A Test Model of Water Pressures within a Fault in Rock Slope

This paper introduces model test results of water pressure in a fault, which is located in a slope and 16 different conditions. The results show that the water pressures in fault can be expressed by a linear function, which is similar to the theoretical model suggested by Hoek. Factors affecting water pressures are water level in tension crack, dip angle of fault, the height of filling materials and thickness of fault zone in sequence.

Effect of the inclined weak interlayers on the rainfall response of a bedded rock slope

Engineering experience shows that outward dipping bedded rock slopes, especially including weak interlayers, are prone to slide under rainfall conditions. To investigate the effect of inclined weak interlayers at various levels of depth below the surface on the variation of displacements and stresses in bedded rock slopes, four geo- mechanical model tests with artificial rainfall have been conducted. Displacements, water content as well as earth pressure in the model were monitored by means of various FBG （Fiber Bragg Grating） sensors. The results showed that the amount of displacement of a slope with a weak interlayer is 2.8 to 6.2 times larger than that of a slope without a weak interlayer during one rainfall event. Furthermore, the position of the weak interlayer in terms of depth below the surface has a significant effect on the zone of deformation in the model. In the slope with a high position weak interlayer, the recorded deformation was larger in the superficial layer of the model and smaller in the frontal portion than in the slope with a low position weak interlayer. The slope with two weak interlayers has the largest deformation at all locations of all test slopes. The slope without a weak interlayer was only saturated in its superficial layer, while the displacement decreased with depth. That was different from all slopes with a weak interlayer in which the largest displacement shifted from the superficial layer to the weak interlayer when rainfall persisted. Plastic deformation of the weak interlayer promoted the formation of cracks which caused more water to flow into the slope, thus causing larger deformation in the slope with weak interlayers. In addition, the slide thrust pressure showed a vibration phenomenon o.5 to 1 hour ahead of an abrupt increase of the deformation, which was interpreted as a predictor for rainfall-induced failure of bedded rock slopes.

Model Test Study on Response of Weathered Rock Slope to Rainfall Infiltration under Different Conditions

Weathered rock(especially granite)slopes are prone to failure under the action of rainfall,making it necessary to study the response of weathered rock slope to rainfall infiltration for landslide prevention.In this study,a series of model tests of weathered rock slope under different conditions were conducted.The matric suction,volumetric water content,earth pressure and deformation of slope were monitored in real time during rainfall.The response of the slope to rainfall infiltration,failure process and failure mode of slope under different conditions were analyzed,and the early warning criterion for the failure of weathered rock slope caused by rainfall was studied.The results show that the slope deformation evolution process under rainfall condition was closely related to the dissipation of matric suction.When the distribution of the matrix suction(or water content)of slope met the condition that the resistance to sliding of the slip-mass was overcome,the displacement increased sharply and landslide occurred.Three factors including rainfall process,lithologic condition and excavation condition significantly affect the response of weathered rock slope to rainfall.It can be found from the test results under different conditions that compared with intermittent rainfall condition,the rainfall intensity and infiltration depth were smaller when the slope entering accelerated deformation stage under the condition of incremental rainfall.The accumulated rainfall when weathered clastic landslide occurring was greater than that of weathered granite,which results in greater disaster risk.The excavation angle and moisture distribution of a slope were the main factors affecting the stability of a slope.In addition,the evolution processes and critical displacement velocities of slopes were studied by combining the deformation curves and matrix suction curves,which can be used as reference for early warning of rainfall-induced weathered rock landslide.

