Mitigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in roasted beef patties by cold plasma treatment and products quality evaluation

The cold plasma(CP)technique was applied to alleviate the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)in this investigation.Two different CP treatments methods were implemented in the production of beef patties,to investigate their inhibition and degradation capacity on PAHs.With 5 different cooking oils and fats addition,the inhibition mechanism of in-package cold plasma(ICP)pretreatment was explored from the aspect of raw patties fatty acids composition variation.The results of principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components accounted for more than 80%of the total variation in the original data,indicating that the content of saturated fatty acids was significantly positively correlated with the formation of PAHs.ICP pretreatment inhibited the formation of PAHs by changing the composition of fatty acids,which showed that the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased and the total amount of monounsaturated fatty acids increased.Sensory discrimination tests demonstrated there were discernable differences between 2 CP treated samples and the controls,utilization of the ICP pretreatment in meat products processing was expected to achieve satisfying eating quality.In conclusion,CP treatment degraded PAHs through stepwise ring-opening oxidation in 2 reported pathways,the toxicity of PAHs contaminated products was alleviated after CP treatment.

Effects of methionine treatment on storage quality and antioxidant activity of postharvest jujube fruit

Jujube fruits usually suffer from physiological disorders or infectious diseases during storage,leading to quality deterioration,softening,or rotting.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the effect of methionine soaking treatment on the postharvest jujube fruit decay rate and storage quality.Methionine treatment significantly reduced the decay rate of postharvest jujube fruit and effectively maintained fruit color and titratable acid.Methionine treatment effectively delayed the decrease of firmness,soluble solids,ascorbic acid,and lignin contents in jujube fruit.Methionine treatment reduced the content of alanine and phenylalanine,and increased the content of glycine in jujube fruit,but displayed no significant effect on total amino acid content.In addition,jujube fruits in the methionine treatment group had a higher total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity,both in free and bound forms.Compared with the control,methionine treatment also significantly increased the content of individual phenolic acid fractions(gallic acid,vanillic acid,and syringic acid)and flavonoid fractions(catechin,epicatechin,rutin)in free form as well as individual phenolic acid fractions in bound form(gallic acid and ferulic acid)in jujube fruits.Overall,this study suggested that the methionine treatment could be used as a prospective preservative to reduce the postharvest decay of jujube fruit and alleviate its nutritional quality deterioration during cold storage at 4°C.

Implications of vitamin D for flesh quality of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella):antioxidant ability,nutritional value,sensory quality,and myofiber characteristics

Background Muscle represents a unique and complex system with many components and comprises the major edible part of animals.Vitamin D is a critical nutrient for animals and is known to enhance calcium absorption and immune response.In recent years,dietary vitamin D supplementation in livestock has received increased attention due to biological responses including improving shear force in mammalian meat.However,the vitamin D acquisition and myofiber development processes in fish differ from those in mammals,and the effect of vitamin D on fish flesh quality is poorly understood.Here,the influence of dietary vitamin D on fillet quality,antioxidant ability,and myofiber development was examined in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella).Methods A total of 540 healthy grass carp,with an initial average body weight of 257.24±0.63 g,were allotted in 6 experimental groups with 3 replicates each,and respectively fed corresponding diets with 15.2,364.3,782.5,1,167.9,1,573.8,and 1,980.1 IU/kg vitamin D for 70 d.Results Supplementation with 1,167.9 IU/kg vitamin D significantly improved nutritional value and sensory quality of fillets,enhancing crude protein,free amino acid,lipid,and collagen contents;maintaining an ideal pH;and reduc-ing lactate content,shear force,and cooking loss relative to respective values in the control(15.2 IU/kg)group.Average myofiber diameter and the frequency of myofibers>50μm in diameter increased under supplementation with 782.5–1,167.9 IU/kg vitamin D.Levels of oxidative damage biomarkers decreased,and the expression of antioxi-dant enzymes and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling molecules was upregulated in the 1,167.9 IU/kg vitamin D treatment compared to respective values in the control group.Furthermore,vitamin D supplementation activated cell differentiation by enhancing the expression of myogenic regulatory factors and myocyte enhancer factors compared to that in the control group.In addition,supplementation with 1,167.9 IU/kg vitamin D improved protein deposition associated with protein synthesis molecule(target of rapamycin)signaling and vitamin D receptor paralogs,along with inhibition of protein degradation(forkhead box protein 1)signaling.Conclusions Overall,the results demonstrated that vitamin D strengthened antioxidant ability and myofiber devel-opment,thereby enhancing nutritional value and sensory quality of fish flesh.These findings suggest that dietary vitamin D supplementation is conducive to the production of nutrient-rich,high quality aquaculture products.

