Analysis of strength characteristics of loess before and after freezing using a hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus

This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the influence of the principal stress angle rotation and intermediate principal stress on loess's strength and deformation characteristics. A hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus was utilized to conduct tests on remolded samples under both normal and frozen conditions to investigate the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of loess under complex stress conditions. The results indicate significant differences in the internal changes of soil particles, unfrozen water, and relative positions in soil samples under normal and frozen conditions, leading to noticeable variations in strength and strain development.In frozen state, loess experiences primarily compressive failure with a slow growth of cracks, while at normal temperature, it predominantly exhibits shear failure. With the increase in the principal stress angle, the deformation patterns of the soil samples under different conditions become essentially consistent, gradually transitioning from compression to extension, accompanied by a reduction in axial strength. The gradual increase in the principal stress axis angle(α) reduces the strength of the generalized shear stress and shear strain curves.Under an increasing α, frozen soil exhibits strain-hardening characteristics, with the maximum shear strength occurring at α = 45°. The intermediate principal stress coefficient(b) also significantly impacts the strength of frozen soil, with an increasing b resulting in a gradual decrease in generalized shear stress strength. This study provides a reference for comprehensively exploring the mechanical properties of soil under traffic load and a reliable theoretical basis for the design and maintenance of roadbeds.

Effect of Initial Stress Conditions on the Threshold Shear Strain of Nanjing's Saturated Fine Sand

By using GDS dynamic hollow cylinder torsional apparatus, a series of cyclic torsional triaxial tests under complex initial consolidation condition are performed on Nanjing saturated fine sand. The effects of the initial principal stress direction αo, the initial ratio of deviatoric stress η0, the initial average effective principal stress Po and the initial intermediate principal stress parameter b0 on the threshold shear strain γt of Nanjing saturated fine sand are then systematically investigated. The results show that γt increases as η0,p0 and b0 increase respectively, while the other three parameters remain constant. ao has a great influence on γt, which is reduced when ao increases from 0° to 45°and increased when α0 increases from 45° to 90°. The effect of α0 on γt, plays a leading role and the effect of η0 will weaken when ao is approximately 45°.

交通荷载作用下考虑累积塑性应变的饱和软黏土应变软化特性研究

长期往复交通荷载将引起显著的路基沉降,而现有路基长期运营沉降分析多数建立在循环三轴试验基础上,忽视了交通荷载下土体单元主应力轴的偏转效应。通过对杭州原状软黏土进行应力控制的空心扭剪试验,研究循环应力比CSR、偏应力固结比K 0、振动频率f的变化与软化指数、累积塑性应变的关系。研究表明:对于各向同性固结软黏土,初始累积塑性应变为负应变,并随着振动次数的增加而逐渐增大(负应变),而K 0固结的初始累积应变为正应变;K 0和振动频率的减小增大了土样的初始累积塑性应变,加快土样破坏速度。在试验结果的基础上,确定软化指数与振次的对数关系表达式,引入累积塑性应变影响因子ζ,建立原状软黏土累积塑性应变模型,为预测和计算地基土层的长期沉降变形提供理论依据。

岩石空心圆柱扭剪试验系统研制

针对深部工程岩体开挖时围岩内部应力状态复杂变化的特点,研制了可实现主应力量值变化和应力主轴旋转等复杂应力路径的岩石空心圆柱扭剪试验系统,可用于开展复杂应力作用下岩石的强度、变形和破坏形态的室内试验研究。介绍了该试验系统的基本结构、工作原理及技术参数。该试验系统具有如下特点:(1)通过利用空心圆柱试样与上、下压头的特点,克服了岩石试样扭矩施加的技术困难,将施加轴向力和扭矩的两个加载轴合二为一,彻底解决了轴向力加载与扭矩施加机构之间相互影响的技术难题。(2)通过采用新型自平衡加载三轴室,实现了轴向力、扭矩、内围压和外围压4种荷载的独立施加和控制。(3)采用应力与流量的加载控制方式,并通过软件集成,实现了主应力量值改变和应力主轴旋转耦合应力路径的准确模拟以及加载过程的稳定控制。(4)该试验系统结构简单,功能多样,操作方便。采用该试验系统进行了初步试验,验证了试验系统的可行性与实用性,表明该试验系统具有实现应力主轴旋转及主应力量值改变的复杂应力路径的功能。

固有和诱发各向异性对击实粘性土强度和变形特性的影响

应用内外室压力不等的空心园柱扭剪仪，对击实粘性土进行了固有和诱发各向异性的试验研究。结果表明，击实粘性土具有明显的固有各向异性，它对土的应力应变关系、强度和变形特性都有不可忽视的影响；不同主应力方向的破坏强度最大差别可达３０％。试样的初始含水量和应力水平会影响固有各向异性程度。诱发各向异性可由卸载和主应力方向旋转产生，它对排水剪强度影响不大，但对应力应变关系和变形特性有较大影响。