Failure behavior of soil-rock mixture slopes based on centrifuge model test

The stability of soil-rock mixtures(SRMs) that widely distributed in slopes is of significant concern for slope safety evaluation and disaster prevention. The failure behavior of SRM slopes under surface loading conditions was investigated through a series of centrifuge model tests considering various volumetric gravel contents. The displacement field of the slope was determined with image-based displacement system to observe the deformation of the soil and the movement of the block during loading in the tests. The test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity and the stiffness of SRM slopes increased evidently when the volumetric block content exceeded a threshold value. Moreover, there were more evident slips around the blocks in the SRM slope. The microscopic analysis of the block motion showed that the rotation of the blocks could aggravate the deformation localization to facilitate the development of the slip surface. The high correlation between the rotation of the key blocks and the slope failure indicated that the blocks became the dominant load-bearing medium that influenced the slope failure. The blocks in the sliding body formed a chain to bear the load and change the displacement distribution of the adjacent matrix sand through the block rotation.

Model test of the tunnel subjected to high water pressure in Jinping Second Cascade Hydropower Station,China

In the area with high groundwater pressure,grout curtain is often adopted to reduce the water pressure on tunnel lining.A series of model tests for the diversion tunnel of the Jinping Second Cascade Hydropower Station,China,is designed to study the effect of grout curtain.The impact of the thickness of grout curtain,permeability of grout curtain,internal water pressure and drainage inflow on the distribution of water pressure are discussed.The results indicates that under un-drained condition,water pressure is equal to hydrostatic one no matter grout curtain is selected or not,water pressure under drained condition is far less than that of un-drained condition,drainage in tunnel can reduce tunnel water pressure effectively.For same inflow,both increasing of thickness and decrease of hydraulic conductivity of grout curtain can reduce water pressure effectively.For the same water pressure,the smaller inflow of grout curtain,the less volume of water to be discharged.The impact of hydraulic conductivity of grout curtain is more obvious than that of thickness.With increasing of internal water pressure,the water pressure of grout curtain increases too,and the water pressure increases nearly linearly.The proposed thickness of grout curtain for the diversion tunnels is 16 m.

Large-scale model test study on the water pressure resistance of construction joints of karst tunnel linings

Model tests and numerical calculations were adopted based on the New Yuanliangshan tunnel project to investigate the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints in high-pressure and water-rich karst tunnels.A large-scale model test was designed and conducted,innovatively transforming the external water pressure of the lining construction joint into internal water pressure.The effects of the embedded position and waterstop type on the water pressure resistance of the construction joint were analyzed,and the reliability of the model test was verified via numerical calculations.The results show that using waterstops can significantly improve the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints.The water pressure resistance of the lining construction joint is positively correlated with the lining thickness and embedded depth of the waterstop.In addition,the type of waterstop significantly influences the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints.The test results show that the water pressure resistance of the embedded transverse reinforced waterstop is similar to that of the steel plate waterstop,and both have more advantages than the rubber waterstop.The water pressure resistance of the construction joint determined via numerical calculations is similar to the model test results,indicating that the model test results have high accuracy and reliability.This study provides a reference for similar projects and has wide applications.

Model test study of frost heaving pressures in tunnels excavated in fractured rock mass in cold regions

Based on the similarity theory, taking the horseshoe, city-gate and round linings as examples, the value and distribution regularities of normal frost heaving pressures （hereinafter as frost heaving pressures） in tunnels excavated in fractured rock mass in cold regions under different constraints and freezing depths were studied by a test model. It was found that the larger the frozen depth, the larger the frost heaving pressure, and the stronger the top constraint, the larger the frost heaving pressure. For the horseshoe lining and city-gate lining, the top constraint has a greater effect on the frost heaving pressures on the arch and the inverted arch. For the round lining, the influences of the top constraint on the frost heaving pressure in all linings are almost the same. The frost heaving pressure is maximum on the city-gate lining and minimal on the round lining. The largest frost heaving pressure all occur near the foot of the inverted arch for the three kinds of lining. Thus, the test data basically coincide with the observed in situ data.

