Similar simulation device for unloading effect of deep roadway excavation and its application

The unloading effect of the excavation of deep roadways has been considerably studied, but most research methods have been limited to numerical simulations and field measurements. Only a few have adopted experimental methods for similar simulations. On the basis of the theory of mechanics,the testing system is designed considering initial geostress and dynamic unloading. The system includes an impact unloading gear and in-situ stress loading equipment, and a designed three-link structure and the impact hammer can effectively realize the dynamic excavation of roadways.Meanwhile, a cyclic excavation similar simulation experiment on a deep roadway is conducted in a laboratory. The testing system and the relevant monitoring facilities are utilized, and the unloading effect inside the surrounding rock under the cyclic dynamic excavation is studied. Results show that the cyclic dynamic excavation causes significant unloading only in the nearby rock mass, and the unloading indicators show nonlinear changes.Moreover, when the lateral pressure coefficient is 1.2,the damage is concentrated on both roadsides due to the excavation unloading. Meanwhile, the damage gradually decays as the span increases.

Forecast correct model of overpressure attenuation during gas explosion in excavation roadway

Through analyzing experimental data of gas explosions in excavation roadwaysand the forecast models of the literature, Found that there is no direct proportional linearcorrelation between overpressure and the square root of the accumulated volume of gas,the square root of the propagation distance multiplicative inverse.Also, attenuation speedof the forecast model calculation is faster than that of experimental data.Based on theoriginal forecast models and experimental data, deduced the relation of factors by introducinga correlation coefficient with concrete volume and distance, which had been verifiedby the roadway experiment data.The results show that it is closer to the roadway experimentaldata and the overpressure amount increases first then decreases with thepropagation distance.

Permeability and pressure distribution characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock in the damaged zone of an excavation

Research on the permeability and pressure distribution characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock in the excavation damaged zone(EDZ) is beneficial for the development of gas control technology. In this study, analytical solutions of stress and strain of the roadway surrounding rock were obtained, in which the creep deformation and strain softening were considered. Using the MTS815 rock mechanics testing system and a gas permeability testing system, permeability tests were conducted in the complete stress-strain process, and the evolution characteristics of permeability and strain were studied over the whole loading process. Based on the analytical solutions of stress and strain and the governing equation of gas seepage flow, this paper proposes a hydro-mechanical(HM) model, which considers three different zones around the roadway. Then the gas flow process in the roadway surrounding rock in three different zones was simulated according to the engineering geological conditions, thus obtaining the permeability and pressure distribution characteristics of the roadway surrounding rock in three different zones. These results show that the surrounding rock around the roadway can be divided into four regions-the full flow zone(FFZ), flow-shielding zone(FSZ), transitive flow zone(TFZ), and in-situ rock flow zone(IRFZ). These results could provide theoretical guidance for the improvement of gas extraction and gas control technology.

An overview of the thermography-based experimental studies on roadway excavation in stratified rock masses at CUMTB

This paper presents an overview of experimental investigations conducted at China University of Mining and Technology Beijing(CUMTB) on roadway excavation using large-scale geomechanical model tests.The simulated sedimentary rocks are composed by alternating layers of sandstone, mudstone and coal seam inclined at varied angles with respect to the horizontal including 0°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. During the excavation, infrared thermography was employed to detect the thermal response of the surrounding rocks under excavation. The obtained raw thermograms were processed using denoising algorithm, data reduction procedure and Fourier analysis. The infrared temperature(IRT) characterizes the overall rock response; the processed thermal images represent the structural behavior, and the Fourier spectrum describes damage development in the frequency domain. Deeper understanding was achieved by the comparative analyses of excavation in differently inclined rock masses using the image features of IRTs, thermal images and Fourier spectra.

