Loading Stress Analysis of Cement Concrete Pavement in Mountainous Areas

The suitable cement concrete pavement for mountainous areas is a form of low-cost cement concrete pavement that uses unconventional graded stones in different proportions in ordinary concrete,allowing the concrete to fully contact the stones and form a stable and well-bonded slab with large particle stones.As large particle stones replace a certain volume of cement concrete,they have good economic performance and are a low-cost form of cement concrete pavement.This study researches the use of ANSYS tools to analyze the influence of geometric dimensions and material properties of rigid pavement structural layers on the mechanical properties of pavement structures.

Emergency road network structure and planning optimization in mountainous regions in Southwest China under earthquake scenarios

Emergency road networks(ERNs),an important part of local disaster prevention systems,can provide security to residents and their property.Exploring the ERNs structure is of great significance in terms of promoting disaster prevention and establishing road safety in dangerous mountainous areas.This study considered the ERNs of the Kangding section of the Dadu River Basin as the area for a case study.Complex Network Analysis was used to examine the relationship between the four characteristic indicators of mountain roads and the degree of earthquake impacts under the Lushan,Wenchuan,and Kangding Earthquake scenarios.Based on the analysis results,the southwest mountain road network was evaluated;then,computer simulations were used to evaluate the structural changes in the road network after index changes.The network was optimized,and the corresponding emergency avoidance network was proposed to provide a reference for the establishment of the mountainous ERN.The results show that the overall completeness of the mountainous ERNs in Southwest China is poor and prone to traffic accidents.Moreover,the local stability is poor,and the network is susceptible to natural hazards.The overall structure of the road network is balanced,but that of certain road sections is not.Road sections with different attributes present a“gathering-scattering”spatial distribution,i.e,some sections are clustered together while others are far apart.Accordingly,a planning optimization strategy is proposed to better understand the complexity and systematic nature of the mountainous ERN as a whole and to provide a reference for disaster prevention and mitigation planning in mountainous regions in Southwest China.

Investigation on long-term progressive deformation of engineering slope based on comprehensive monitoring

A landslide always results from a progressive process of slope deformation. In recent years, an increasing number of slope instabilities have occurred with regard to human engineering activities such as hydropower or traffic construction in mountainous area, which cause even greater casualties and economic loss compared with the natural hazards. The development of such earth surface process may hold long period with mechanisms still not fully understood. Using monitoring technology is an effective and intuitive approach to assist analyzing the slope deformation process and their driving factors. This study presents an engineering slope excavated during the construction of Changheba Hydropower Station, which is located in the upper reaches of Dadu River, Sichuan Province, southwest China. The engineering slope experienced and featured a five-year continuous deformation which caused continuous high risks to the engineering activities. We conducted in-depth analysis for such a long-term deformation process based on ground and subsurface monitoring data, collected successive data with a series of monitoring equipment such as automated total station, borehole inclinometers and other auxiliary apparatus, and identified the deformation process based on the comprehensive analysis of monitoring data as well as field investigation. After analyzing the effects of engineering activities and natural factors on the continuous deformation, we found that the overburden strata provided deformable mass while the excavation-produced steep terrain initiated the slope deformation in limit equilibrium state over a long period of time;afterwards, the intense rainwater accelerated slope deformation in the rainy season.

Response of glacier area variation to climate change in the Kaidu-Kongque river basin,Southern Tianshan Mountains during the last 20 years

Glaciers are crucial water resources for arid inland rivers in Northwest China.In recent decades,glaciers are largely experiencing shrinkage under the climate-warming scenario,thereby exerting tremendous influences on regional water resources.The primary role of understudying watershed scale glacier changes under changing climatic conditions is to ensure sustainable utilization of regional water resources,to prevent and mitigate glacier-related disasters.This study maps the current(2020)distribution of glacier boundaries across the Kaidu-Kongque river basin,south slope of Tianshan Mountains,and monitors the spatial evolution of glaciers over five time periods from 2000-2020 through thresholded band ratios approach,using 25 Landsat images at 30 m resolution.In addition,this study attempts to understand the role of climate characteristics for variable response of glacier area.The results show that the total area of glaciers was 398.21 km^(2)in 2020.The glaciers retreated by about 1.17 km^(2)/a(0.26%/a)from 2000 to 2020.The glaciers were reducing at a significantly rapid rate between 2000 and 2005,a slow rate from 2005 to 2015,and an accelerated rate during 2015-2020.The meteorological data shows slight increasing trends of mean annual temperature(0.02℃/a)and annual precipitation(2.07 mm/a).The correlation analysis demonstrates that the role of temperature presents more significant correlation with glacier recession than precipitation.There is a temporal hysteresis in the response of glacier change to climate change.Increasing trend of temperature in summer proves to be the driving force behind the Kaidu-Kongque basin glacier recession during the recent 20 years.