Centrifuge model test and numerical interpretation of seismic responses of a partially submerged deposit slope

Partially submerged deposit slopes are o ften encountered in practical engineering applications.Howeve r,studies on evaluating their stability under seismic loading are still rare.In order to understand the seismic behavior of partially submerged deposit slopes,centrifuge shaking table model tests(50 g) were employed.The responses of horizontal accelerations,accumulated excess pore pressures,deformation mode,and failure mode of the partially submerged deposit slope model were analyzed.In dynamic centrifuge model tests,EQ5 shaking event was applied numerically.The results indicated that in the saturated zone of the deposit slope,liquefaction did not occur,and the measured horizontal accelerations near the water table were amplified as a layer-magnification effect.It was also shown that the liquefaction-resistance of the deposit slope increased under multiple sequential ground motions,and the deformation depth of the deposit slope induced by earthquake increased gradually with increasing dynamic Ioad amplitude.Except for the excessive crest settlement generated by strong shaking,an additional vertical permanent displacement was initiated at the slope crest due to the dissipation of excess pore pressure under seismic loading.The result of particle image velocimetry(PIV) analysis showed that an obvious internal arc-slip was generated around the water table of the partially submerged deposit slope under seismic loading.

Influence of dynamic pressure on deep underground soft rock roadway support and its application

Due to high ground stress and mining disturbance, the deformation and failure of deep soft rock roadway is serious, and invalidation of the anchor net-anchor cable supporting structure occurs. The failure characteristics of roadways revealed with the help of the ground pressure monitoring. Theoretical analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of mining disturbance on stress distribution in surrounding rock,and the change of stress was also calculated. Considering the change of stress in surrounding rock of bottom extraction roadway, the displacement, plastic zone and distribution law of principal stress difference under different support schemes were studied by means of FLAC3D. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel was proposed for bottom extraction roadway that underwent mining disturbance. We carried out a similarity model test to verify the effect of support in dynamic pressure. Monitoring results demonstrated the change rules of deformation and stress of surrounding rock in different supporting schemes. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel had an effective control on deformation of surrounding rock. The scheme was successfully applied in underground engineering practice, and achieved good technical and economic benefits.

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation on the effect of fissure water pressure in vertical sliding surface

This paper studies the effect of fissure water pressure in different fractures on the critical angle of landslide by laboratory investigation and numerical simulation in order to understand the mechanisms of fissure water pressure on landslide stability. Laboratory observations show that the effect of fissure water pressure on the critical angle of landslide is little when the distance between water-holding fracture and slope toe is three times greater than the depth of fissure water. These experimental results are also simulated by a three-dimensional face-to-face contact discrete element method. This method has included the fissure water pressure and can accurately calculate the critical angle of jointed slope when fissure water pressure in vertical sliding surface exists. Numerical results are in good agreement with experimental observations. It is revealed that the location of water-holding structural surface is important to landslide stability. The ratio of the distance between water-holding fissure and slope toe to the depth of fissure water is a key parameter to justify the effect of fissure water pressure on the critical angle of landslide.

Novel protection systems for the improvement in soil and water stability of expansive soil slopes

To improve the soil and water stability of expansive soil slopes and reduce the probability of slope failure,novel protection systems based on polymer waterproof coatings(PWC)were used in this study.Herein,three groups of expansive soil slope model tests were designed to investigate the effects of polyester nonwovens and PWC(P-PWC)composite protection system,three-dimensional vegetation network and PWC(T-PWC)composite protection system,and nonprotection on the soil and water behavior in the slopes under precipitation–evaporation cycles.The results showed that the moisture change of P-PWC and T-PWC composite protected slopes was significantly smaller than that of bare slope,which reduced the sensitivity of slope moisture to environmental changes and improved its stability.The soil temperature of the slope protected by the P-PWC and T-PWC systems at a depth of 70 cm increased by 5.6℃ and 2.7℃,respectively.Using PWC composite protection systems exhibited better thermal storage performance,which could increase the utilization of shallow geothermal resources.Moreover,the maximum average crack widths of the bare slopes were 7.89 and 3.17 times those of the P-PWC and TPWC protected slopes,respectively,and the maximum average crack depths were 6.87 and 3 times those of the P-PWC and T-PWC protected slopes,separately.The PPWC protection system weakened the influence of hydro–thermal coupling on the slopes,inhibited the development of cracks on the slopes,and reduced the soil erosion.The maximum soil erosion of slopes protected by P-PWC and T-PWC systems was 332 and 164 times lower than that of bare slope,respectively.The P-PWC and T-PWC protection systems achieved excellent"anti-seepage and moisture retention"and anti-erosion effects,thus improving the soil and water stability of slopes.These findings can provide important guiding reference for controlling rainwater infiltration and soil erosion in expansive soil slope projects.

