Rheological properties of warm mix asphalt binder by DSR test at medium temperature

The rheological properties including the complex modulus G＊ and the phase angle δof matrix and warm mix asphalt （WMA）binders were measured by using the dynamic shear rheometer （DSR ） test at the medium temperature ranging from 16 to 40 ℃,and the relationships between the fatigue factor G＊ sinδand the matrix binder property,WMA additive and test temperature were established.It is found that G＊ decreases with the increasing temperature while δincreases inversely,and G＊ of the asphalt binder with high WMA additive dosage is large,and δis small.G＊sinδexponentially decreases with the increasing temperature and linearly increases with the increase in additive dosage,and the amplitudes of variation are large at low temperatures and high additive dosages.The effect of WMA additive on the rheological property is more remarkable for the matrix asphalt binder with low G＊.Besides,aging has a great effect on the property of matrix asphalt binder,and a slight effect on the interaction between asphalt and additive.The high additive dosage can increase the fatigue cracking potential of the asphalt binder.

Dynamic properties and liquefaction behaviour of cohesive soil in northeast India under staged cyclic loading

Estimation of strain-dependent dynamic soil properties, e.g. the shear modulus and damping ratio, along with the liquefaction potential parameters, is extremely important for the assessment and analysis of almost all geotechnical problems involving dynamic loading. This paper presents the dynamic properties and liquefaction behaviour of cohesive soil subjected to staged cyclic loading, which may be caused by main shocks of earthquakes preceded or followed by minor foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. Cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on the specimens prepared at different dry densities （1.5 g/cm3 and 1.75 g/cm3） and different water contents ranging from 8% to 25%. The results indicated that the shear modulus reduction （G/Gmax） and damping ratio of the specimen remain unaffected due to the changes in the initial dry density and water content. Damping ratio is significantly affected by confining pressure, whereas G/Gmax is affected marginally. It was seen that the liquefaction criterion of cohesive soils based on single-amplitude shear strain （3.75% or the strain at which excess pore water pressure ratio becomes equal to 1, whichever is lower） depends on the initial state of soils and applied stresses. The dynamic model of the regional soil, obtained as an outcome of the cyclic triaxial tests, can be successfully used for ground response analysis of the region.

Dynamic Crowd Loading Test on Tibetan Ancient Structures

The field test of a typical Tibetan ancient structure instrumented with displacement and acceleration transducers was conducted to measure time histories due to crowd walking and running. The test case is introduced firstly. The displacement time histories are then used to analyze the dynamic property such as fundamental frequency of vertical vibration and damping ratio of the test structure, and the acceleration time histories are applied to evaluate the floor vibration serviceability. The floor interaction and comparison of human walking and running are also discussed. Some valuable conclusions are given.

Property estimation of free-field sand in 1-g shaking table tests

Experimental data taken from free-field soil in 1-g shaking table tests are valuable for seismic studies on soil-structure interaction.But the available data from medium-to large-scale shaking table tests were not abundant enough to cover a large variety of types and conditions of the soil.In the study,1-g shaking table tests of a 3-m-height sand column were conducted to provide seismic experimental data about sand.The sand was directly collected in-situ,with the largest grain diameter being 2 cm and containing a water content of 6.3%.Properties of the sand were estimated under the influence of white noise plus pulse and earthquake motions,including the settlement,the dynamic properties of the sand column,and the three soil layers′shear modulus degradation relationships.The estimated properties were then indirectly verified by means of finite element analysis.Results show that the estimated parameters were effective and could be used in numerical modeling to reproduce approximate seismic responses of the sand column.

Cyclic behavior test of a new double-arch steel gate

A new double-arch structure for the gate used as tidal barrage and sluice was adopted in Caoe River Dam in China. It was a spatial structure made up of the right arch, the invert arch, the chord, etc., and was designed to bear bilateral loads. To research the cyclic behavior of the new double-arch structure, a scale-model cyclic test was conducted. First, the test setup and test method were presented in detail, and according to the test results, the cyclic behavior and failure characteristics of this structure were discussed. Then by analyzing the test cyclic envelope curve, it was found the curve was divided into three stages: the elastic stage, the local plastic stage and the failure stage at the local yield point and structural yield point. The gate model has local yield strength and structural yield strength, with both their values being bigger than that of the designing load. Therefore, the gate is safe enough for the projects. At last, dynamic property of the gate was analyzed considering additional mass of the water. It was found that the tidal bore shock would not cause resonance vibration of the gate.

Dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson(Kolsky)bar system-A review

Dynamic properties of rocks are important in a variety of rock mechanics and rock engineering problems.Due to the transient nature of the loading, dynamic tests of rock materials are very different from and much more challenging than their static counterparts. Dynamic tests are usually conducted using the split Hopkinson bar or Kolsky bar systems, which include both split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) and split Hopkinson tension bar(SHTB) systems. Signi fi cant progress has been made on the quanti fi cation of various rock dynamic properties, owing to the advances in the experimental techniques of SHPB system.This review aims to fully describe and critically assess the detailed procedures and principles of techniques for dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson bars. The history and principles of SHPB are outlined,followed by the key loading techniques that are useful for dynamic rock tests with SHPB(i.e. pulse shaping, momentum-trap and multi-axial loading techniques). Various measurement techniques for rock tests in SHPB(i.e. X-ray micro computed tomography(CT), laser gap gauge(LGG), digital image correlation(DIC), Moiré method, caustics method, photoelastic coating method, dynamic infrared thermography) are then discussed. As the main objective of the review, various dynamic measurement techniques for rocks using SHPB are described, including dynamic rock strength measurements(i.e.dynamic compression, tension, bending and shear tests), dynamic fracture measurements(i.e. dynamic imitation and propagation fracture toughness, dynamic fracture energy and fracture velocity), and dynamic techniques for studying the in fl uences of temperature and pore water.

Experimental study on dynamic mechanical property of cemented tailings backfill under SHPB impact loading

Cemented tailings backfill(CTB) have increasingly been used in recent years to improve the stability of mining stopes in deep underground mines. Deep mining processes are often associated with rock bursting and high-speed dynamic loading conditions. Therefore, it is important to investigate the characteristics and dynamic mechanical behavior of CTB. This paper presents the results of dynamic tests on CTB specimens with different cement and solid contents using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB). The results showed that some CTB specimens exhibited one to two lower stress peaks after reaching dynamic peak stress before they completely failed. The greater the cement-to-tailings ratio is, the more obvious the strain reaction. This property mainly manifested as follows. First,the dynamic peak stress increased with the increase of the cement-to-tailings ratio when the impact velocity was fixed. Second, the dynamic peak stress had a quadratic relationship with the average stress rate. Third, the cement-to-tailings ratio could enhance the increase rate of dynamic peak stress with strain rate. In addition, the dynamic strength enhancement factor K increased with the increase of strain rate, and its value was larger than that of the rock samples. The failure modes of CTB specimens under low-speed impact were tensile failure and X conjugate shear failure, where were nearly the same as those under static uniaxial and triaxial compression. The CTB specimens were crushed and broken under critical strain, a failure mode similar to that of low-strength concrete. The results of the experimental research can improve the understanding of the dynamic mechanical properties of CTB and guide the strength design of deep mining backfills.

Experimental study of the dynamic mechanical responses and failure characteristics of coal under true triaxial confinements

Investigations on the dynamic mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of coal under in-situ stress is essential for the prevention of dynamic disasters in deep coal mines.Thus,a modified true triaxial Hopkinson bar was employed to explore the dynamic mechanical behaviors of coal at different confining pressures(0–20 MPa)and strain rates(40–220 s^(-1)).The results show that the dynamic peak stress is positively correlated with lateral static pre-stressσy andσz,but negatively correlated with axial static prestressσx.At approximate strain rates,increasing the lateral static pre-stress facilitates increasing the dynamic peak stress,but the minimum lateral static pre-stress is the primary factor limiting a significant increase in dynamic peak stress of coal.Furthermore,the dynamic differential stress is linearly related to the logarithm of strain rate,and the peak strain varies linearly with strain rate.However,there is no significant correlation between confining pressure and peak strain.Moreover,X-ray CT images and photographic fracture observations of coal samples show the failure patterns under uniaxial and triaxial conditions are splitting failure and shear failure,respectively.The device provides a viable approach for fully comprehending the dynamic mechanical behaviors of rock-like material in complex stress conditions.