挤压重组米食用品质研究进展

挤压重组米因其丰富的营养价值及特殊的功能作用而被越来越多的人接受,然而,人们也普遍认为挤压重组米食用品质不如天然大米。本文综述了目前常见的3种挤压重组米(营养强化型重组米、低GI重组米和挤压型方便米饭)的研究现状,从重组米原辅材料、挤压工艺和蒸煮条件等多角度系统性阐述挤压重组米食用品质的影响因素,并探讨了淀粉、脂质和蛋白质等组分对重组米食用品质的影响,以期为挤压重组米食用品质的改善提供参考。

室温贮藏对花果香红茶风味品质的影响

为探明室温贮藏对花果香红茶风味品质和生化组成的影响,本研究比较了4种不同年份(0、1、2、3a)花果香红茶风味感官品质,并采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术和超高效液相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱对花果香红茶中挥发性化合物和非挥发性化合物进行检测。结果表明,室温贮藏对花果香红茶的感官品质影响显著,室温贮藏3 a茶叶失去花果香品质特征,以陈酸等品质特征为主。基于主成分分析和系统聚类分析均可将供试茶样划分成不同年份的4个类群,基于偏最小二乘判别分析和单因素方差分析可从不同贮藏年份花果香红茶中筛选出芳樟醇、顺式-β-罗勒烯、己酸等15种挥发性差异化合物(变量投影重要性(variable importance in project,VIP)>1和P<0.05),茶氨酸、表儿茶素、葡萄糖酸等154种非挥发性差异化合物(VIP>2和P<0.05)。挥发性化合物中芳樟醇、己醛、顺式-β-罗勒烯、2-戊基呋喃等的含量随贮藏年份增加而减少,而己酸、二氢猕猴桃内酯、1-乙基-2-甲酰基吡咯、反式-β-紫罗兰酮等的含量随贮藏年份增加而增加。非挥发性化合物中大部分氨基酸类、核苷酸类、糖类、茶多酚等的含量随贮藏时间延长而减少,而有机酸和脂类化合物等的含量多呈增加趋势。研究结果可为阐明花果香红茶贮藏过程的风味品质变化提供科学依据,也有利于引导市场理性存茶和科学消费。

黄芪药渣与全株玉米混合青贮对饲料感官、发酵品质及营养成分的影响

本试验探讨黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus(Fisch.) Bunge)药渣和全株玉米(Zea mays L.)混合青贮对青贮饲料感官、发酵品质及营养成分的影响,旨在为黄芪药渣及其它中药渣饲料资源化应用提供新途径。共设4个混合水平,黄芪药渣分别占全株玉米鲜重的0%,5%,10%,15%。青贮饲料发酵240 d后,取样检测评定。结果表明:黄芪药渣和全株玉米混合青贮有利于改善青贮饲料的气味和结构;0%混合水平的饲料pH值、乙酸(Acetic acid, AA)和氨态氮(Ammoniacal nitrogen, NH3-N)含量显著高于其他混合水平(P<0.05);乳酸(Lactic acid, LA)含量显著低于其他混合水平(P<0.05);0%混合水平饲料粗蛋白(Crude protein, CP)、磷(Phosphorus)含量显著低于其他混合水平(P<0.05),5%混合水平CP、粗脂肪(Ether Extract, EE)、P含量显著高于其它混合水平(P<0.05);随着混合水平升高,干物质(Dry matter, DM)、中性洗涤纤维(Neutral detergen fiber, NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(Acid detergent fiber, ADF)含量显著升高(P<0.05)。综上所述,5%混合水平饲料青贮品质较好。