细粒含量对石墨尾矿液化特性的影响

尾矿坝是一种高势能危险源,在地震作用下易发生液化致使坝体失稳溃坝,影响尾矿坝的使用安全。采用动三轴试验方法,以黑龙江省鸡西市石墨尾矿为对象,研究三种循环应力比(CSR)下细粒含量(F_(c))对石墨尾矿液化特性的影响规律;应用Ishibashi孔压模型对孔压增长过程进行模拟;同时研究固结比、围压以及饱和度对石墨尾矿液化特性的影响规律。研究结果表明,随细粒含量的增加,石墨尾矿的抵抗变形能力提高,孔压增长速率减慢,抗液化能力增强;随着CSR的增大,石墨尾矿的抵抗变形能力降低,孔压增长速率加快,抗液化能力减弱;Ishibashi孔压模型可以很好地模拟石墨尾矿液化过程中孔压的发展,对于不同细粒含量下的石墨尾矿非常适用。结果还表明,随着固结比及围压的增加,石墨尾矿的液化将逐渐被抑制,使其抗液化能力增强;随着饱和度的增加,可促进石墨尾矿的液化,使其抗液化能力减弱;CSR越小,各种因素对液化特性的影响效果越明显。研究结果可为石墨尾矿坝的液化研究提供科学合理的理论依据。

Experimental study of water curtain performance for gas storage in an underground cavern

An artificial water curtain system is composed of a network of underground galleries and horizontal boreholes drilled from these galleries.Pre-grouting measures are introduced to keep the bedrock saturated all the time.This system is deployed over an artificial or natural underground cavern used for the storage of gas（or some other fluids） to prevent the gas from escaping through leakage paths in the rock mass.An experimental physical modeling system has been constructed to evaluate the performance of artificial water curtain systems under various conditions.These conditions include different spacings of caverns and cavern radii located below the natural groundwater level.The principles of the experiment,devices,design of the physical model,calculation of gas leakage,and evaluation of the critical gas pressure are presented in this paper.Experimental result shows that gas leakage is strongly affected by the spacing of water curtain boreholes,the critical gas pressure,and the number and proximity of storage caverns.The hydraulic connection between boreholes is observed to vary with depth or location,which suggests that the distribution of water-conducting joint sets along the boreholes is also variable.When designing the drainage system for a cavern,drainage holes should be orientated to maximize the frequency at which they encounter major joint sets and permeable intervals studying in order to maintain the seal on the cavern through water pressure.Our experimental results provide a significant contribution to the theoretical controls on water curtains,and they can be used to guide the design and construction of practical storage caverns.

Comparative experimental investigation of chemical grouting into a fracture with flowing and static water

We present a series of experimental tests on chemical grouting into a fracture with flowing and static water,using a transparent fracture grouting experimental device.Variations of seepage pressure and grout propagation were compared in our investigation.The results show that flowing water results in drops of seepage pressure,development of penetration radii in the upstream side and drops of propagation area during the same period,compared with grouting in static water.The propagation area in static water is always round before grouts reach the joint boundaries.However,the propagation shape changes from round to an elliptic shape for grouting into a fracture with flowing water.A theoretical model for the grout penetration radius in a fracture considering flowing velocity was developed and validated by our experimental results.These results are helpful in improving understanding of fracture grouting mechanism and in guiding engineering practices.