Research on Robotized Advance Support and Supporting Time for Deep Fully Mechanized Excavation Roadway

To keep coal workers away from the hazardous area with frequent accidents such as the roof fall and rib spalling in an underground coalmine,we put forward the solution with robotized self-moving anchor-supporting unit.The existing research shows that the surrounding rock of the roadway has self-stability,and the early or late support is not conducive to the safe and reliable support of the roadway,so there is a problem of support opportunity.In order to study the supporting effect and the optimal supporting time of the above solution,we established the mechanical coupling model of surrounding rock and advance support,and investigated the surrounding rock deformation and advance support pressure distribution under different reserved roof subsidence by using the numerical simulation software FLAC3D.The results show that the deformation of surrounding rock increases and finally tends to a stable level with the increase of pre settlement of roadway roof,and when the pre settlement of roof is between 8-15 mm,the vertical pressure of the top beam of advance support reaches the minimum value,about 0.58 MPa.Based on the above research,we put forward the optimum supporting time in roadway excavation,and summarized the evaluation method based on the mechanical coupling model of surrounding rock-advance support.

Activation characteristics analysis on concealed fault in the excavating coal roadway based on microseismic monitoring technique

In order to effectively monitor the concealed fault activation process in excavation activities, based on the actual condition of a working face containing faults with high outburst danger in Xin Zhuangzi mine in Huainan, China, we carried out all-side tracking and monitoring on the fault activation process and development trend in excavation activities by establishing a microseismic monitoring system. The results show that excavation activities have a rather great influence on the fault activation. With the working face approaching the fault, the fault activation builds up and the outburst danger increases; when the excavation activities finishes, the fault activation tends to be stable. The number of microseismic events are corresponding to the intensity of fault activation, and the distribution rules of microseismic events can effectively determine the fault occurrence in the mine. Microseismic monitoring technique is accurate in terms of detecting geologic tectonic activities, such as fault activations lying ahead during excavation activities. By utilizing this technique, we can determine outburst danger in excavation activities in time and accordingly take effective countermeasures to prevent and reduce the occurrence of outburst accidents.

Analysis on distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face

The three-dimensional damage constitutive relationship of coal is established and distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face under the effect of given deformation of the main roof is analyzed by the damage mechanics theory. And the relationship between distribution of the abutment pressure and thickness of coal seam is explored. The presented result is of great theoretical significance and practical value to the study on stability control of the surrounding rock of road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face.

岩巷综掘面抽尘参数影响粉尘污染扩散规律研究

抽尘系统是岩巷综掘面长压短抽通风方式中控除粉尘污染的重要组成部分,而确定适宜的抽尘参数是实现有效除尘的关键。利用Solidworks软件对某矿632岩巷综掘面进行了物理建模,并进行了ICEM-CFD网格划分,通过网格无关性检验确认了后续所用的网格模型,运用FLUENT计算流体力学软件对不同抽尘位置Dn(n分别为0、1/4、1/2、3/4、1)与抽风量(300~350 m^(3)/min)影响粉尘污染扩散状况进行了数值模拟,并通过仿真试验验证了数值模拟结果的准确性。结果表明:抽尘位置为D0、D1/4、D1/2、D3/4时,巷道内风流整体均处于较为紊乱的状态,粉尘污染经风流运载最终均扩散至整个巷道;抽尘位置为D1时,在抽风与压风协同作用下,距迎头4.6~6 m范围内形成了风向指向迎头、流动均匀且覆盖巷道全断面的有效控尘风幕,粉尘污染被风幕控制在掘进机司机与迎头之间的封闭空间内。抽风量在330 m^(3)/min及以上时,在司机处均形成了有效控尘风幕。为了在有效控尘的前提下尽可能降低能耗,最优抽风量选取最小值330 m^(3)/min。