Growth behavior and resource potential evaluation of gas hydrate in core fractures in Qilian Mountain permafrost area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qilian Mountain permafrost area located in the northern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a favorable place for natural gas hydrate formation and enrichment,due to its well-developed fractures and abundant gas sources.Understanding the formation and distribution of multi-component gas hydrates in fractures is crucial in accurately evaluating the hydrate reservoir resources in this area.The hydrate formation experiments were carried out using the core samples drilled from hydrate-bearing sediments in Qilian Mountain permafrost area and the multi-component gas with similar composition to natural gas hydrates in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.The formation and distribution characteristics of multi-component gas hydrates in core samples were observed in situ by X-ray Computed Tomography(X-CT)under high pressure and low temperature conditions.Results show that hydrates are mainly formed and distributed in the fractures with good connectivity.The ratios of volume of hydrates formed in fractures to the volume of fractures are about 96.8%and 60.67%in two different core samples.This indicates that the fracture surface may act as a favorable reaction site for hydrate formation in core samples.Based on the field geological data and the experimental results,it is preliminarily estimated that the inventory of methane stored in the fractured gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost area is about 8.67×1013 m3,with a resource abundance of 8.67×108 m3/km2.This study demonstrates the great resource potential of fractured gas hydrate and also provides a new way to further understand the prospect of natural gas hydrate and other oil and gas resources in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.

Spatial Layout of Mountainous Elderly Residential Districts

Taking the planning of elderly building for example, this paper explored the spatial layout, entrance/exit design, road space design and landscape design of the elderly residential districts against the background of population aging and increasing demands of ecological residence. In addition, the paper tried to fully use outstanding natural environment in mountainous areas to plan the elderly community, and integrate the characteristics of mountainous community planning and elderly buildings.

西南山区大型水电工程库岸滑坡InSAR早期识别与监测研究进展

我国西南山区大型水电工程大量建设于金沙江、澜沧江、雅砻江流域,但是这些流域复杂的地层、岩性、构造、水文等地质条件导致水电工程库岸滑坡灾害分布广泛,多发频发。合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术凭借其覆盖范围广、监测精度高、不受云雾遮挡等特点为水电工程库岸滑坡早期识别与监测带来了新的机遇,在近年来得到水电工程建设及库岸地质灾害防治相关领域的极大重视。基于此,对西南山区大型水电工程库岸滑坡InSAR早期识别与监测的应用概况进行了梳理,从研究时间、研究内容、研究对象等多角度进行了分析;对水电工程库岸滑坡InSAR早期识别与监测技术的研究现状、研究热点进行了归纳与总结,揭示了以白鹤滩水电站为里程碑,水电工程库岸滑坡早期识别与监测目前已开始进入InSAR技术应用与研究的爆发阶段;最后,探讨了水电工程全生命周期(蓄水前阶段、蓄水阶段、蓄水后阶段)对InSAR技术的不同应用需求与算法适用性。随着SAR数据质量提升与算法进步,InSAR技术必将常规化地参与到水电工程全生命周期库岸滑坡的识别与监测工作中,为水电工程库岸滑坡的早期识别、监测预警、触发机理研究及灾害防治等提供重要支撑,提升我国水电工程库岸滑坡地质灾害防治能力。

Landslide susceptibility assessment in Western Henan Province based on a comparison of conventional and ensemble machine learning

Landslide is a serious natural disaster next only to earthquake and flood,which will cause a great threat to people’s lives and property safety.The traditional research of landslide disaster based on experience-driven or statistical model and its assessment results are subjective,difficult to quantify,and no pertinence.As a new research method for landslide susceptibility assessment,machine learning can greatly improve the landslide susceptibility model’s accuracy by constructing statistical models.Taking Western Henan for example,the study selected 16 landslide influencing factors such as topography,geological environment,hydrological conditions,and human activities,and 11 landslide factors with the most significant influence on the landslide were selected by the recursive feature elimination(RFE)method.Five machine learning methods[Support Vector Machines(SVM),Logistic Regression(LR),Random Forest(RF),Extreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost),and Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA)]were used to construct the spatial distribution model of landslide susceptibility.The models were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve and statistical index.After analysis and comparison,the XGBoost model(AUC 0.8759)performed the best and was suitable for dealing with regression problems.The model had a high adaptability to landslide data.According to the landslide susceptibility map of the five models,the overall distribution can be observed.The extremely high and high susceptibility areas are distributed in the Funiu Mountain range in the southwest,the Xiaoshan Mountain range in the west,and the Yellow River Basin in the north.These areas have large terrain fluctuations,complicated geological structural environments and frequent human engineering activities.The extremely high and highly prone areas were 12043.3 km^(2)and 3087.45 km^(2),accounting for 47.61%and 12.20%of the total area of the study area,respectively.Our study reflects the distribution of landslide susceptibility in western Henan Province,which provides a scientific basis for regional disaster warning,prediction,and resource protection.The study has important practical significance for subsequent landslide disaster management.