Dynamic mechanical characteristics of frozen subgrade soil subjected to freeze-thaw cycles

As a widely-applied engineering material in cold regions, the frozen subgrade soils are usually subjected to seismic loading, which are also dramatically influenced by the freeze-thaw(F-T)cycles due to the varying temperature. A series of dynamic cyclic triaxial experiments were conducted through a cryogenic triaxial apparatus for exploring the influences of F-T cycles on the dynamic mechanical properties of frozen subgrade clay.According to the experimental results of frozen clay at the temperature of-10℃, the dynamic responses and microstructure variation at different times of F-T cycles(0, 1, 5, and 20 cycles) were explored in detail.It is experimentally demonstrated that the dynamic stress-strain curves and dynamic volumetric strain curves of frozen clay are significantly sparse after 20F-T cycles. Meanwhile, the cyclic number at failure(Nf) of the frozen specimen reduces by 89% after 20freeze-thaw cycles at a low ratio of the dynamic stress amplitude. In addition, with the increasing F-T cycles,the axial accumulative strain, residual deformation,and the value of damage variable of frozen clay increase, while the dynamic resilient modulus and dynamic strength decrease. Finally, the influence of the F-T cycles on the failure mechanisms of frozen clay was discussed in terms of the microstructure variation. These studies contribute to a better understanding of the fundamental changes in the dynamic mechanical of frozen soils exposed to F-T cycles in cold and seismic regions.

Analysis of Chemical Modification Mechanism and Rheological Properties of Polyphosphoric Acid Modified Asphalt

In order to study the chemical modification mechanism and rheological properties of polyphosphoric acid (PPA)-modified asphalt,asphalt modified with different PPA contents were characterized by four-component test,atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).In the test,changes in asphalt chemical composition and colloidal structure were analyzed for different PPA contents,and infrared spectra were fitted with a Gaussian function.The reaction mechanism of PPA and matrix asphalt was also discussed.Based on dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test and bending beam rheometer (BBR) test,rheological index G~*/sinδ and S/m were used to evaluate the modification effect of PPA on asphalt.The results show that,with an increase in PPA content,both large and small honeycomb structures increased in the three-dimensional topography seen in the atomic force microscope (AFM).In a certain space range,some of the micelles in the asphalt are connected each other to form interlocking skeleton structures,and locally form dense spatial network structures.The added PPA does not chemically react with the functional groups in the functional-group area of the infrared spectra (3 100-2 750 cm^(-1),1 800-1 330 cm^(-1)),and the structure is very stable.However,there is an obvious new absorption peak below 1 330 cm^(-1) in the fingerprint area,that is,the chemical reaction between PPA and the matrix asphalt generates a new compound,inorganic phosphate.Infrared spectra of PPA-modified asphalt with different contents were fitted by a Gaussian function,which makes up for the limitation that the absorption intensity information of each superimposed functional group cannot be obtained directly from the original infrared spectra.Results of this qualitative analysis were further verified by quantitative analysis.The addition of PPA can effectively improve the high and low-temperature performance of asphalt,and the lower the temperature is in the negative temperature zone,the more obvious the improvement is.When PPA content is more than 1%,the improvement of asphalt low-temperature performance is not obvious.

土动力学与岩土地震工程

社会发展需求的增长、工程建造能力的提升以及气候变化等环境因素的改变带来的新震害现象、技术手段和工程需求,为土动力学及岩土地震工程研究提出了新挑战并创造了新机遇。文章重点针对近年来土动力学与岩土地震工程领域的一些新现象、新手段和新挑战进行综述,聚焦于土的动力特性、砂土地震液化、土的动力测试和岩土地震工程试验、岩土地震工程数值模拟以及岩土工程抗震等方面,分析当前理论研究和工程实践所面临的新问题和新挑战,梳理近年来所取得的一些最新进展,并对今后的研究方向进行探讨。