主应力偏转角对砂砾料动力特性影响的试验研究

利用空心圆柱动扭剪仪研究初始主应力偏转角α0 对一种砂砾料动强度、残余应变发展的影响。试验结果表明初始主应力偏转角α0 对土的动强度、残余孔隙水压力及残余应变的发展都具有不可忽视的重要影响。随着α0 的增大 ,动强度明显降低 ,残余孔隙水压力减小 。

岩石空心圆柱扭剪仪试验能力

针对自行研制的岩石空心圆柱扭剪仪可独立控制4个加载参数(轴力、扭力、内围压和外围压)的功能,通过数学和力学分析,系统地整理出几种易于实现且符合实际工程的应力路径及加载方式:在轴力与内围压满足一定关系的前提下,可以获取岩石的抗拉强度,提供一种新型测量岩石抗拉强度的方法;通过控制内外围压及轴力,可以进行常规三轴试验与真三轴试验,克服了现阶段岩石真三轴试验中试验装置复杂、试样加载面摩擦大的缺点;在轴力与内、外围压分别满足一定关系时,可以分别实现平均应力p不变与中主应力系数b不变的应力路径,用于研究应力主轴旋转对岩石力学性质的影响。上述应力路径的实现对岩石力学性质的研究以及现阶段岩石室内试验的发展具有重要意义。

空心圆柱扭剪仪的改进及应用

英国GDS公司的中型空心圆柱扭剪仪动力加载功能强,测试精度高,但其研究对象仅限于砂土和黏性土。为开展砂砾土动力特性试验,对扭剪仪进行改进:用实心不锈钢板置换扭剪仪底座中铜芯透水石,得到实心底座,适合扭剪仪试验的土样中最大颗粒粒径由2 mm增大至10 mm。对改进后扭剪仪开展了性能验证试验,结果表明:改进后的实心底座与工作室底座接触较好,在应力控制和应变控制条件下,输出波形完整,幅值稳定,孔压计、轴向位移计等传感器都发挥其功能且测试结果正常,可完成砂砾土动力特性试验。

岩石空心圆柱扭剪仪研制的重点问题及研究进展

随着深部岩体工程的发展,开挖卸荷导致的应力主轴旋转问题引起了广泛关注。首先,分析总结了岩体工程中存在的应力主轴旋转问题及其对岩体工程稳定性的影响;其次,介绍了土体空心圆柱扭剪仪的发展现状及其特点,从荷载的施加方式、试样尺寸两个方面指出了研制岩石空心圆柱扭剪仪的关键问题,并与土体空心圆柱扭剪仪进行了对比,提出了新的扭矩施加技术和合理的岩石空心圆柱试样尺寸;最后,总结概括了考虑应力主轴旋转的土体本构模型的研究成果,并对考虑应力主轴旋转的岩石本构关系的研究进行了展望。该工作将对岩石空心圆柱扭剪仪的研制和相关理论的研究提供一定的参考和指导。

Rock strength weakening subject to principal stress rotation:Experimental and numerical investigations

During the construction and operation of gas storage reservoirs,changes in the principal stress direction can induce fracture propagation under conditions of lower differential stress,potentially leading to failure in the surrounding rock.However,the weakening of strength due to pure stress rotation has not yet been investigated.Based on fracture mechanics,an enhanced Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion considering stress rotation is proposed and verified with experimental and numerical simulations.The micro-damage state and the evolution of the rock under the pure stress-rotation condition are analyzed.The findings indicate that differential stress exceeding the crack initiation stress is a prerequisite for stress rotation to promote the development of rock damage.As the differential stress increases,stress rotation is more likely to induce rock damage,leading to a transition from brittle to plastic failure,characterized by wider fractures and a more complex fracture network.Overall,a negative exponential relationship exists between the stress rotation angle required for rock failure and the differential stress.The feasibility of applying the enhanced criterion to practical engineering is discussed using monitoring data obtained from a mine-by tunnel.This study introduces new concepts for understanding the damage evolution of the surrounding rock under complex stress paths and offers a new theoretical basis for predicting the damage of gas storage reservoirs.