基于Landsat时间序列数据的火烧迹地识别与恢复效果评价

为研究大兴安岭地区火烧迹地识别和火后植被恢复状况,基于2006—2020年Landsat TM遥感影像,利用Google Earth Engine编写代码,以2006年大兴安岭地区松岭区那源林场森林火灾为研究背景,以差分归一化燃烧指数(dNBR)为基础数据进行火烧迹地识别,并对火烧烈度进行轻度、中度、重度和极重的等级划分;基于火烧迹地的增强型植被指数(EVI)值,采用一元线性回归分析、用于气候诊断与预测的Mann-Kendall突变检验法和用于做趋势分析的Theil-Sen median趋势分析等方法分析火烧迹地2006—2020年的植被恢复特征,探究大兴安岭地区火烧迹地植被恢复进程。结果表明,1)基于dNBR得到研究区过火面积为2488.7 hm^(2),其中轻度、中度、重度和极重火烧迹地面积占比分别为23.5%、9.6%、35.2%和31.7%,重度和极重过火区分布于火烧迹地西部和东部,过火强度从中部向南部和北部逐渐降低,其EVI值与火烧前相比分别下降了约30%、40%、58%和67%;2)不同烈度林地火烧迹地EVI恢复速率由大到小表现为极重、重度、中度、轻度,植被恢复过程中,迹地EVI值逐渐增加,其中,轻度和中度火烧迹地可在火后6~8 a恢复,而重度火烧迹地的恢复则需14 a;3)火烧迹地恢复过程中,林地EVI突变点较灌草地少,说明森林生态系统较灌草地稳定性强。不同烈度林地火烧迹地的突变情况也存在一定差异,且对照区的突变时间点滞后于火烧迹地。

Spatio-temporal Pattern of Cropland Abandonment in Hilly and Mountainous Areas:A Case Study of Jiangxi,China

Cropland abandonment is common and widely distributed in hilly and mountainous areas.Clarifying the current situation and development of cropland abandonment can provide reference for the rational and classified management of cropland abandonment in hilly and mountainous areas.Taking Jiangxi Province as the study area,and using the Google Earth Engine and Landsat data,the scale and years of abandoned cropland from 2002 to 2020 were calculated by using the random forest classifier and rules for identifying cropland abandonment.The spatio-temporal pattern of cropland abandonment at the county level was analyzed.The results indicated that the overall accuracy of land use classification was over 90%.The cropland abandonment rate ranged from 3%to 5.5%from 2002 to 2020,while the cropland abandonment rate was highest in 2013 and showed a downward trend after 2017.Among the years,the area of first-time abandoned cropland was the largest in 2005.The distribution of the cropland abandonment rate was low in the middle and north,but high in the surrounding area and the south.A notable positive spatial correlation was observed in the cropland abandonment rate,with a gradual intensification of spatial clustering.The LISA cluster map revealed a significant north-south disparity,exhibiting an incremental trend over time in the characteristics of the“High-High”cluster in the Southeastern Mountainous Area and the“Low-Low”cluster in the Poyang Lake Hilly Plain in Jiangxi.The results of this study can provide data for extracting spatial information and analyzing the driving factors of cropland abandonment in hilly and mountainous areas,and they can also provide a basis for the development of policies for the utilization and classification management of abandoned cropland.