辣木与高丹草混合青贮效果的研究

辣木(Moringa oleifera)富含蛋白质、维生素、矿物元素和不饱和脂肪酸,高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanese)含糖量高且生物产量大,两者均为营养丰富饲料资源。本研究将辣木叶(Y)、辣木枝(Z)与辣木枝叶(ZY)分别以6个比例(0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)与高丹草(G)混贮,青贮40 d后检测青贮饲草的感官品质(气味、色泽、质地)、发酵品质(有机酸含量)和营养成分[粗蛋白(CP)、粗纤维(CF)、粗脂肪(EE)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗灰分(Ash)、碳水化合物(WSC)],探究不同辣木组织(Y、Z、ZY)和高丹草适宜的混合青贮比例。结果显示,高丹草单贮感官评定总分最高,辣木叶与高丹草混贮平均分次之,辣木枝叶混贮感官评分等级最低;80%辣木叶与20%高丹草混贮显著降低了CF和NDF含量,40%辣木枝与60%高丹草混贮显著降低了CF含量并提高了NFE含量,60%辣木枝叶与40%高丹草混贮显著降低了CF含量并提高了EE含量。综上所述,辣木叶、枝、枝叶与高丹草最佳混贮比例分别为80%、40%和60%,辣木叶与高丹草以80%和20%混贮时效果最佳,本研究为有效利用辣木与高丹草资源从而促进云南生态畜牧业的可持续发展提供了依据。

基于智能感官和气相色谱-离子迁移谱分析贮藏年限对酱香型白酒的影响

该研究以采集自河北省邯郸市永不分梨酒业股份有限公司的第四轮次基酒为主要研究对象,基于智能感官和气相色谱-离子迁移谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)技术,探究了储藏年限对酱香型白酒感官品质和风味特征的影响。结果表明,不同贮藏年限酱香型白酒中酸酯总量和总酯含量分别在74.16~85.40 mmol/L和2.89~3.64 g/L,且随着白酒贮藏年限的增加,酒体中酸酯总量、总酯含量、鲜味、有机硫化物和萜类物质含量呈明显下降趋势,而酒体的明亮度、酸味和芳香类物质含量则明显升高。通过GC-IMS共定性了49种挥发性化合物,可以有效区分不同储藏年限酱香型白酒。筛选出18种变量投影重要性(variable importance in the projection,VIP)值>1且P<0.05的关键差异化合物,并从中挑选出6个相对气味活度值(relative odor activity value,ROAV)>1的香气化合物,其中3-甲基丁酸乙酯和2-甲基丁酸乙酯在贮藏10年的酱香型白酒中ROAV显著偏高(P<0.05),且其对白酒的明亮度、酸味、苦味、涩味、咸味和芳香风味等感官品质具有积极作用。因此,贮藏10年的酱香型白酒品质更佳,该研究为酱香型白酒选择合适的贮藏时间提供了理论依据。

Assessment of quality of bread incorporated with defatted sweet orange seed flour

The effect of incorporation of defatted flour from seeds of sweet orange on wheat flour bread quality was investigated.Seeds were removed from the fruits of sweet orange,sun dried,milled and defatted with ethanol.The defatted orange seed flour was incorporated into wheat flour at 5,10,and 15%.The chemical composition and physicochemical properties of the composite flours were assessed.The composite flours were used to prepare breads and the nutrients composition,antioxidant,physical and sensory qualities of the breads were determined.The water absorption,oil absorption,emulsifying and swelling capacities increased while foaming capacity and bulk density decreased with the addition of the defatted seed flour in the blends.The addition of defatted seed flour increased significantly(P<0.05)the ash(1.98%–3.05%),crude fiber(1.26%–2.98%)and carbohydrate(47.78%–55.90%)contents but decreased the moisture(23.59%–20.37%),crude fat(12.43%–8.98%)and protein(12.96%–8.72%)contents of the breads.The calcium,sodium,iron and zinc contents improved but phosphorus and potassium levels decreased with the incorporation of the defatted seed flour.The phenols,flavonoids,alkaloids,saponins,and carotenoids contents varied from 85.03–18.59 mg/100g,3.11–7.83 mg/100g,7.30–12.06 mg/100g,1.87–2.06 mg/100g,and 5.46–15.84 mg/100g,respectively.The loaf volume,specific volume and oven spring of breads decreased while loaf weight increased with the incorporation of defatted flour.The antioxidant activities of breads containing 15%defatted seed flour increased over that the 100%wheat bread.The ratings for the sensory attributes decreased with the addition of defatted seed flour in the breads.However,the ratings for the sensory qualities of breads containing 5 and 10%defatted seed flours did not differ significantly(P<0.05)from those of the 100%wheat bread.It is concluded that defatted flour from seeds of sweet orange fruits could be used to substitute 10%wheat flour in bread without adversely affecting the qualities of the breads.