面间煤柱与顺槽“掘-充-留”一体化科学问题与技术

我国将煤炭作为兜底保障能源的局面短期内无法改变,仍将长时间面临煤炭资源保护与煤基固废利用率低的难题。通过创新采掘方法,同时实现提高煤炭资源回采率、规模化处置煤基固废,为煤炭行业绿色可持续发展提供了新途径。在深入调研煤炭资源开采技术发展现状的基础上,提出了煤矿“掘-充-留”掘进新工法。从大断面巷道快速掘进、连续高效充填和巷道安全留设3个方面,通过理论分析、数值模拟等手段,系统论述了“掘-充-留”工法的科学问题和关键技术,研究结果表明:①针对大断面巷道快速掘进、掘进工作面围岩稳定性控制等工程难题,凝练了煤岩特性与掘进机截割参数匹配机制、覆岩载荷空间传递机制与围岩变形机理、锚杆/索-顶板相互作用关系及支护机制3个科学难题,构建了以掘进区地质环境超前实时感知、落-装-运煤多工序智能协同作业、钻锚支架随掘随支围岩时效控制和大断面巷道防漏风及通风优化为核心的技术体系;②从大断面巷道承载体系及时构建及其承载性能调控两个方面凝练了连续高效充填的科学问题,包括充填体-煤层-锚杆/索协同承载机制、多元固废基充填材料水化固结机制,明晰充填体物理力学特性时空演化规律,建立了充填空间安全高效搭建、充填材料工作性能调控、充填材料流动-固结感知为核心的连续高效充填关键技术体系,相关理论与技术的突破可以为充填材料的原材料优选及配比设计、添加剂开发/选型及工作性能调控、掘进速率及充填步距优化设计、充填体固结监测等提供基础理论依据;③基于巷道安全留设及全生命周期内围岩易断裂、易片帮和易损伤等关键难题,阐述了巷道围岩应力场时空分布特征、巷道变形与损伤演化机制、巷道围岩工程质量监测与稳定性调控理论3个科学问题,形成了以巷道围岩稳定性智能预警、巷道围岩变形控制为核心的关键技术体系。开展煤矿“掘-充-留”工法的科学研究与工程示范,实现固废规模化处置-面间煤柱高效回收-顺槽快速掘进的协同,可以推动煤炭行业绿色低碳转型发展。

煤矿掘进巷道断面尺寸变化对噪声传播的影响

为研究煤矿掘进巷道长空间内断面尺寸变化对噪声传播的影响,采用仿真模拟方法研究巷道内噪声传播,分析煤矿掘进巷道断面积大小、断面形状及断面面积突变率的变化对巷道内噪声传播影响。结果表明:煤矿掘进巷道内断面面积大小、断面形状及断面面积突变率均会影响巷道内噪声的传播,当噪声源功率、频率相同时,声压级衰减随巷道截面积增大而增大;对于给定的断面面积(18 m2),当断面形状不同时,声压级衰减也不同,且断面形状为拱形时会产生明显的声聚焦效应,不利于噪声衰减;当断面面积发生突变时,巷道内的声压级分布会有所变化,其中断面面积由大变小时不利于噪声的衰减,断面面积由小变大时仅影响突变后的声场,而对巷道内整体声压级影响并不明显;巷道内噪声衰减现场测试与数值模拟结果基本一致,验证了搭建的模型及模拟结果的可靠性。

胀锁型锚索双向加固窄煤柱试验研究与工程应用

针对沿空掘巷窄煤柱非对称变形问题,提出了对穿锚索双向加固窄煤柱技术,设计了伸长型和胀锁型两种对穿锚索结构及工艺,开展了对穿锚索拉拔试验,试验表明两种锚索结构均满足抗拉要求,从锚索破坏形态、施工便捷性和材料经济性等方面对比分析,确定胀锁型对穿锚索为窄煤柱双向加固的首选。进一步通过相似模型试验与数值模拟研究了不同加固方式下煤柱承载变形规律和对穿锚索受力特征。结果表明:双排紧密型对穿锚索加固试件较未加固试件峰值荷载提高了96.04%,且随着锚索排数及数量的增加,窄煤柱双向加固稳定性越来越高,胀锁型对穿锚索提高了煤柱破坏前的能量储存量和临界破坏点。最后,在济宁三号煤矿123_(下)04工作面运输巷开展胀锁式对穿锚索加固窄煤柱工程试验,监测显示对穿锚索锚固力超过220 kN,锚索加固区煤柱帮鼓量降低70%,窄煤柱整体稳定性好,窄煤柱双向加固技术可行,为沿空掘巷工程提供了新技术途径。