扭转三轴试验综述

阐述了扭转三轴仪的特点，优点和局限性以及它的设计原则。讨论了试验时如何控制不同的应力状态和应力路径。

不同应力分量耦合模式下天津滨海饱和黏性土变形特性研究

地基土单元体在地震荷载作用下将产生主应力轴连续旋转,不同的应力耦合模式对土的强度、孔压以及变形等特性影响显著。利用GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪,对天津滨海软土场地饱和黏性土进行K0固结下的不同应力耦合模式的循环剪切试验。着重对比相同应力路径下竖向和扭剪双向耦合加载模式,内外围压和扭剪的三向耦合加载模式以内外围压、竖向和扭剪的四向耦合加载模式条件下饱和黏性土的变形特性、循环软化特性。试验结果表明:在相同的动强度下,四向耦合应力模式更容易破坏且变形特性以及软化特性较双向、三向耦合下发展更加迅速;剪应力分量对试样软化变形特性的影响更加显著。

半空间SV波斜入射在土体中的应力路径及空心圆柱动扭剪试验模拟

根据半无限弹性空间中地震波的传播理论,给出了SV波斜入射时土体中的应力场计算公式。以天津滨海软土场地为例,分析了不同入射角、不同频率SV波入射下,不同深度土层的应力差异,并以动强度指标理论分析了SV波斜入射下的的最不利情况。利用GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪对土样进行四向加载,模拟了SV波斜入射时的应力路径,并与理论计算值进行对比,验证加载方式的可行性。结果表明:试验得出的应力路径不管是横轴方向还是纵轴方向都偏小于理论计算值,应力路径的长轴方向比较符合理论计算,短轴方向存在一定误差。

复杂应力条件下饱和南京细砂门槛剪应变特性

利用GDS空心圆柱扭剪(HCA)仪,对相对密度Dr=50%的饱和南京细砂进行三向非均等固结条件的循环扭剪试验,研究初始主应力方向角(α0)、初始偏应力比(η0)、初始平均有效主应力(p0)和初始中主应力参数(b0)4个初始固结应力参数对门槛剪应变(γt)的影响。研究结果表明:当其余的3个初始固结应力参数不变时,γt随着任一参数η0、p0或b0的增大而增大;α0对γt的影响较大,且当α0从0°到45°的增大过程中,γt逐渐变小;当α0从45°增大到90°的过程中,γt逐渐变大;当α0≈45°时,主应力方向对γt的影响起主导作用,偏应力比的影响被弱化。

定向剪切应力路径下重塑黄土应力—含水率—应变关系试验研究

为了研究定向剪切应力路径下,重塑黄土的强度和应力—含水率—应变关系,采用浙江大学空心圆柱扭剪仪,针对6种不同初始含水率制备的重塑黄土,在中主应力系数和平均主应力恒定条件下,进行定向剪切试验,重点研究初始含水率对重塑黄土定向剪切特性的影响。结果表明:在相同的初始主应力方向角下,含水率越高的试样,其破坏剪应力对应的剪应变值越小;含水率超过17%重塑黄土强度会骤减。经过分析,充分说明了含水率对重塑黄土强度的影响具有区间效应,为西宁地区黄土工程施工提供了理论指导。

Undrained monotonic and cyclic behavior of sand-ground rubber mixtures

In this study the stress–strain characteristics of sand-ground rubber mixtures are investigated in the sandlike zone,at different confining pressures,using hollow cylinder specimens subjected to torsional monotonic and cyclic loading.Under monotonic loading a mixture of sand-ground rubber with 10% and 25% rubber content show more contraction behaviour than that observed in a pure sand specimen.Phase transformation point in these mixtures are located on a larger shear strain.As expected,the shear strength of specimens decreases with increase of ground rubber content.However,with increasing of effective confining pressure,the loss in shear strength of the mixture is decreased.In addition,a mixture with 25% ground rubber shows a smaller loss in shear strength compared to a mixture with 10% ground rubber mixture.Under cyclic loading mixtures with 10% and 25% ground rubber have similar liquefaction resistance,especially at confining pressures of 110 k Pa and 260 k Pa.Therefore,by using of the mixture with 25% ground rubber,a larger volume of scrap tires could be recycled.The addition of ground rubber to sand would affect the shear strain variation and excess pore water pressure trends,and this effect was further intensified with increasing ground rubber percentage.

动态空心圆柱扭剪试验的离散元模拟研究

为了揭示应力主轴旋转效应对土体宏细观动力特性的影响,提出土体动态空心圆柱扭剪试验的数值模拟方法,该方法采用FDM-DEM耦合技术模拟物理试验中的完全柔性边界条件,并基于动态伺服原理实现柔性约束下循环动剪应力的精确加载。以重载列车荷载为例,建立“心形”复杂应力路径下重载铁路路基土体动态空心圆柱扭剪的数值试验模型,并通过物理试验验证数值模拟方法的正确性,分析应力主轴旋转效应对土体颗粒的运动状态、局部孔隙率、平均配位数、组构等细观特性的影响。研究结果表明,重载列车荷载引起的应力主轴旋转效应加剧了表征土体细观结构各项参数的变化程度,并加快了重载铁路路基土体竖向塑性累积变形的发展。此研究实现了复杂应力路径下空心圆柱试样的动态加载数值模拟,可为阐明土体在复杂应力路径下的宏细观动力特性演化规律提供参考。