Analytical and Experimental Studies on Wave Scattering by a Horizontal Perforated Plate at the Still Water Level

This research investigates water-wave scattering via a horizontal perforated plate fixed at the still water level through analytical studies and physical model tests.The velocity potential decomposition method is combined with an efficient iterative algorithm to develop an analytical solution in which the quadratic pressure drop condition is imposed on the horizontal perforated plate.The analytical results are in good agreement with the results of an independently developed iterative boundary element method(BEM)solution.Experimental tests are carried out in a wave flume to measure the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of the horizontal perforated plate,and the analytical results agree reasonably well with the experimental data.The influence of various structural parameters of the horizontal perforated plate on the hydrodynamic parameters of reflection coefficient,transmission coefficient,energy-loss coefficient,and wave force are analyzed on the basis of the analytical solution.Useful results for the practical engineering application of horizontal perforated plates are also presented.

三维土工网边坡防护水土保持能力研究

路基边坡防护工程可减轻降雨对坡面土体的侵蚀作用,为深入研究坡面防护材料水土保持能力的定量表征方法,通过室内人工降雨边坡侵蚀模型试验,分析不同降雨强度和不同三维土工网防护下路基边坡的降雨侵蚀规律,提出三维土工网水土保持能力的试验测定方法及相关系数计算公式。研究结果表明:三维土工网防护边坡泥沙流失干质量明显小于相同条件下不设防边坡泥沙流失干质量,土工网防护在减少边坡侵蚀量的同时,有利于边坡侵蚀进程的快速稳定,但土工网的水土保持能力随雨强增大急剧下降。泥沙流失速度随着降雨的持续而逐渐减小,后期趋于收敛稳定,侵蚀历程采用指数函数拟合具有较好的相关性。建议设防边坡的试验降雨时间不少于70 min,不设防的边坡试验降雨时间不小于100 min。水土保持能力系数随雨强的增大呈对数函数关系减小,雨强超过100 mm/h时水土保持能力系数实测值与对数函数拟合值差异较大,建议在测定材料水土保持能力系数时雨强取20~100 mm/h,可取50 mm/h作为标准试验雨强。泡面类三维土工网水土保持能力显著优于普通三维土工网,而双泡面的三维土工网优于单泡面三维土工网。试验条件下凹凸泡面三维土工网的水土保持能力系数主要分布在1.71~3.03,建议50 mm/h雨强三维土工网水土保持能力系数不应小于1.5。

CO_(2)快速吞吐提高页岩油采收率现场试验

页岩油注CO_(2)吞吐提高采收率技术处于探索阶段,目前面临着CO_(2)与页岩储层及流体相互作用机制不明确、数值模拟技术不成熟、缺乏规模注采及低成本回收工艺等技术难题。为探索页岩油注CO_(2)提高采收率主控机理,以苏北盆地溱潼凹陷古近系阜宁组二段页岩油为对象开展了超临界CO_(2)水岩反应实验,分析了高温高压条件下页岩矿物溶蚀作用及其对孔隙度和渗透率的影响,并通过注CO_(2)恒质膨胀实验、最小混相压力测试评价了地层超压条件下注CO_(2)后原油高压物性变化特征,并在此基础上开展考虑多因素数值模拟研究优化了设计注入参数,最终通过矿场试验验证了技术可行性。研究结果表明:(1) CO_(2)水岩反应以碳酸质矿物溶蚀占主导,长英质矿物部分溶解,生成中大孔隙;(2)在地层原油中注入适量的CO_(2),显著萃取了原油中间烃组分,原油黏度从5.151 mPa·s下降到1.250 mPa·s,且CO_(2)首先萃取轻烃组分,随生产时间增加萃取组分逐渐变为重烃;(3)基于人工压裂与天然缝网混合介质组分数模模型,优化设计单井吞吐注气量1.7×10~4 t,注气速度500~600 t/d,焖井时间50 d;(4)低压侧加热的页岩油CO_(2)吞吐地面工艺,可依据CO_(2)注入地面工艺多参数数据模型,实现精准控温,避免注入管线冻堵及井下油管和套管材料低温脆断问题;(5)产出气CO_(2)浓度高于80%时,采用气相回收直注工艺,实现产出气回收成本降至104元/t。结论认为,CO_(2)快速吞吐有效提高了页岩油采收率,形成的机理认识和技术系列可为页岩油注CO_(2)吞吐开发提供参考和借鉴。