玉米须不溶性膳食纤维分析及其对面包品质和消化特性的影响研究

首先分析玉米须不溶性膳食纤维(corn silk insoluble dietary fiber,CSIDF)的组分和物理特性,再研究其添加量及粒径对面包比容、色泽、质构、孔隙度、感官等品质和消化特性的影响。结果表明,其主要含80.64%膳食纤维和10.15%蛋白质,以及少量的灰分和脂肪,主要由50.41%纤维素和28.80%半纤维素组成,具有良好的持水、持油和膨胀特性,且粒径越大,3种特性越好;添加玉米须不溶性膳食纤维后面包比容减小,色泽加深,硬度增大,孔隙度降低,不同CSIDF添加量及粒径间存在差异,面包品质与CSIDF添加量及粒径基本呈现负相关,综合分析确定粒径最小的D_(1)(平均粒径为24.91μm)最适宜添加,其添加量为3%时较合适;体外消化试验表明,CSIDF可以通过降低面包中RDS含量、提高SDS和RS含量来延缓淀粉的消化吸收,维持血糖稳定。

烤烟上部叶成熟度对烟叶品质的影响

为探究四川省广元产区上部烟叶适宜的采收成熟度,以云烟87为试验材料,设置4个成熟度处理,测定不同处理烤后烟外观质量、化学成分、感官质量及经济效益。结果表明:2021年较常规采收时间推迟3 d采收,上部烟叶烤后外观质量最好,化学成分较为协调,但还原糖和总糖含量稍低于优质烟叶目标;2022年较常规采收时间推迟3 d采收,上部烟叶烤后外观质量、感官质量及经济效益均最好。综合来看,建议较常规采收时间推迟3 d,此时可达到广元烟区上部烟叶采收的最佳成熟度。

基于固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱和电子舌分析不同处理秋刀鱼烤后的风味特征

本实验以不同处理的秋刀鱼(鲜秋刀鱼、腌制秋刀鱼和紫外+冷风干制秋刀鱼)为原料进行烤制,采用电子鼻和固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GCMS)分析其挥发性风味物质的变化规律,进一步采用电子舌测定其滋味特征,并结合感官评价综合描述烤秋刀鱼的风味特征。电子鼻分析结果表明烤制后3组鱼肉具有完全不同的气味轮廓。3组烤秋刀鱼中共检测到38种挥发性风味化合物,由11种醛类物质、4种醇类物质、5种酮类物质、13种烃类物质以及含氮化合物组成,共同形成了烤秋刀鱼以油脂香为主,带有青草香、鱼腥味的风味特征。3组烤秋刀鱼关键风味化合物的含量有显著差异,紫外+冷风干制秋刀鱼烤制后累积了更多的挥发性风味化合物,增添了清香、焦香味,使得其风味特征更加丰富。电子舌分析结果显示,咸味、鲜味和鲜味回味是烤秋刀鱼的重要味觉指标,紫外+冷风干制通过丰富烤秋刀鱼的咸味和鲜味回味从而提升其滋味。感官评价分析结果表明,经紫外+冷风干制的秋刀鱼在烤制后外观、气味、滋味和口感均得到了改善,其色泽金黄、肉质紧实,具有丰富的油脂香气、适宜的滋味和回味,感官可接受度显著提高。综上,3种不同处理的秋刀鱼中,经紫外+冷风干制的秋刀鱼烤后被赋予了更丰富的风味。

