Sediment transport following water transfer from Yangtze River to Taihu Basin

To meet the increasing ：need of fresh water and to improve the water quality of Taihu Lake, water transfer from the Yangtze River was initiated in 2002. This study was performed to investigate the sediment distribution along the river course following water transfer. A rainfall-runoff model was first built to calculate the runoff of the Taihu Basin in 2003. Then, the flow patterns of river networks were simulated using a one-dimensional river network hydrodynamic model. Based on the boundary conditions of the flow in tributaries of the Wangyu River and the water level in Taihu Lake, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model of the Wangyu River was built to analyze the influences of the inflow rate of the water transfer and the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） of inflow on the sediment transport. The results show that the water transfer inflow rate and SSC of inflow have significant effects on the sediment distribution. The higher the inflow rate or SSC of inflow is, the higher the SSC value is at certain cross-sections along the ：river course of water transfer. Higher inflow rate and SSC of inflow contribute to higher sediment deposition per kilometer and sediment thickness. It is also concluded that a sharp decrease of the inflow velocity at the entrance of the Wangyu River on the river course of water transfer induces intense sedimentation at the cross-section near the Changshu hydro-junction. With an increasing distance from the Changshu hydro-junction, the sediment deposition and sedimentation thickness decrease gradually along the river course.

Numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River,northern China

Effective management of a river reach requires a sound understanding of flow and sediment transport generated by varying natural and artificial runoff conditions. Flow and sediment transport within the Ning-Meng reach of the Yellow River（NMRYR）, northern China are controlled by a complex set of factors/processes, mainly including four sets of factors：（1） aeolian sediments from deserts bordering the main stream;（2） inflow of water and sediment from numerous tributaries;（3） impoundment of water by reservoir/hydro-junction; and（4） complex diversion and return of irrigation water. In this study, the 1-D flow ＆ sediment transport model developed by the Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research was used to simulate the flow and sediment transport within the NMRYR from 2001 to 2012. All four sets of factors that primarily control the flow and sediment transport mentioned above were considered in this model. Compared to the measured data collected from the hydrological stations along the NMRYR, the simulated flow and sediment transport values were generally acceptable, with relative mean deviation between measured and simulated values of 〈15%. However, simulated sediment concentration and siltation values within two sub-reaches（i.e., Qingtongxia Reservoir to Bayan Gol Hydrological Station and Bayan Gol Hydrological Station to Toudaoguai Hydrological Station） for some periods exhibited relatively large errors（the relative mean deviations between measured and simulated values of 18% and 25%, respectively）. These errors are presumably related to the inability to accurately determine the quantity of aeolian sediment influx to the river reach and the inflow of water from the ten ephemeral tributaries. This study may provide some valuable insights into the numerical simulations of flow and sediment transport in large watersheds and also provide a useful model for the effective management of the NMRYR.

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR UNSTEADY SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN NINGXIA REACH OF THE YELLOW RIVER

A one-dimensional mathematical model for unsteady sediment transport in the Ningxia reach of the Yellow River was developed. In the model, the formulas for the sediment carrying capacity and the manning roughness coefficient, which reflect the features of the Yellow River, were adopted. A coefficient of sediment distribution was defined to represent the ratio of the bottom to the average concentration under the equilibrium conditions, which is not constant and is evaluated by using an empirical expression obtained by integrating the sediment concentration along water depth. The concentration distributions and the mean diameter distributions of suspended sediment in the transversal direction were also estimated in this model. A four-point (Preismann type) finite difference scheme and TDMA were employed in the numerical simulation. The amount of sediment deposition during the period of 1993～1999 in the Ningxia reach of the Yellow River from Xiaheyan to Shizuishan with a length of 197.43km were numerically simulated with the model. The computed results, such as the amount of sediment deposition and water stage agree well with the field data. Finally the validated model was used to predict the riverbed deformation during the period of 1999～2019 in the Ningxia reach of the Yellow River.

