A Robust Extended Kalman Filter for Speed-Sensorless Control of a Linearized and Decoupled PMSM Drive

This paper uses a robust feedback linearization strategy in order to assure a good dynamic performance, stability and a decoupling of the currents for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) in a rotating reference frame (d, q). However this control requires the knowledge of certain variables (speed, torque, position) that are difficult to access or its sensors require the additional mounting space, reduce the reliability in harsh environments and increase the cost of motor. And also a stator resistance variation can induce a performance degradation of the system. Thus a sixth-order Discrete-time Extended Kalman Filter approach is proposed for on-line estimation of speed, rotor position, load torque and stator resistance in a PMSM. The interesting simulations results obtained on a PMSM subjected to the load disturbance show very well the effectiveness and good performance of the proposed nonlinear feedback control and Extended Kalman Filter algorithm for the estimation in the presence of parameter variation and measurement noise.

一种基于Particle Filter的攻击目标高度估计算法

利用目标高度估计确定目标攻击要害点是精确制导武器信息处理中的一个重要内容。传统方法主要有直接利用几何方法估计和扩展卡尔曼滤波器方法,这两种方法精度都不高。Partic le F ilter是一种新出现的滤波方法,在解决非线性问题中得到了广泛应用。利用Partic le F ilter设计了一种新的目标高度估计算法。该算法通过贝叶斯递推方法,避免了在测量方程非线性很强的时候,扩展卡尔曼滤波器不合理的线性化所带来的误差。仿真结果表明,这种基于Partic le F ilter的目标高度估计算法提高了估计精度和收敛的鲁棒性。

Bayesian target tracking based on particle filter

For being able to deal with the nonlinear or non-Gaussian problems, particle filters have been studied by many researchers. Based on particle filter, the extended Kalman filter （EKF） proposal function is applied to Bayesian target tracking. Markov chain Monte Carlo （MCMC） method, the resampling step, ere novel techniques are also introduced into Bayesian target tracking. And the simulation results confirm the improved particle filter with these techniques outperforms the basic one.

Improved Particle Filter for Passive Target Tracking

As a new method for dealing with any nonlinear or non-Ganssian distributions, based on the Monte Carlo methods and Bayesian filtering, particle filters （PF） are favored by researchers and widely applied in many fields. Based on particle filtering, an improved extended Kalman filter （EKF） proposal distribution is presented. Evaluation of the weights is simplified and other improved techniques including the residual resampling step and Markov Chain Monte Carlo method are introduced for target tracking. Performances of the EKF, basic PF and the improved PF are compared in target tracking examples. The simulation results confirm that the improved particle filter outperforms the others.

Study of nonlinear filter methods: particle filter

Extended Kalman filter （EKF） is one of the most widely used methods for nonlinear system estimation. A new filtering algorithm, called particle filtering （PF） is introduced. PF can yield better performance than that of EKF, because PF does not involve the linearization approximating to nonlinear systems, that is required by the EKF. PF has been shown to be a superior alternative to the EKF in a variety of applications. The base idea of PF is the approximation of relevant probabifity distributions using the concepts of sequential importance sampling and approximation of probability distributions using a set of discrete random samples with associated weights. PF methods still need to be improved in the aspects of accuracy and calculating speed.

Particle Filter Data Fusion Enhancements for MEMS-IMU/GPS

This research aims at enhancing the accuracy of navigation systems by integrating GPS and Mi-cro-Electro-Mechanical-System (MEMS) based inertial measurement units (IMU). Because of the conditions re-quired by the large number of restrictions on empirical data, a conventional Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF) is limited to apply in navigation systems by integrating MEMS-IMU/GPS. In response to non-linear non-Gaussian dynamic models of the inertial sensors, the methods rely on a particle cloud representation of the filtering distribution which evolves through time using importance sampling and resampling ideas. Then Particle Filtering (PF) can be used to data fusion of the inertial information and real-time updates from the GPS location and speed of information accurately. The experiments show that PF as opposed to EKF is more effective in raising MEMS-IMU/GPS navigation system’s data integration accuracy.

Gaussian particle filter based pose and motion estimation

Determination of relative three-dimensional (3D) position, orientation, and relative motion between two reference frames is an important problem in robotic guidance, manipulation, and assembly as well as in other fields such as photogrammetry. A solution to pose and motion estimation problem that uses two-dimensional (2D) intensity images from a single camera is de- sirable for real-time applications. The difficulty in performing this measurement is that the process of projecting 3D object features to 2D images is a nonlinear transformation. In this paper, the 3D transformation is modeled as a nonlinear stochastic system with the state estimation providing six degrees-of-freedom motion and position values, using line features in image plane as measuring inputs and dual quaternion to represent both rotation and translation in a unified notation. A filtering method called the Gaussian particle filter (GPF) based on the particle filtering concept is presented for 3D pose and motion estimation of a moving target from monocular image sequences. The method has been implemented with simulated data, and simulation results are provided along with comparisons to the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to show the relative advantages of the GPF. Simulation results showed that GPF is a superior alternative to EKF and UKF.