含建筑桩基的顺层岩质边坡桩锚支护体系振动台模型试验研究

基于Bockinghamπ定理,对具有建筑桩基的顺层岩质边坡桩锚支护体系开展振动台模型试验,通过分析预应力锚索、建筑桩基的应变以及边坡坡顶加速度,研究支护体系的动力响应规律。结果表明,预应力锚索的应变在地震波加速度达到峰值时达到最大值,且上排锚索受力大于下排锚索,随着地震幅值的增大,最上排锚索锚固段率先发生滑移破坏失去锚固作用;建筑桩基应变最大值点位于滑动面以下一定深度,且远离边坡坡面的建筑桩基受力大于邻近边坡坡面的建筑桩基;坡顶各点峰值加速度随地震波幅值增大整体表现为线性增大,但在Wenchuan-Wolong波(0.55g)和Sin波(0.4g)工况时,各点峰值加速度相对有所下降,随着地震波幅值增大,各点峰值加速度放大系数在汶川波和正弦波作用下并非单调变化,而是表现为先减小后增大波动变化特点。

动水作用下岩体裂隙中颗粒运动规律的试验研究

动水作用下岩体裂隙中的颗粒运动是引起渗透破坏的常见原因。针对天然岩石裂隙的随机性与隐蔽性,采用三维Weierstrass-Mandelbrot分形函数构建随机裂隙通道,并采用3D打印方法获得透明裂隙模型实体,使用微流体控制仪开展动水作用下颗粒在裂隙中的运动试验,分析裂隙粗糙程度、颗粒粒径与裂隙开度的比值(简称粒径隙宽比)、渗流水压力对颗粒在裂隙中起动、运移的影响规律,进而推断岩体裂隙发生渗透破坏的可能性。研究结果表明:颗粒在岩石裂隙中的运动规律与裂隙粗糙程度、水压力、颗粒粒径隙宽比3个因素有关。裂隙粗糙程度越大,或颗粒粒径隙宽比越大,颗粒越不容易开始运动,即裂隙发生渗透破坏的可能性越低。同时,水压力是颗粒运动的主导因素,颗粒粒径隙宽比对颗粒运动的影响与水压力有关。存在一特定水压力临界值,未达到该水压力时,颗粒粒径隙宽比对平均运动速度的影响不明显,超过该水压力后,影响程度显著增大,且该临界水压力值的大小与裂隙粗糙程度有关,裂隙越粗糙,临界水压力越大。

排渗失效下尾矿库溃坝三维模型试验研究

针对尾矿库渗透破坏模式,为克服二维试验槽边壁效应对模型渗流走向及溃决位置的影响,本文以某尾矿库为原型,基于自主设计的三维尾矿库溃坝模型试验平台,进行了排渗设施失效诱发的尾矿库溃坝模型试验研究,揭示了该尾矿库的溃决模式及溃决机理。结果表明:(1)排渗失效导致的溃坝呈现局部流土破坏-坝体累计变形-深层滑动面发展贯通-整体突发失稳的渐进伴突发型溃决演化模式;(2)坝体孔隙水压力骤变是坝体发生滑动破坏的关键响应指标,预示着坝体将在短时间内由滑动体前后缘局部散浸软化、流土、塌陷转变为大范围溃决,可作为坝体溃决事故的前兆信息;(3)排渗失效导致的尾矿库溃坝过程具有渐进性和突发性的特点,发生散浸与流土破坏的过程时间较长,发生深层滑动和溃决的时间短暂,该特征可为尾矿库渗透破坏隐患治理及坝体溃决应急响应提供参考。研究结果对尾矿库溃坝的灾害预防具有重要的现实意义。