Two-dimensional coupled mathematical modeling of fluvial processes with intense sediment transport and rapid bed evolution

Alluvial rivers may experience intense sediment transport and rapid bed evolution under a high flow regime,for which traditional decoupled mathematical river mod-els based on simplified conservation equations are not applicable. A two-dimen-sional coupled mathematical model is presented,which is generally applicable to the fluvial processes with either intense or weak sediment transport. The governing equations of the model comprise the complete shallow water hydrodynamic equa-tions closed with Manning roughness for boundary resistance and empirical rela-tionships for sediment exchange with the erodible bed. The second-order Total-Variation-Diminishing version of the Weighted-Average-Flux method,along with the HLLC approximate Riemann Solver,is adapted to solve the governing equations,which can properly resolve shock waves and contact discontinuities. The model is applied to the pilot study of the flooding due to a sudden outburst of a real glacial-lake.

Numerical Analysis of Adaptation-to-capacity Length for Fluvial Sediment Transport

Over the last several decades,various sediment transport capacity formulations have been used by geomorphologists and engineers to calculate fluvial morphological changes.However,it remains poorly understood if the adaptation to capacity could be fulfilled instantly in response to differing inflow discharges and sediment supplies,and thus if the calculation of morphological changes in rivers based on the assumed capacity status is fully justified.Here we present a numerical investigation on this issue.The distance required for sediment transport to adapt to capacity(i.e.,adaptation-to-capacity length) of both bed load and suspended sediment transport is computationally studied using a coupled shallow water hydrodynamic model,in line with varied inlet sediment concentrations.It is found that the adaptation-to-capacity length generally decreases as the Rouse number increases,irrespective of whether the inlet sediment concentration increases or reduces.For cases with vanishing inlet sediment concentration a unified relationship is found between the adaptation-to-capacity length and the Rouse number.Quantitatively,the adaptation-to-capacity length of bed load sediment is limited to tens of times of the flow depth,whilst that of suspended sediment increases substantially with decreasing Rouse number and can be up to hundreds of times of the flow depth.The present finding concurs that bed load sediment transport can adapt to capacity much more rapidly than suspended sediment transport,and it facilitates a quantitative criterion on which the applicability of bed load or suspended sediment transport capacity for natural rivers can be readily assessed.

River Morphology and River Channel Changes

River morphology has been a subject of great challenge to scientists and engineers who recognize that any effort with regard to river engineering must be based on a proper understanding of the morphological features involved and the responses to the imposed changes. In this paper, an overview of river morphology is presented from the geomorphic viewpoint. Included in the scope are the regime concept, river channel classification, thresholds in river morphology, and geomorphic analysis of river responses. Analytical approach to river morphology based on the physical principles for the hydraulics of flow and sediment transport processes is also presented. The application of analytical river morphology is demonstrated by an example. Modeling is the modern technique to determine both short-term and long-term river channel responses to any change in the environment. The physical foundation of fluvial process-response must be applied in formatting a mathematical model. A brief introduction of the mathematical model FLUVIAL-12 is described.

鸭绿江河口潮汐及水沙输运特征研究

构建以鸭绿江河口为核心的大范围二维潮流泥沙数学模型,研究新边界条件下的大东水道水沙输运特征。结果表明,鸭绿江河口所在的海湾M2分潮等潮时线总体呈南北方向,潮流旋转方向为逆时针方向;潮波自河口外侧向西水道方向,M2分潮振幅逐渐增大,在庙沟港池附近达到最大,潮波浅水变形口外与西水道变幅可达20%;大东水道深槽水流强度明显较大,庙沟港池东南侧水域含沙量最大,自一港池附近水域向外海含沙量呈降低趋势;大东水道欧拉余流和斯托克斯漂流均向海,落潮单宽潮量及单宽输沙量大于涨潮,净潮量、净输沙量均向海,大东水道泥沙输运以大潮期为主,泥沙主要来源为西水道滩涂和大东水道东侧滩涂。

Modeling sediment transport in the lower Yellow River and dynamic equilibrium threshold value

A major problem in the lower Yellow River is the insufficient incoming water and excessive sediment supply, which results in serious deposition, continuous rise of the river bed, and austere flood control situation. To understand the sediment transport regularity of the lower Yellow River and determine the relationship between sedimentation, incoming water and sediment, and zone water diversion, a mathematical model of the sediment suitable for the characteristics of the lower Yellow River has been developed. This model is first rated and verified by large quantity of observed data, and it is then used to analyze silting reduction for the lower Yellow River by Xiaolangdi Reservoir’s operation, the relationship between zone water diversion and channel sedimentation, and critical equilibrium of sedimentation in the lower Yellow River. The threshold values of equilibrium of sedimentation in the lower Yellow River are estimated and they suggest that deposition in the lower Yellow River can be effectively reduced by the operation of regulating flow and sediment from Xiaolangdi Reservoir, water-soil conservation, and controlling water diversion along the lower Yellow River.