Optimization-based particle filter for state and parameter estimation

In recent years, the theory of particle filter has been developed and widely used for state and parameter estimation in nonlinear/non-Gaussian systems. Choosing good importance density is a critical issue in particle filter design. In order to improve the approximation of posterior distribution, this paper provides an optimization-based algorithm （the steepest descent method） to generate the proposal distribution and then sample particles from the distribution. This algorithm is applied in 1-D case, and the simulation results show that the proposed particle filter performs better than the extended Kalman filter （EKF）, the standard particle filter （PF）, the extended Kalman particle filter （PF-EKF） and the unscented particle filter （UPF） both in efficiency and in estimation precision.

引入PID反馈的SHAEKF算法估算电池SOC

电池荷电状态(SOC)的估算精度是电动汽车电池组的重要指标。为提升SOC估算精度,在融合Sage-Husa扩展卡尔曼滤波(SHEKF)算法与自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波(AEKF)算法的基础上,增加比例积分微分(PID)反馈环节,形成改进算法。采用粒子群优化(PSO)算法对二阶RC等效电路模型进行参数辨识;用开源电池数据集对模型和算法进行实验和分析。改进的SHAEKF算法在电池动态应力测试(DST)、北京动态应力测试(BJDST)和美国联邦城市驾驶(FUDS)等工况下的平均估计误差都在1%以内,与单纯的融合算法SHAEKF算法相比,最大误差可减小5%。

基于IQPSO-EKF的多传感器融合姿态测量方法研究

为解决自动化竖井掘进设备的定位调姿精度对竖井、孔桩挖掘效率与质量的影响,提出了一种基于改进量子粒子群(IQPSO)-扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)的姿态测量算法,以提高微机电系统(MEMS)传感器测量精度。首先,对MEMS传感器数据进行了预处理(除噪、滤波、校准等);然后,参考现有飞行器的坐标系,建立了姿态解算模型,通过姿态角数学模型及运动学分析,构建了EFK状态方程,针对EKF方法参数估计不准确的问题,以分段混沌映射优化初始种群,引入平均位置最优值来避免陷入局部最优的IQPSO-EFK算法,优化EKF的系统、测量噪声的协方差参数;最后,对改进算法和三组姿态误差估计进行了对比实验。研究结果表明:对比三种典型目标函数,IQPSO-EFK相较于普通粒子群算法(QPSO-EFK)具有更强的寻优能力与收敛精度;对比三组旋转速度姿态测量误差,基于IQPSO-EKF算法的姿态测量方法在测量误差时比真实测量误差减少了约86.3%,比扩展卡尔曼滤波减少了约68.7%,比普通粒子群算法减少了约28.2%,证明该算法有效地提高了MEMS传感器测量精度。

测量噪声下的高超声速飞行器组合观测鲁棒控制

针对高超声速飞行器大包络飞行时,风场等外部干扰和测量噪声导致控制系统性能变差甚至失稳的问题,提出了一种基于状态观测的高超声速飞行器鲁棒控制策略。考虑噪声和外部干扰影响下系统状态受扰的问题,设计了扩张状态观测器(ESO)和自适应Kalman滤波器(AKF)的特殊组合,在统计特性未知的噪声和外部干扰影响下准确估计系统状态。其中,自适应Kalman滤波器用于滤除噪声,为扩张状态观测器提供不受噪声影响的状态估计,扩张状态观测器连续为自适应Kalman滤波器提供外部干扰估计。基于系统状态估计设计线性高斯二次型控制器,实现高超声速飞行器精确轨迹跟踪。最后,通过仿真验证了该方法在测量噪声及风干扰影响下的鲁棒跟踪能力。

基于联合参数辨识的粒子群优化扩展粒子滤波的锂电池荷电状态估计

提高参数辨识的精度和SOC算法的精度是提高SOC估计的关键,该文提出了基于联合参数辨识的粒子群优化扩展粒子滤波的荷电状态(SOC)估计方法。在参数辨识阶段,结合遗忘因子递推最小二乘法在线辨识的优势,弥补粒子群辨识精度高但前期缺乏数据无法实时辨识的劣势,联合进行参数辨识;在SOC估计阶段,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波生成重要性密度函数,去克服粒子退化,同时采用粒子群优化算法优化重采样策略改进采样过程缓解粒子贫化。最后在联邦城市运行(FUDS)和US06高速公路运行(US06)工况下将所提算法与F-PF、F-PSO-PF、FPSO-PSO-PF进行了对比,结果表明,在FUDS工况下,方均根误差分别提高了65.4%、56.3%和43.5%;在US06工况下,方均根误差分别提高了45.8%、35.9%和35.1%,验证了所提算法具有较好的适应性和鲁棒性。

