning the agriculture,rural areas and peasants.Fourthly,rural banks have significant advantages in serving the agriculture,rural areas and peasants.The probability of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta is analyzed from the three advantages of policy,environment and economy.The challenges faced by the development of rural banks are studied as follows:firstly,the short-term profits are hard to take effect.Secondly,the capital quantity of rural banks is large.Thirdly,the pressure of competition and operation is great.Thus the countermeasures of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta are put forward:for instance,clarifying the service object in a certain area;using the minority to bring along the majority;reducing the risk of asymmetric information by information technology.

MAJOR PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ALONG THE BANK AREA OF THE CHANGJIANG RIVER

Developing the Changjiang(Yangtze) River and building a developed economic zone along the bank area of the Chanajiang River is a great strategic decision of the national macroeconomic development distribution. This decision has both given an impetus to fast development of the regional economy and exacerbated the contradiction among economy and resources and environment. In this paper, some major problems ekisting in economic sustainable development, such as scattered industrial structure, duplicated construction of the great projects, enlarging the development gap of the regional economy and deteriorated environment etc., have been studied. The results show that scattered structure and duplicated distribution of some key industries and projects, especially automobile, electronics and petrochemical industry and communication, power installations, is one of the reasons for low industrial economic benefit; the great development gap among upper, middle and lower reaches areas are enlarging since the 1990’ s; soil erosion, nood disaster and environmental pollution are still exacerliating due to unreasonable over-development. Based on the above analysis, this paper brings out some countermeasures and proposals for increasing the ability of regional sustainable development, including transregional reorganization of industrial structure linking by assets and speeding the process of regional economy integration; gradually controlling and reducing the development gap arnong upper, middle and lower reaches areas through regional cooperation on a mutually beneficial basis; as well as strengthening ecological construction and environmental protection and increasing environmental bearing capacity etc.

山地城市崖壁景观特征及保护利用策略——以重庆两江四岸区域为例

【目的】崖壁作为山地城市重要的地域性景观之一,在城市意象、社会生活和相关城市职能中发挥着重要作用。新时代背景下,崖壁景观的地位和角色也逐渐发生变化。崖壁景观的可持续发展于城市及其本身都具有重要意义,然而目前关于崖壁景观的系统性认知比较匮乏。【方法】以崖壁景观分布集中的重庆两江四岸区域为例,综合运用实地调查、史料梳理、ArcGIS空间分析等手段对山地城市崖壁景观特征及保护利用途径进行深入调查和讨论。【结果】两江四岸区域崖壁景观在总体空间分布上呈现依附山形地势与滨江临水两大特征;在空间形态上可划分为自然崖壁、人工介入崖壁,人工崖壁3种类型,自然崖壁生境类型丰富多样,人工介入崖壁和人工崖壁则相对单一;崖壁景观提供了多元复合的功能空间,是重要的人文景观载体。【结论】从崖壁空间功能转型、周边资源整合利用和自然生境保育3个方面提出崖壁景观的可持续发展策略,为山地城市崖壁景观的保护和开发利用提供参考。

论《额尔古纳河右岸》的画境艺术

中国诗情画意的古典美学传统源远流长,迟子建承袭了中国传统诗画艺术对意境的追求,将绘画技艺理念嫁接到文学创作中。作者在小说《额尔古纳河右岸》中呈现了一种水墨画般简约隽永的画境艺术,以设色、写意、空白三种绘画表现手法为切入点,阐释出《额尔古纳河右岸》所展现出的视觉美、笔法美、布局美,挖掘小说画境艺术的独特价值。

长江中游河岸形态特征及稳定性判别阈值

三峡工程运用后,长江中游河床持续冲刷,局部段崩岸现象频发,威胁中游河道防洪安全。本文基于实测数据,揭示了中游河岸形态特征参数的统计规律,并提出了河岸稳定性的判别阈值。结果表明:中游各河段内水下坡比的概率密度总体上符合对数正态分布,当外界因素(来水来沙条件变化或护岸工程实施)导致河岸稳定性降低或增强时,其实际的分布规律会偏离对数正态分布,且其偏离程度可作为判定河段整体稳定性的依据;河型变化对河岸坡比的概率密度分布规律没有明显影响,但对于相对深泓位置的影响相对较为明显;上荆江、下荆江、城汉与汉湖河段的水下坡比阈值分别为>0.22、>0.18、>0.20和>0.28,大于下层河岸土体的休止角对应的坡比(约0.16),表明只有河岸下层土体冲刷到一定程度后,崩岸现象才会发生,符合其动力学过程;各河段内深泓位置的阈值均为离河岸小于平滩河宽的距离的10%。此外,采用提出的稳定性判别阈值确定了2020年长江中游易发生崩岸的区域分布,与实际巡查结果符合较好。