巷道掘进爆破参数优化设计及施工

大红山铜矿巷道掘进爆破施工中存在超欠挖严重、炮孔利用率低和光面爆破效果差导致围岩破碎等问题。通过爆破理论优化设计和结合爆破现场试验,采用筒形掏槽爆破、间隔装药结构、精确延期时间和合理的炮孔间距的全断面爆破方案。结果表明:综合炮孔利用率能够达到93.5%。半孔痕率较矿山原方案提升了40%左右,平均循环进尺较矿山原方案提升了0.34 m,炮孔利用率较矿山原方案提升了13%左右。

煤巷钻锚一体化快速掘进技术与装备及应用

分析煤巷掘进技术与装备现状及存在的问题,介绍研发的钻锚一体化快速掘进新模式、新技术、新装备及井下应用效果。研发出钻锚一体化锚杆支护技术与设备,包括钻锚一体化锚杆、泵注式锚固剂、钻锚一体化钻臂、钻箱、锚杆仓、锚固剂泵注系统及智能控制系统,将传统树脂锚固锚杆安装6道工序简化为1道连续工序,实现了锚杆自动化“一键”打设,单根锚杆作业时间由原来5~6 min减少为3 min。研发出自动化喷涂支护技术与装备,包括高强、速凝、抗变形喷涂护表材料,抗拉强度超过9 MPa,断裂伸长率超过100%,黏结强度高于3 MPa;研发出6自由度喷涂系统,可实现随掘自动化快速喷涂作业。研发出巷道随掘变形动态监测技术与系统,实现随掘大粉尘、多干扰、低照度环境下的巷道表面变形监测,监测精度能够满足围岩稳定性评价要求。提出煤巷掘支锚运分区并行协同快速掘进新模式,研制出钻锚一体化快速掘进成套装备。对试验矿井陕西陕煤曹家滩煤矿回采巷道掘进过程中围岩位移和稳定性进行了监测,在时间上,巷道掘出2~3 h后80%以上的围岩位移已经发生;在空间上,距离掘进工作面相当于2倍巷道宽度的位置,90%以上的围岩位移已经完成。快速掘进引起的巷道围岩位移在很短时间内就基本完成,要求支护必须及时且快速。在曹家滩煤矿10 m超大采高综采工作面特大断面回采巷道完成近6000 m的巷道掘进工程,打设钻锚一体化锚杆60000余根。锚杆施工时间、支护用工人数及作业人员劳动强度大幅降低,掘进速度、效率及自动化水平显著提高。试验巷道顶板位移量小、完整稳定,支护效果良好。煤巷钻锚一体化快速掘进技术与装备井下试验取得成功,具备了特大断面煤巷月掘进进尺1500~2000 m的能力。