基于Monte Carlo法的山区路网应急中心选址

阐述了灾时山区路网各路段组成单元通行概率的分析方法,采用Monte Carlo模拟法对山区路网连通可靠度进行分析和计算,并通过概率解析法来检验Monte Carlo模拟法的计算精度。采用Monte Carlo模拟法分析路网节点间连通可靠度,提出了灾时山区路网应急救护中心优化选址方法。最后,通过实例阐述其计算过程。结果表明:采用Monte Carlo模拟法分析山区路网交通节点间的连通可靠度,找出灾时山区路网连通薄弱环节,为山区应急救护中心优化选址提供依据。

基于ABAQUS的山区高填方路基工程边坡坡比优化研究

基于ABAQUS有限元软件,采用强度折减法,分析山区高填方高速公路不同边坡坡比方案的稳定性,并对不同稳定性下边坡的结构水平位移响应进行分析。结果表明:运用强度折减法计算不同边坡坡比的高填方路基工程,得到的边坡安全系数均能满足要求,优化后方案的边坡坡比在理论上合理;对于所给土料参数,不同边坡坡比的高填方边坡优化后的边坡滑动趋势与原方案相比增大,但并不明显,其稳定性能够保证;对于高填方研究路段,优化后的方案经济效果显著;对于优化后的高填方路基工程,施工难度、安全风险均增加,但可通过施工现场更好地控制施工质量及更为合适的施工方案,并加以解决,建议采用优化后的方案。

寒区路基土PAMCATS固化剂的固化机理

为了研发出适合中国寒区特点的土壤固化剂,利用化学分析方法,将具有表面活性的高分子材料聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为主要成份,添加了铝盐、石灰等其他的辅助成份,组成了PAMCATS固化剂。分析了聚丙烯酰胺与土、石灰和铝盐的作用;在实验室内进行了强度、水稳定性、冰冻耐久性、加州承载比和回弹模量试验,并修筑了试验路段,进行了道路试验。试验结果表明,掺加了PAMCATS固化剂的固化土,具有良好的固结强度、水稳定性、冰冻耐久性和路用性能。

SEAM沥青混合料在寒冷地区应用研究

研究SEAM改性沥青流变特性、SEAM沥青混合料高低温稳定性、水稳定性等路用性能,侧重研究该种混合料在我国低温地区应用的可行性.依据质量替代原则采用SEAM改性剂替换部分沥青制备SEAM改性沥青.采用动态剪切流变试验和弯曲梁流变试验评价SEAM改性沥青的流变特性.采用车辙、低温劈裂、低温弯曲及真空饱水残留稳定度试验评价SEAM沥青混合料的路用性能.结合长春至松原高速公路连接线工程铺筑试验路段,并将AC-13Ⅰ型SEAM沥青路面与常规路段SMA-13沥青路面进行了技术比较.合理替代量的SEAM改性沥青流变特性及混合料路用性能得到明显改善,改性剂替代量增加,混合料低温弯曲破坏应变及残留稳定度降低.SEAM混合料试验路段内路表弯沉、芯样低温条件下的马歇尔稳定度及芯样水稳定性与常规路段SMA路面大致相当.SEAM沥青混合料路用性能优良,由于沥青用量降低所以工程投入减少,应该被推广使用.

基于Android的山区公路边坡稳定性快速评价与应用

西南山区地质条件复杂,局地气象暴雨集中,极易诱发公路边坡等地质灾害,对通行车辆及人员安全构成极大的威胁。通过总结已有研究成果,构建了山区公路边坡稳定性评价指标体系,利用灰色关联分析法与综合指数法建立了山区公路边坡稳定状况快速评价方法,并在此基础上,结合智能手机终端与高德地图服务,利用Android二次开发技术,综合集成地图、气象、边坡等数据,研发了山区公路边坡稳定性快速评价系统(MS-APP)。该系统可以辅助用户进行道路安全线路规划,动态提醒通行人员边坡危险性等级,预防灾害造成重大损失。通过案例应用与检测,表明该系统具有一定的可靠性和实用性,在山区公路灾害防控方面具有广泛的推广价值与意义。

FAO-PM法估算季节性冰冻地区路基土潜在蒸发蒸腾量

为准确估算东北东部山地润湿冻区(Ⅱ_(1)区)路基土平衡湿度,引入联合国粮农组织Penman-Monteith法(FAO-PM)估算气候因素控制型路基土潜在蒸发蒸腾量,以解决Thornthwaite法在负温时潜在蒸发蒸腾量计算值为0的问题。详细阐述了FAO-PM模型中5个气候因素的具体含义,并给出算例说明计算流程;根据Ⅱ_(1)区内6个气象台站月均气象数据计算得到各地路基土潜在蒸发蒸腾量;分析主要气候因素对路基土潜在蒸发蒸腾量的影响规律与程度。研究表明:Ⅱ_(1)区各地路基土全年潜在蒸发蒸腾总量为71.14~87.37 cm,负温时该值为8.27~12.39 cm,占全年总量的9.8%~15.7%;潜在蒸发蒸腾量与各地平均气温的显著正相关关系可在一定程度上削弱与其他气候因素的负相关关系;负温条件下,路基的潜在蒸发蒸腾量与平均气温、平均风速和平均日照时数呈正比,与平均相对湿度呈反比;FAO-PM法估算的逐月潜在蒸发蒸腾量与气象站实测数据的误差范围为0.47~13.22 cm,负温时误差范围为0.47~4.31 cm。因此,FAO-PM法适用于估算公路自然区划Ⅱ_(1)区路基土潜在蒸发蒸腾量,且具有可接受的估算误差。