黄河下游河道准二维泥沙数学模型研究

本文首先简要回顾了以往黄河河道泥沙数学模型研究成果,再以水流运动方程及经过作者修正的泥沙运动方程为基础,同时引入与实测资料相符合的水流挟沙力、动床阻力、泥沙级配等计算公式作为补充方程,构造出黄河下游河道准二维泥沙数学模型。然后,采用1986年11月～1996年10月这10年长系列实测资料,开展了验证计算。其结果表明,该模型不仅能计算黄河下游河道一般洪水引起的河床冲淤变形,还能成功地模拟出大沙年下游处于强烈淤积时的规律。

水沙调节后三峡工程变动回水区泥沙冲淤变化

长江上游溪洛渡、向家坝等水电工程的建设,改变了进入三峡水库变动回水区及库区的水沙环境。上游水库水沙调节后,变动回水区的泥沙淤积情况将会发生相应变化。在分析三峡工程变动回水区水沙特性的基础上,应用建立的适合多连通域的贴体正交曲线坐标系下的二维水沙数学模型,根据三峡工程初步设计阶段选定的1961-1970年(简称60系列)及上游水库水沙调节后的水文系列及相应进出口边界条件,预测了重庆主城区河段100年泥沙冲淤的时空变化规律。研究表明,60水沙系列条件下,该河段淤积比较严重,淤积主要位于岸线凹凸不平的弯沱、回流区及河道的宽浅河段;上游水沙调节后,仅局部岸线凹凸不平的弯沱有少量泥沙淤积,主城区川江段的淤积量仅为60系列的17.4%,嘉陵江段仅为60系列的10.3%,这对三峡水库有效库容的保持及主城区河段岸线利用有利。

黄河下游非恒定输沙数学模型——Ⅰ模型方程与数值方法

构建起具有通用性的黄河下游一维非恒定输沙数学模型。该模型建立了新的泥沙连续性方程与河床变形方程 ,克服了以往数学模型计算中取饱和恢复系数小于 1等缺陷 ,引入了符合黄河下游河道水沙特点的水流挟沙力和河床糙率计算等公式 ,给出了悬移质含沙量以及悬移质泥沙平均粒径沿横向分布的计算方法 ,以及阐明了河槽在冲淤过程中河宽变化规律的模拟技术。运用Preissmann四点差分格式离散水流方程 ,并与泥沙连续性方程进行非耦合求解。

黄河干流泥沙空间优化配置研究(Ⅰ)——理论与模型

在分析1950年以来6个不同时期黄河空间泥沙分布状况及存在的主河槽淤积比例偏大、主河槽萎缩、河道输沙能力下降、排沙入海比例减少等问题的基础上,构建了黄河泥沙空间优化配置的总体框架,提出了泥沙优化配置的理论方法,确定了黄河泥沙配置的1个总目标、2个子目标、6个评价指标、7种配置方式和10个配置单元。研发了黄河泥沙空间优化配置数学模型,该模型由河道水沙动力学模型和泥沙多目标优化配置模型两个子模型构成。河道水沙动力学模型计算河道平滩流量、滩槽冲淤量和引水含沙量等,泥沙多目标优化配置模型由综合目标函数和配置约束条件构成。优化配置方案由两个子模型联合计算而得。本文介绍了优化配置模型的计算过程和采用的计算参数。

长江中游瓦口子至马家咀河段二维水沙数学模型

针对长江中游瓦口子至马家咀河段(弯曲分汊河段)的水沙运动特点,给出了二维水沙数学模型尤其是推移质不平衡输沙计算的模式,主要包括推移质不平衡输沙方程、床沙级配方程、河床变形方程;对模型中的几个关键问题提出了处理方法,如非均匀沙起动及输移规律、床面混合层厚度等。利用大量的水流及河床变形资料,率定了模型的一些参数,进行了水面线、流速分布及河床变形的详细验证。在此基础上,根据设计部门提供的进出口水沙边界条件,预测了三峡工程蓄水初期该河段的冲淤过程与分布及航道条件的变化。