基于机器视觉的煤尘环境下掘进空间煤岩界面感知与精准识别

巷道掘进过程中煤岩识别技术是掘进机截割头自动调整的核心,同样是制约矿山智能化建设的关键难题之一。针对当前采掘失衡,掘进工作面缺乏成熟有效的煤岩识别方案,现有基于图像的煤岩识别模型存在分割精度差、无法灵活部署等问题,提出一种应用在掘进工作面下基于图像分割的煤岩截割界面感知与精准识别方法。该方法结合掘进工作面实际截割情况,采用Mobile-NetV2特征提取网络作为DeepLabV3+的主干网络,使模型更好地兼顾分割精度和模型复杂度;将空洞空间卷积池化金字塔模块输出的高级特征进行通道注意力(SE)操作,分配通道权重以强化对重点特征信息的训练;在主干网络输出的浅层特征引入通道空间注意力(CA)机制,使浅层特征图中的低级表征信息加权,从而设计出融合双注意力机制于DeepLabV3+的煤岩截割界面识别模型。同时搭建煤尘环境下煤岩识别实验平台模拟掘进机截割后形成的煤岩截割面,研发巷道掘进过程中煤岩截割界面采集方法,并以实际矿井的掘进工作面为工程背景,验证该煤岩识别模型的分割精度以及实际应用性。研究结果表明:SE-CA-DeepLabV3+模型的平均交并比和平均像素精度分别为97.15%和98.51%,相较于其他模型具有更优的分割性能。将所建立模型对来自陕北试验矿井掘进工作面的原始煤岩图像进行验证,平均误差为0.7%,每秒传输帧数为43 fps,满足井下现场应用部署条件。

竖井巷道掘进超前地质探测研究进展与展望

以掘进机为代表的机械破岩是未来竖井巷道掘进技术发展的方向,为保障竖井巷道快速机械智能化掘进的安全,超前地质探测是不可或缺的工序。从探测范围、适用条件以及优势不足等方面对常规超前地质探测技术和随掘超前探测技术的发展现状与特点进行了分类总结,常规超前探测技术各有一定的适用范围,在钻爆法施工环境中得到了较好地应用。在面对掘进机复杂的施工环境时,常规超前探测技术难以适用。而随掘超前探测可以实现掘进与超前地质探测同步进行,实时预测工作面前方的不良地质,是井巷机械智能化掘进超前地质探测技术研究的重点。其中,竖井全断面掘进机是综合机械化凿井的发展方向和趋势,但其施工环境非常复杂,基于掘进机破岩震源地震波的超前地质探测是有效的预测方法。针对全断面竖井掘进机破岩震源超前探测方法的难点,即施工环境和破岩震源地震波场的双重复杂性,从多个方面提出了解决思路:针对震源先导信号,采用多种方法联合去噪,压制破岩震源干扰波;对于地震记录信号,采用以互相关为核心的地震记录重构方法恢复有效波场;开展竖井全空间三维立体探测和高精度成像的研究等。此外,开展多种随掘物探方法联合反演能够提高地质判识的可靠性和解释精度。研发竖井掘进机的掘探一体化装备是未来深入研究的方向。

新景矿大断面岩巷综掘技术研究与应用

为提高掘进速度,保证巷道稳定,在新景矿15号煤采区集中辅助运输巷开展了大断面岩巷综合机械化掘进技术的研究。在分析当前施工工艺以及支护中存在问题的基础上,提出了以EBZ320D掘进机和CMM2-25型锚杆钻机为主要设备的综合机械化岩巷掘进作业线。理论分析了锚杆索围岩强度强化理论,结合现场实际情况,设计了以不同长度锚索为主的支护方式。现场应用表明,应用新的综合机械化掘进技术后,巷道变形量小,掘进速度快,施工成本低,经济社会效益显著,应用效果良好。

矿井智能巡检车CO传感器搭载位置优化

为提高矿井智能巡检车CO体积分数监测数据的可靠性,通过运用计算流体动力学软件对山东焦家金矿-630 m掘进巷道的风流分布及CO体积分数时空演化规律进行了分析.研究结果表明,风筒出口至掌子面区段风流状态不稳定,易产生扰动气体体积分数分布的涡旋;在自身性质及边界层流影响下,CO体积分数峰值多分布于巷道顶部,CO传感器应搭载于车体较高位置;衰减段期间巷道两侧CO体积分数变化不稳定,智能巡检车行进时应位于巷道中间附近.与某掘进巷道中CO体积分数随通风时间的衰减变化进行对比,验证了模拟结果的准确性.