下肢外骨骼康复机器人仿真和试验分析

目的为了帮助下肢运动障碍者进行有序康复训练,设计一种下肢外骨骼康复机器人,动力源驱动下肢交叉摆动模拟人类正常步态行走,实现双下肢协调运动,帮助下肢运动障碍者完成康复训练。方法建立外骨骼机器人三维模型、下肢外骨骼机器人D-H模型,对下肢外骨骼康复机器人进行正、逆运动学分析,并将模型导入ADAMS,创建运动副与驱动函数进行运动学仿真,在此基础上制作样机并进行动力学测试试验分析。结果正、逆运动学验证了外骨骼康复机器人空间运动的合理性,ADAMS运动仿真结果与理论计算具有良好一致性,从而保证设计的下肢外骨骼结构与穿戴者下肢同步协调。仿真分析发现理论计算和仿真的误差主要来源于驱动函数误差,动作误差最大为2.15 cm。试验验证髋关节、膝关节运动与参考输入运动具有一致性。但是运动存在误差,髋关节平均误差为5.57°,膝关节平均误差为5.45°,实验发现电机扭矩不足是引起运动误差的首要因素,其次是零件加工误差和装配误差。结论通过理论计算、仿真与试验分析验证了方案的可行性,发现驱动误差、零件加工精度和装配精度可带来误差。研究结果可为进一步完善机器人性能和研究康复机器人动力学影响因素提供基础和参数依据。

分级动荷载下土石混合体滞回曲线形态特征试验研究

城市回填区地层多以松散土石混合体形式存在,自身结构孔隙率大、强度低、工程性能较差,对隧道施工扰动和地铁列车运行等动载作用十分敏感。滞回曲线可反映土体在动荷载作用下的变形、刚度及能量耗散等特征,研究土石混合体滞回曲线对回填区地铁的施工和运营安全具有重要意义。利用KTLDYN伺服电机控制式动三轴试验系统,采用分级加载的方式对回填区土石混合体试样进行了循环荷载试验,研究了含石量P、含水率ω、固结应力比k_(c)和加载频率f对滞回曲线的形态特征(包括中心间距d、长轴斜率k、滞回曲线包围面积S和不闭合程度ε_(p))和骨干曲线的影响。研究结果表明:土石混合体的典型滞回曲线整体呈长梭形,两端呈尖叶状。d、S、ε_(p)随着振级的增加呈非线性增大,k随着振级的增加呈对数关系衰减。同一振级下,d和ε_(p)随着P、k_(c)和f的增大而减小,随着ω的增大先减小后增大;k随着P、k_(c)和f的增大而增大,随着ω的增大先增大后减小;S与P呈正相关,随着ω的增大先增大后减小,随着k_(c)和f的增大而减小。当动应变相同时,动应力和骨干曲线斜率均随P、k_(c)和f的增大而不断增大;随ω的增大先增大后减小。

110 kV干式空心并联电抗器振动台试验与易损性研究

电抗器是变电站的重要设备之一,上部线圈由底部陶瓷绝缘子支撑,整体尺寸大、重心高。由于结构形式的特殊性,其在地震作用下的动力响应较为复杂。本文对110 kV干式空心并联电抗器进行了振动台试验研究,通过白噪声测定了电抗器的自振频率和阻尼比;在0.15g和0.5g人工地震动输入下,测量了电抗器关键部位的应变、加速度和位移响应,分析了电抗器在地震作用下的动力响应规律,探讨了电抗器的可能破坏模式,进一步计算了电抗器的地震易损性曲线。研究结果表明:电抗器的动力特性近似于单自由度体系,一阶自振频率为3.3 Hz,阻尼比为3.9%;电抗器在地震作用下的变形主要发生在绝缘子以及绝缘子-线圈连接部位,上部线圈可认为是刚体;与绝缘子相比,绝缘子-线圈连接部位的刚度较小,变形更集中,是电抗器的薄弱部位;0.15g人工地震动试验后,电抗器自振频率下降3.6%,0.5g人工地震动试验后,电抗器自振频率下降6.3%;根据绝缘子实测应变,考虑地震作用与其他荷载产生的总应力,电抗器的安全系数为2.14,仍然具有一定的安全储备;基于试验结果计算电抗器的地震易损性,抗震能力中值为0.965g,对数标准差为0.4。