二维水沙数学模型在复杂河道治理中的应用

本文结合北江下游具体河段,针对河段弯曲及河道分汊的特性,考虑岸滩崩塌展宽进行边界处理,建立了二维平原型弯曲河道水沙数学模型,正确地计算模拟了河段中大江心洲和丁坝的绕流阻水现象,准确地处理了滩地漫水、鱼塘及挖沙坑蓄水及其对河道演化趋势的影响,为河道的科学治理提供了依据。在计算方法上,本文采用了二维有限元的方法,可进行网格自动剖分和局部加密计算模拟。

多沙水库准二维泥沙数学模型

本文介绍了作者提出的水库泥沙数学模型，在该模型建立过程中，引入了水流挟沙力统一公式、泥沙级配计算公式、异重流运动最新成果和因考虑异质粒子与紊流场相互作用而给出的泥沙运动修正方程等，初步验算结果表明，本水库数学模型具有很强的适应性和模拟功能。

河道疏浚工程悬浮物影响预测模型

介绍用于预测河道疏浚施工活动对周围水体悬浮物质量浓度影响的数学模型。针对衰减模型预测方法存在的不足,提出基于泥沙运动方程的预测模型,并将该模型运用于工程实践。采用泥沙模型对深圳经济特区罗芳村附近施工时深圳河不同工况(雨季、旱季)的悬浮物质量浓度沿程分布进行模拟,结果表明其能够反映泥沙运动的真实情形。该模型已运用于第4期深圳河治理工程的环境影响评价中,效果较好。

黄河中下游大型水库对下游河道的减淤作用

本文采用泥沙数学模型分别对小浪底水库单独运用以及小浪底与古贤水库联合运用的20个可能运行方案条件下,黄河下游河道的冲淤过程和发展趋势进行了计算研究。结果表明,在黄河上修建大型水利枢纽工程对减轻黄河下游河道淤积,遏制河床抬升具有明显作用。结合三门峡水库运用以来的实测资料,分析了大型水利枢纽工程运用与下游河道演变的内在规律,建立了小浪底水库出库水沙与下游河道泥沙冲淤的量化关系,给出了维持下游河道冲淤平衡的临界条件,为通过大型水利枢纽工程运用来减轻黄河下游河道泥沙淤积提供科学依据。

不同治理方案下黄河下游河道的冲淤变化研究

为定量比较黄河下游河道现状治理方案(简称为宽河方案)及"两道防线"模式中的防护堤窄河方案(属于常态下的窄河方案)下的河床冲淤变化,通过适用于长历时与长河段的准二维水沙数学模型,引入河床综合稳定性指标作为河相关系均衡调整准则,针对未来黄河年均来沙分别为3亿、6亿、8亿t这3种50 a水沙系列条件进行了模拟计算。结果表明:在来沙量客观上明显减少的趋势下,窄河治理方案不仅有利于滩区的防洪减灾,而且比现状治理方案更有利于河床减淤;若采取年均6亿、8亿t的多沙系列条件开展计算,则窄河方案比宽河方案在小浪底—花园口河段和花园口—高村河段的减淤效果都明显,而高村—艾山河段略有增淤,艾山—利津河段淤积量亦有所减小。

黄河河口水沙运动的二维数学模型

本文针对黄河河口河道水沙潮波的特点,从水流连续方程、运动方程,泥沙运动方程出发,补充了潮流挟沙能力的计算公式,建立了黄河河道河口二维数学模型。以1982年实测资料,从潮位过程、流速大小和方向及海底冲淤变形等方面对数学模型进行了验证计算。在此基础上开展了典型水沙条件下黄河河口泥沙运动规律的模拟研究。其结果揭示了黄河河口清水沟所处海域的潮流潮汐特性和泥沙输移规律。这些成果与实测资料以及卫星遥感分析结果一致,进一步表明了模型的可靠性。

天然分汊河道平面二维水流泥沙数值模拟研究

基于无结构化网格,采用有限元方法,建立起一种适合于分汊河道的平面二维水沙数学模型,模型采用质量集中的简化处理和预估校正的时间推进算法,较好地解决有限元计算存储量和计算速度。并以武汉天兴洲汊道段为例,进行水沙验证计算,验证结果与实际符合较好,证明模型能较好地模拟天然分汊河道的水流泥沙运动及河床变形情况,因此可为分汊型河道的整治提供技术支持。