云南省‘瑞雪’青苹果品质分析及评价

目的分析评价云南省‘瑞雪’青苹果果实品质与营养指标。方法通过对‘瑞雪’青苹果感官品质、氧化时间及营养指标的检测分析,进行综合品质分析及评价,同时与文献报道的‘瑞雪’青苹果品质进行对比分析,找出富民县‘瑞雪’青苹果的优势品质。结果云南省富民县引种的‘瑞雪’青苹果果实单果较大,果形端正;香气清馨、纯正;果肉高甜微酸,滋味整体很浓郁;果皮硬度高,果肉偏硬、爽脆,整体细腻顺滑,汁水较多;果肉褐变氧化出现在4 min以后,10 min后完全褐变;其营养丰富,富含多种有机酸和矿质元素,且品质优于其他多个产区。结论富民县引培的‘瑞雪’青苹果品质较佳,具有进一步推广种植的潜力。

不同焙炒工艺对芝麻酱品质的影响

焙炒是芝麻酱风味物质形成的关键工艺,对芝麻酱的风味有重要影响,若焙炒温度过低,美拉德反应程度也相对较低,使得芝麻酱风味物质不足;若焙炒温度过高,会产生焦糊气味,使得芝麻酱中风味物质损失。该研究基于此,对比不同焙炒方式下芝麻酱的离心析油率、风味物质和感官品质的差异。研究结果表明,不同焙炒工艺条件下制作的芝麻酱的离心析油率差异显著,当出料温度为170,180℃时,芝麻酱的析油率大小是电磁转锅>微波炉>油浴锅。3种焙炒方式的芝麻酱中共有风味物质有11类,其中烃类、醇类、醛类和吡嗪类为主要的风味化合物。

施氮量对云烟121上部烟叶代谢及品质的影响

为提高烤烟上部叶品质与可用性,筛选出曲靖烟区云烟121适宜的施氮量,分别施用纯氮82.5、105.0和127.5 kg·hm^(-2)进行大田试验,测定不同处理的农艺性状、上部成熟鲜烟叶的超微结构及烘烤后的外观质量、化学成分、感官质量等指标,并进行代谢组学分析,综合评价不同施氮量处理下云烟121的生长情况与上部烟叶品质。结果表明,3个施氮量处理烟株的长势无明显差异,其中105.0 kg·hm^(-2)处理烟株的综合发病率最低。随着施氮量的增加,云烟121上部叶片中的叶绿体降解减缓,淀粉粒与嗜锇颗粒体积增大,其中105.0 kg·hm^(-2)处理烟叶的嗜锇颗粒数量最多。施氮水平影响云烟121上部叶的代谢模式,且主要集中在莽草酸和苯丙烷代谢途径。在105.0 kg·hm^(-2)处理下,云烟121上部叶烤后的外观质量、化学成分、感官质量、经济性状均优于其他施氮水平。由此表明,施用纯氮105.0 kg·hm^(-2)能够有效提高曲靖烟区云烟121上部叶的品质与可用性。

连州不同晒黄烟品种的综合评价

为解决连州晒黄烟品种单一、种性退化等问题,以青梗、8126、塘蓬、连选1号、密托为试验材料,调查分析上述品种的农艺性状、经济性状、化学成分、感官质量和外观质量等指标,以期引进和筛选出适宜连州传统晒黄烟试验点的优质晒黄烟品种。结果表明,不同试验点适宜的晒黄烟品种不同,星子试验点中连选1号的产量和有效叶数最多,ECI、CCUI和感官质量得分表现较突出;孔塘试验点则以密托的适应性最好,在孔塘种植的产量最高,有效叶数最多,因此ECI和外观质量得分较为突出。综合质量得分表明,星子试验点以连选1号为最高,孔塘试验点以密托为最佳。

陈皮牛肉预制菜品质的研究

预制菜是采用各种食材配以辅料,依据现代化标准加工制作而成的成品或半成品,经简易处理便可食用。将传统菜肴陈皮牛肉制作成预制菜不仅能适应当前社会发展的需要,而且能丰富现有预制菜的种类,对预制菜的长远发展具有重要意义。为探究陈皮牛肉预制菜的可行性,文章通过感官评价、脂肪氧化程度、质构、挥发性风味成分等研究陈皮牛肉预制菜的不同包装方式、储存方式、货架期及品质。结果表明,陈皮牛肉预制菜在料液混合包装方式下冷冻保存3 d时感官评价最佳,脂肪氧化程度低,保持较高的食用品质,在此条件下测得其风味物质种类繁多,主要包括醛类、酯类、酮类、醇类、烯烃类等化合物,硫代巴比妥酸反应物值接近于1.0 mg/kg,预制菜的质构等品质接近于传统陈皮牛肉菜肴。