山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估研究

山区地质复杂、环境敏感、生态脆弱,致使铁路隧道建设难度大,且在资源节约、环境保护等方面面临较高要求。绿色设计作为绿色建设的先行环节,对减少隧道建设对资源环境的扰动作用,达到资源节约、环境友好的目的起关键引领作用。为定量评估山区铁路隧道工程的资源环境影响效应、衡量隧道设计的绿色程度,提出一种山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应分析方法。首先,基于“驱动力-状态-响应”模型(Driving force-State-Response,DSR),以隧道设计参数为驱动力指标、资源环境状况为状态指标、隧道设计措施为响应指标,构建山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估指标体系,并建立各指标分级标准;其次,运用一种具有自学习自调整能力的支持向量回归模型(Support Vector Regression,SVR)对隧道工程的资源环境影响效应进行评估;再次,以驱动力指标和响应指标为分析对象,运用考虑指标间关联关系及叠加效应的敏感性分析法,甄别对隧道工程资源环境影响效应优化具有重要影响的隧道设计因素;最后,以某山区铁路隧道工程为例,得到该隧道工程的资源环境影响效应值为4.7157,对应等级为较好,表明该隧道工程绿色设计水平较好,资源集约节约利用较合理、环境保护力度较大,可为其他类似工况隧道工程的绿色设计提供借鉴。此外,分析结果显示,注浆加固效果是导致该隧道工程资源环境影响效应变化最敏感的因素,其次为清污分流比例,可着重从这2个方面进行优化设计,以实现隧道工程资源环境影响效应的进一步优化。研究结果验证了本文研究方法的适用性和可操作性,可为山区铁路隧道工程资源环境影响效应评估及明确隧道工程优化设计方向提供科学依据。

无人机载LiDAR在山林地区公路定测中的应用研究

为了提高公路工程纵横断面测绘的效率,基于无人机载LiDAR技术在某山林地区的新建公路设计项目中,使用大众可消费的国产机载LiDAR获取真彩色点云数据,经Terrasolid软件分类得到地面点数据采集纵横断面数据。为了检验机载LiDAR测量的断面数据精度,外业采用GPS-RTK的手段测量纵横断面数据,通过实验分析,结果表明无人机载LiDAR在山林地区纵横断面生产中可以提高工作效率,但是应注意特殊环境的内业采集方式,并结合外业实测进行数据检核,以保证成果精度满足工程要求。

艰险山区铁路工程建设管理协同度评价研究

研究目的:随着铁路工程建设规模不断扩大,其所面临的建设环境更具复杂性、艰险性,对铁路工程建设管理协同性提出更高的要求。本文提出科学的艰险山区铁路工程建设管理协同度评价模型,可为艰险山区铁路工程建设管理协同度评价提供一定的借鉴和参考。研究结论:(1)基于协同理论和物理-事理-人理(WSR)要素分析法,构建了艰险山区铁路工程建设管理协同度评价指标体系;(2)采用改进的模糊层次分析法(FAHP)法和基于熵值法的专家赋权法以组合赋权的方式对评价指标赋权,并结合熵值理论,构建了基于协同熵的协同度评价模型;(3)对某艰险山区铁路工程建设项目的协同度进行评价,验证了该评价模型的科学性和可行性;(4)本研究成果主要应用于艰险山区铁路工程建设协同管理领域。

城镇密集区公路桥群绿色建造创新探索

为提升城镇密集区公路绿色建造水平,结合南(沙)—中(山)高速的项目特点及工程需求,将绿色发展理念贯彻到公路设计、施工、运营、养护和管理的全寿命周期,重点研发了公路桥群工业化智能建造、公路资源综合利用、滨海湿地区公路环境保护与粤港澳大湾区交旅融合设计等四类十项创新技术。其中,预制梁环形生产线、非标准八车道等为项目特色首创技术,初步构建了典型城市群绿色桥群公路技术体系,并对未来重点发展方向进行了展望,以期丰富和完善粤港澳大湾区绿色公路技术体系,为其他高度城镇化区域可持续发展提供参考。