煤矿岩巷TBM掘进随掘地震信号特征及其应用

随掘地震超前探测技术可实现探掘平行,为巷道快速智能掘进场景下实时、精准地质保障提供了可能。随掘震源产生的是复杂、变频、连续信号,信号特征认知直接影响数据处理与成像精度,而目前针对岩巷全断面掘进机(TBM)随掘地震信号特征的认知仍不清晰,且暂时还没有针对性开展过信号处理与成像研究工作。针对上述问题,以谢桥煤矿瓦斯治理巷TBM随掘地震超前探测试验为例,分析了刀盘先导信号与岩壁接收信号的时间域、频率域及时频域特征:岩巷TBM随掘地震信号中不同振幅能量成分比例呈现金字塔形,但分布随机,不对称程度较高;机械运转信号能量较大,刀盘先导信号强度是岩壁接收信号的200倍左右;频率域变频特征明显;机械运转信号基础频率较低,刀盘先导信号频率成分主要集中在10~80 Hz与150~200 Hz,主频为36.99 Hz,岩壁接收信号频率成分主要集中在50~200 Hz,主频为137.97 Hz;刀盘先导信号较岩壁接收信号时频域能量团分布更为规则,多次震源激发现象明显,能量团之间的差异性特征表明了多次震源激发时振幅能量与持续时间的随机性。利用脉冲化算法与绕射叠加偏移成像方法对岩巷TBM随掘地震信号进行数据处理与成像试验,结果表明:(1)脉冲化等效单炮记录与利用常规震源得到的超前探测单炮记录特征一致性较强,同相轴清晰且连续性较好,可满足现场探测分析需要。(2)对探测范围内岩体情况的超前预报结果与实际揭露情况一致,说明岩巷TBM随掘地震超前探测可提供有效地质保障。

高应力大断面巷道围岩注浆加固机理及其应用

为解决高应力大断面巷道服务期间变形严重的问题,利用莫尔-库仑准则和力学平衡原理,开展巷道松动圈注浆加固机理和力学模型分析,采用FLAC3D仿真计算软件对4种不同支护形式进行数值模拟,研究不同支护状态下巷道变形演化规律,并开展现场工程实践。研究结果表明:增加承载层的长度可以有效提高巷道围岩的稳定性,注浆加固可黏合破碎岩体,形成骨架结构;分层掘进可减小巷道围岩自由面,从而减缓应力释放速度;滞后注浆可在应力基本释放后对破碎岩体进行最大程度的黏合加固,加固后的松动圈形成整体结构后配合锚杆索支护,能够有效减少围岩破坏以及塑性区发育。实践证明:采用“分层掘进+滞后注浆+锚索补强”支护方案后,掘进期间,顶底板最大移近量约为50 mm,两帮最大移近量约为140 mm,底鼓量约为75 mm;5303工作面回采期间,顶底板最大移近量约为125 mm,两帮最大移近量约为350 mm,底鼓量约为173 mm,虽然回采期间巷道变形量较大,但整体变形可控,能满足深部大断面巷道支护要求。“分层掘进+滞后注浆+锚索补强”支护方案能够有效解决高应力大断面巷道严重变形问题,可在类似地质条件的矿井推广。

基于随机森林算法的隧(巷)道光面爆破参数选择模型研究

为解决隧(巷)道光面爆破中参数选择困难的问题,构建了基于随机森林算法的隧(巷)道光面爆破参数选择模型。模型以围岩质量分级BQ、隧(巷)道断面面积、炮眼直径为输入参数,以最小抵抗线长度、炮眼间距、炮眼深度为输出参数。使用了24个训练样本、7个测试样本进行模型训练及测试,结果表明,炮眼间距、最小抵抗线长度、炮眼深度3个输出参数值与测试样本对应参数值之间的平均相对误差分别为17%、8.8%、22%,可见模型对于最小抵抗线长度的选择效果较好,对炮眼间距、炮眼深度的选择效果欠佳。