造纸法烟草薄片形态对烟丝理化特性的影响

本研究采用自主开发的烟草薄片切片器制备不同片型烟草薄片,并对烟草薄片烟丝化学成分、整丝率、碎丝率、烟草薄片烟丝卷烟质量和卷烟感官评价进行分析。结果表明,烟草薄片整丝率与烟支空头率呈线性负相关关系,碎丝率与烟支空头率呈线性正相关关系,烟草薄片烟丝结构与烟丝填充值相关性不显著。六边形烟草薄片烟丝整丝率和卷烟感官评价最高,分别为95.88%和91.1分;碎丝率和烟支空头率最低,分别为0.61%和0.8%,卷烟感官评价与烟支的整丝率、空头率等关键指标存在明显的相关性。因此,六边形烟草薄片为适宜的片型,为烟草薄片专用切片机的开发提供了有益的理论支持。

熬煮条件对鸡汤中低聚肽含量和感官品质的影响

为探究熬煮条件对鸡汤品质的影响,文章使用微量双缩脲法测定鸡汤中低聚肽含量,并结合感官评分等指标探究低温煮、超声波低温煮和常压蒸煮对鸡汤品质的影响。结果表明,超声波低温煮的低聚肽含量远远高于低温煮和常压蒸煮,并且3种加工方式的低聚肽含量都呈现逐渐上升的趋势。超声波低温煮在90℃熬制3 h时低聚肽含量达到最高,为0.90 mg/mL;低温煮在90℃熬制9 h时低聚肽含量达到最高,为0.751 mg/mL;常压蒸煮在熬制3 h时低聚肽含量达到最高,为0.747 mg/mL。由感官评价结果可知,超声波低温煮在80℃熬制2 h时感官评分达到最高,为92.8分;低温煮在90℃熬制6 h时感官评分达到最高,为92.4分;常压蒸煮在熬制2 h时感官评分达到最高,为90.6分。

不同叶长·叶宽和单叶重对广元烤后烟叶质量的影响

为明确广元优质烤后烟叶适宜的叶长、叶宽和单叶重范围,为广元地区生产优质烤烟提供数据支撑,2021年在四川省广元市剑阁县5个收购线分别挑选10户种植水平具有代表性的烟农,取X2F、C2F、C3F和B2F等级烟叶样品各2 kg,按等级划分不同叶长、叶宽和单叶重进行烟叶质量评价。结果表明:随着叶长的增加,X2F、B2F等级烟叶总糖、还原糖含量呈减少趋势。随着叶长的增加,C3F烟叶烟碱、钾含量升高;随着叶宽的增加,C3F烟叶总糖、还原糖含量逐渐增加。X2F和C3F等级烟叶随着单叶重的增加,总糖含量逐渐增加,钾含量减少。随着烟叶叶宽和单叶重的增加,X2F烟叶外观质量总分均表现为先增加后降低。随着叶长的增加,C2F和C3F烟叶外观质量总分均表现为逐渐增加,外观质量总分从高到低依次为>75 cm、>65~75 cm、>55~65 cm、≤55 cm。随着叶长、叶宽和单叶重的增加,C2F、C3F、B2F烟叶感官质量得分大多表现为先上升后下降。随着叶长、叶宽的增加,C2F、B2F烟叶感官质量得分表现为先上升后下降。当X2F烟叶叶长控制在>50~60 cm、叶宽控制在>15~19 cm、单叶重控制在>7~11 g时,X2F烟叶综合品质较好;当C2F烟叶叶长控制在>55~65 cm、叶宽控制在>15~23 cm、单叶重控制在>9~13 g时,C2F烟叶综合品质较好;当C3F烟叶叶长控制在>65~75 cm、叶宽控制在>15~23 cm、单叶重控制在>8~12 g时,C3F烟叶综合品质较好;当B2F叶长控制在>55~65 cm、叶宽控制在>15~23 cm、单叶重控制在>9~15 g时,B2F烟叶综合品质较好。