火灾下钢筋混凝土梁热力学性能演化试验及数值研究

为研究荷载状态、受火时间等对钢筋混凝土梁热力学性能的影响规律,设计10根T梁分别开展受火试验及静载试验。考虑混凝土高温爆裂、钢筋/混凝土粘结滑移退化等影响,采用Abaqus建立混凝土梁的数值分析模型,并与试验实测和理论计算结果进行对比分析,验证数值分析模型的可行性和合理性。研究结果表明:截面温度,跨中挠度分别随受火时间和荷载比的增大而逐渐升高,基频随受火时间增长呈波动式下降;数值模拟温度与实测温度基本吻合,抗弯承载力的模拟值比试验值稍高,但相对误差均小于10%;模拟频率曲线与实测频率的波动衰减趋势整体较为吻合。研究结果可为混凝土结构火灾损伤评估提供参考。

碳/碳复合材料高温动态拉伸试验技术研究

为了满足碳/碳复合材料和高温动态拉伸试验需求,将大电流加热装置应用于旋转盘式霍普金森拉杆装置,以实现试验所需高温环境加热试样,并辅以水冷装置构成升温系统,同时使用红外测温装置检测和采集系统温度,共同构建碳/碳复合材料的高温动态拉伸试验系统,并采用数值分析模拟不同试样参数对温度均匀性的影响,确定试样尺寸参数。基于所得系统获取了碳/碳复合材料在室温~1 300℃的高温动态拉伸应力-应变曲线。试验结果表明,随温度上升,试样的破坏应变和应力均呈下降趋势。建立的高温动态拉伸试验系统可为开展碳/碳复合材料高温动态拉伸力学性能提供试验技术支持。

列车摘钩机器人的设计与试验

针对国内编组站驼峰的人工摘钩问题,设计了一种双机械臂协同作业的关节型列车自动摘钩机器人。在SolidWorks软件中建立列车摘钩机器人的三维模型,并将模型导入ADAMS软件进行动力学仿真,得到机器人摘钩机械臂的摘钩大臂和摘钩小臂的位置和力矩曲线。在试验室进行摘钩机械臂的阶跃响应试验以及提钩杆空载和负载200 N的摘钩试验。试验结果表明:摘钩机械臂具有良好的运动性能,在阶跃试验中,摘钩大臂的上升时间为0.62 s,超调量为0.08‰;摘钩小臂的上升时间为0.35 s,超调量为0.04‰,二者的超调量小,动作平稳。在带负载的摘钩过程中,当负载力在设计范围内,机器人能顺利完成摘钩动作。

应用霍普金森压杆试验分析柠条动态力学特性

为研究柠条的动态力学特性,采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置对柠条的横纹、顺纹试件进行动态压缩试验。通过改变驱动气压,使撞击杆分别以12、19、26 m·s^(-1)的初速度对入射杆撞击,比较不同应变率时,柠条试件的应力表现、破坏形态。结果表明:在相同的冲击能作用时,柠条顺纹试件的动态屈服应力强于横纹试件;随着应变率的提升,顺纹试件的动态屈服强度变化程度高于横纹试件,且应变率效应亦强于横纹试件。由动态应力-应变特性可知,柠条横纹试件经历弹性变形和弱强化两个阶段,顺纹试件经历弹性变形和压溃两个阶段。对柠条横纹试件动态屈服点后的应力-应变特性曲线,采用修正后的Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构模型进行拟合,获得良好的拟合度。

落锤碰撞载荷下船体板架结构动态力学性能

为研究落锤碰撞冲击下船体板架的动态力学性能,针对2类桁材间距的板架结构设计开展不同撞击速度下碰撞冲击试验。与此同时,为准确开展碰撞问题的数值仿真,进行了不同应变率下的材料静、动态拉伸试验,拟合得到船用高强钢的Cowper-Symonds模型参数并作为仿真输入,得到的落锤仿真结果与试验吻合较好。结果表明,减小桁材间距可有效增加结构刚度,降低最大撞深,但会产生较大的破口。在此基础上,系统分析讨论了桁材间距、锤头宽度对板架动态响应的影响,并给出了较优的桁材间距与锤头宽度之间的比例范围。研究结果对船体结构设计与船舶耐撞性评估具有一定指导意义。