长江中下游岸坡单元体的水力侵蚀室内试验研究

水作用下长江中下游岸坡正在面临严峻的崩岸破坏。为探究岸坡土体的水力侵蚀特性,进行单元体单面浸水湿化-崩解试验与侧向冲刷水毁室内试验,通过分析冲刷沟形态、测量单元体质量、探究侧向冲刷深度和高度变化规律,研究根系和格栅植被面层对单元体侵蚀破坏的影响,分析运用乔木根系联合格栅植被面层对岸坡进行防冲的可行性。试验结果表明:湿化-崩解与侧向冲刷二者共同作用,引起和加剧岸坡土体的淘蚀破坏。随着水深、流速及冲刷时间的增加,单元体侧向冲刷深度与冲刷高度一直增加;在本实验较小的单元体尺寸下,较粗的乔木模拟根系对于减小单元体冲蚀破坏程度的作用有限,其根土间隙优先流效应在一定程度上反而增加侧向冲刷深度;根系对黏性土的牵拉锚固作用明显强于粉土质砂,能够延缓上部土体的崩塌;设置格栅植被面层后,可有效减小单元体侧向冲刷深度,抗冲效果显著,研究结果可为生态护岸技术研发和应用提供借鉴。

水流冲刷作用下单体土工袋稳定特性试验研究

【目的】为探究水流冲刷作用下单体土工袋在河流护岸结构中护底处的稳定规律,【方法】基于塔里木河土工袋护岸工程,搭建水槽模型试验平台,制作了不同规格土工袋模型。讨论Robin体积公式在实际工程应用中的不足。基于土工袋试验结果,分析了土工袋充填率、长宽比、下垫面糙率、摆放形式等实际工程中重点关注因素与稳定性的响应规律。【结果】试验结果显示:土工袋所受推力FD随充填率的增加而逐渐增大,升力FL随充填率的增大先增大后减小;长宽比大于2.33时,土工袋顺水流放置时稳定性逐渐降低,而垂直水流放置时,土工袋稳定性随长宽比的增加一直降低;通过改变土工袋与下垫面的糙率可有效提高土工袋的稳定性。【结论】结果表明:充填率通过直接影响装填后土工袋有效受力面积,进而影响使土工袋失稳的FD和FL的大小;土工袋的稳定不仅与充填率有关,还受土工袋长宽比设计的影响,较大的长宽比不利于土工袋的稳定,且顺水流、垂直水流放置时稳定能力差别很大;实际工程中可在护底处土工袋下方铺设土工布,一方面可提高土工袋的摩擦稳定能力,另一方面也可起到一定的反滤作用。

植被恢复模式对河岸边坡土壤性质的影响研究

为了对不同植被恢复模式下的河岸边坡土壤的性质进行研究,此次研究以辽河保护区内的流域边坡为研究对象,采用了刺槐、小蓬草、杨树、狗牙根和草本植物五种植被恢复模式对河岸边坡进行改善,然后设置不同的实验分别对五种植被恢复模式下的土壤理化性质进行探究。实验结果表明,狗牙根种植区下的土壤容重可以达到0.162 g/cm^(3)。小蓬草种植区下的土壤含水量、有机质和有效磷含量分别可以达到16.2%、24.7 g/kg,和0.11 g/kg。五种植被恢复模式下的pH值范围在7.7~8.3之间。故不同植被恢复模式对土壤性质的影响具有差异性。

黄河上游宁蒙河段平滩流量变化与水沙过程的响应关系

平滩流量是表征河道排洪输沙能力的重要指标,开展宁蒙河段平滩流量变化机理的研究对于治理黄河意义重大,本文采用实测资料分析的方法,研究了黄河上游宁蒙河段平滩流量变化特征及其与汛期水沙过程的定量关系。研究结果表明:黄河上游宁蒙河段沿程六站平滩流量由1960年代中期的3600~5800 m^(3)/s减小到目前的1900~4000 m^(3)/s。2000年前宁蒙河段三湖河口平滩流量与汛期水沙过程关系点群与2000年后两者关系点群存在明显分区,说明2000年后宁蒙河段河床演变机理发生了变化,遵循不同规律。建立的宁蒙河段三湖河口平滩流量与汛期水沙过程的定量关系式表明,宁蒙河段平滩流量随着汛期平均水量的减小(增大)而减小(增大),随着汛期平均来沙系数的减小(增大)而增大(减小),随着汛期水流过程参数的增大(减小)而增大(减小)。

基于AHP-熵权法的望虞河西岸圩区活水调度方案多目标优选

以望虞河西岸的甘露圩和荡北圩为研究区,构建水动力-水质模型,选取恰当的水动力、水质和经济成本指标构建活水调度多目标评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和熵权法主客观相结合确定指标权重,决策单圩活水调度最优方案,并与圩区联合调度方案比较活水调度效果。结果表明:利用多目标评价指标体系可有效确定活水调度最优方案;甘露圩最优调度方案为陈家角闸和甘露港闸共同引水,徐家浜闸站以6 m^(3)/s流量抽排;荡北圩最优调度方案为黄塘河闸和五星河北闸引水,珠桥河闸站和五星河闸站共以9 m^(3)/s流量抽排;与单圩活水调度相比,两圩联合调度后畅流活水效果更优。

广东省新丰江河源市段岸线稳定性评价

新丰江是广东省东江流域的第一大支流,科学评价其河湖岸线稳定性情况不仅是研究河流演变问题的重要依据,也是科学保护河流水资源的重要举措。通过对新丰江河源市段岸线的岸坡倾角、岸坡植被覆盖度、岸坡高度等多个指标进行现场调查监测,分析获得其河湖岸线稳定性健康状况,结果显示,新丰江岸线受人类工程影响显著,不同河段稳定性差别较大,稳定性介于不健康与健康状态之间。