基于粒子滤波和滑动平均扩展Kalman滤波的多径估计算法

多径干扰是高精度定位的主要误差源,估计多径参数对消除多径误差,提高导航系统定位精度具有重要意义。针对扩展Kalman滤波(EKF)在进行多径参数估计时,存在对初值敏感,估计结果在真值附近具有较大波动的缺点,该文提出一种基于粒子滤波(PF)和滑动平均EKF的多径估计算法。该算法首先利用PF得到多径参数的粗略估计值,并将该值作为EKF的初始估计值,以克服EKF对初值敏感的问题。接着对EKF的估计结果进行滑动平均,并将平均后的滤波结果作为多径参数的估计结果。仿真结果表明,改进后的多径估计算法可有效降低估计结果的波动幅度,同时解决了EKF对初值敏感的问题。

基于扩展Kalman粒子滤波的汽车行驶状态和参数估计

汽车行驶过程中的某些参数通常需要通过实验室内较为昂贵的试验设备获得,测量成本较高,而获取车辆的行驶状态和参数对于车辆行驶过程中的控制有着重要的意义。通常情况下,需要将车辆行驶状态变量和侧偏刚度等参数进行联合估计。这些参数将会被用于车辆动力学模型来分析汽车的操纵状态。本文建立了包含定常统计特性噪声的汽车动力学模型,利用龙格-库塔方法模拟模型,引入扩展Kalman滤波技术,生成粒子滤波重要性概率密度函数,对状态和参数同时进行估计,仿真结果表明,扩展Kalman粒子滤波技术改善了标准粒子滤波算法的精度,验证了算法的有效性。

一种补偿的扩展KALMAN粒子滤波

设计合适的重要性概率密度函数是粒子滤波中的一个重要问题。首先分析了扩展Kalman滤波器的线性化误差,然后加入调节因子,采用补偿的方法减小线性化误差,并用此方法获取粒子滤波中的重要性概率密度函数,同时该概率密度函数参考了最新的观测量,因此提议分布产生的粒子更能反映系统状态的后验概率分布。实验结果表明新算法的估计性能优于标准粒子滤波和Kalman粒子滤波,与UnscentedParticleFilter相比,新算法降低了计算复杂度。

自适应渐消扩展Kalman粒子滤波方法在组合导航中的应用

针对粒子滤波存在的权值退化问题,从研究粒子滤波的建议分布函数出发,提出自适应渐消扩展Kal-man粒子滤波方法。该方法使用自适应渐消扩展Kalman滤波产生建议分布,可在线调节参数,从而使得系统具有更好的自适应性和鲁棒性。与用转移先验、扩展Kalman滤波产生建议分布的粒子滤波方法相比,自适应渐消扩展Kalman粒子滤波进一步提高了粒子滤波的精度。

粒子群优化噪声参数的行人导航零速修正算法

针对使用零速修正算法进行行人惯性导航时,固定噪声参数不适用所造成的导航精度较低的问题,提出了一种基于粒子群算法优化噪声参数的零速修正算法。通过最小化零速阶段的滤波器新息序列可以在线调整滤波参数,以适应当前行人运动状态,最后通过对多组惯性数据进行解算来验证算法有效性。分别使用了标准零速修正算法和粒子群优化的零速修正算法对惯性数据进行解算,并计算两种算法解算结果的位置误差,结果表明,提出的算法能够得到更小的定位误差和更平滑的解算轨迹。

采用自适应Unscented Kalman的粒子滤波

针对粒子滤波的粒子退化问题,使用自适应UKF进行重点采样。该方法使用自适应因子调整Unscented Kalman滤波的观测信息与动力学信息之间的权比,使滤波预测值的协方差更趋向真实值。与扩展Kalman滤波、自适应扩展Kalman滤波、Unscented Kalman滤波重点采样方法相比,自适应UKF重点采样进一步提高了粒子滤波的精度。

基于粒子群优化的PMSM自抗扰前馈控制

为提高自抗扰控制器的抗干扰能力,提出基于粒子群优化的PMSM自抗扰前馈控制策略。在传统自抗扰控制器基础上,设计新型级联观测器将观测出的部分扰动项前馈补偿到控制器中,采用粒子群优化算法对控制器中的重点可调参数进行迭代优化,引入扩展卡尔曼滤波器滤除电流测量中的干扰和噪声,提高系统控制性能。仿真结果表明:设计出的控制策略能有效提高系统的抗负载扰动能力,具有更平稳的稳态调速特性。