A model to determine hole spacing in the rock fracture process by non-explosive expansion material

The application of the non-explosive expansion material （NEEM） is widely used as the controlled fracture method in quarry min- ing, especially in hard rocks. The pressure of NEEM is an important parameter in causing rock fracture. An empirical model based on hole spacing was developed to determine the pressure of NEEM in the rock fracture process. Primarily, the empirical model was developed by the mathematical method, utilizing dimensional analysis. Then, the Phase2 code, which is based on the finite element method, was utilized to predict crack growth in rocks. The results of numerical analysis show slight deviations from the empirical model. Hence, the polynomial re- gression analysis was used to modify the model. Finally, the modified model shows a good agreement with the results gained from numerical modeling.

Impedance Matching Algorithm for Selection of Suitable Explosives for Any Rock Mass-A Case Study

Proper selection of the explosive is an important part of blast design.The judicious selection of explosives is governed by economic considerations and site/field conditions.The mine management desires to select an explosive that will give the lowest cost per unit of rock broken,while assuring that fragmentation,fragment size distribution,muck pile profile,muck pile diggability,displacement of the rock,onset of movement,face movement,burden relief rate,ground vibration and noise remains within control limits.Factors which influence the selection of an explosive include explosive cost,charge diameter,cost of drilling,fragmentation difficulties and fragment size requirement with loose muck pile condition,water conditions,atmospheric temperature,propagating ground,storage considerations,sensitivity considerations,explosive atmospheres and nearness of communities from mine.All these concerns can be handled effectively by using the impedance matching technology where explosive impedance is matched with rock impedance for optimal blast performance with due concern to productivity,economics and environment.This paper discusses a case study in limestone mines where rock impedance was determined by carrying out surface refraction test and a patented algorithm was used to estimate the explosives’properties i.e.VOD(velocity of detonation)and density of explosives required.

Simulations of explosion-induced damage to underground rock chambers

A numerical approach is presented to study the explosion-induced pressure load on an underground rock chamber wall and its resultant damage to the rock chamber.Numerical simulations are carried out by using a modified version of the commercial software AUTODYN.Three different criteria,i.e.a peak particle velocity (PPV) criterion,an effective strain (ES) criterion,and a damage criterion,are employed to examine the explosion-induced damaged zones of the underground rock chamber.The results show that the charge chamber geometry,coupling condition and charge configuration affect significantly the dynamic pressure exerted on the rock chamber wall.Thus the chamber is damaged.An inaccurate approximation of pressure boundary ignoring the influences of these factors would result in an erroneous prediction of damaged area and damage intensity of the charge chamber.The PPV criterion yields the largest damaged zone while the ES criterion gives the smallest one.The presented numerical simulation method is superior in consideration of the chamber geometry,loading density,coupling condition and rock quality.The predicted damage intensity of rock mass can be categorized quantitatively by an isotropic damage scalar.Safe separation distance of adjacent chambers for a specific charge weight is also estimated.

Effects of rock dusting in preventing and reducing intensity of coal mine explosions

As an explosion control measure, rock dusting has been used in underground coal mines in many major coal producing countries with different standards. The effectiveness of the rock dust in reducing explosion intensity has been proven by historic events and laboratory experiments. The main functions of rock dust in controlling mine explosions （i.e., isolator, physical heat sink and chemical energy absorber） have been quantitatively studied and results are presented in this paper.

Observational results of electromagnetic radiation caused by explosion of small dimension rocks in field experiments

In order to probe the mechanism of the phenomena of seismic electromagnetic radiation (EMR), we have completed field experiment on EMR caused by explosiom of rocks. In the experiments, the data of medium low freguency (<5000 Hz) EMR caused by 26 explosion tests of small dimension rocks have been obtained. This paper shows some representative observational results of the field experiment. The observational results show that, nearly 20 points of the 26 explosive points, the EMR phenomena are recorded at various degrees in the related explosive processes. The EMR intensities decay with the distance from explosive origins and increase with the explosive energy. The EMR records have certain repeatability (under the same condition), complexity( multiple EMR effects caused by one explosion) and regional characteristics such as rock structure and observational direction etc.

AFFECTING PROCESS OF EXPLOSION IN ROCK MASS BY CYLINDRICAL CHARGE

The explosion effects and physical process in rock mass by cylindrical charges are discussed.The maximum explosion cavity radius and the coefficient of effective explosion work are found through mechanical model and numerical method.The dependance of explosion parameters on time is got.The results show that the maximum explosion cavity radius produced by cylindrical charge of ammonium trinitro-toluene No.2 explosive in limestone and diabase is 1.50 and 1.26 times respectively as much as that of blasthole;and the coefficient of effective explosion work is 0.71 and 0.54 respectively as much as that of the blasthole.

冻结砂岩爆破破岩的能量耗散特性

为探究冻结岩体的冲击力学性能,并提出寒区爆破开挖工程中合理的爆破炸药单耗,针对寒区典型分布的砂岩,采用室内分离式霍普金森压杆试验与理论分析相结合的方法,开展了冻结砂岩冲击力学性能及爆破破岩能量耗散特性研究。结果表明:(1)冻结状态砂岩的动态抗压强度和动态弹性模量相比常温状态整体有所提升,而应变峰值整体有所下降。对比静载与动载试验结果,相同物理参数下,砂岩的抗压强度差距不大,而动态弹性模量明显高于静态弹性模量。(2)常温状态砂岩和冻结状态砂岩试件的耗散能量均随含水率的增大而逐渐减低,且冻结状态砂岩的耗散能量高于常温状态。相比常温状态,冻结砂岩在含水率为0、0.25ω、0.50ω、0.75ω、1.00ω时,其耗散能量增幅分别为21.6%、64.9%、80.3%、78.2%、83.3%。(3)相同含水率下,冻结状态砂岩的炸药单耗均高于常温状态,在含水率为0、0.25ω、0.50ω、0.75ω、1.00ω时,冻结状态砂岩爆破炸药单耗相比常温状态分别增加20.4%、61.3%、60.0%、55.6%、66.7%。(4)将常温与冻结状态砂岩爆破炸药单耗数值进行拟合,得到不同状态砂岩爆破破岩的单耗修正模型,可为寒区爆破工程提供参考。

不耦合装药下岩石爆破块体尺寸的分布特征

通过不同装药结构下立方体红砂岩小型爆破实验,分析了岩石的损伤程度和破坏模式,同时引入三参数极值分布函数量化岩石爆破块体尺寸分布特征。此外,根据岩样R1的爆破实验结果进行了有限元数值模型验证,基于验证的模型展开了岩石单孔爆破损伤破裂行为的模拟,讨论了径向、轴向不耦合系数和耦合介质对岩石破碎效果的影响。结果表明,三参数极值分布函数可以较好地表征岩石爆破后破碎块体尺寸分布特征,块体平均尺寸随着不耦合系数的减小呈线性降低趋势,且破碎块度趋于均匀。通过比较不同耦合介质装药时岩石内部的能量分布特征和破坏体积发现,水作为耦合介质时,爆炸能量的传递效率最高,其次分别是湿砂和干砂,空气的能量传递效率最低。结合等效波阻法计算的理论应力透射系数可以很好地反映不耦合装药时岩石的破碎程度。

基于能量传输效率控制的现场混装炸药与岩石匹配方法

炸药与岩石的匹配关系对于提高炸药能量利用率、提升爆破效果与降低成本至关重要。首先分析了钻孔爆破中爆破能量的分配规律,然后考虑现场混装炸药的非理想爆轰特性和岩石应变率效应对岩石钻孔爆破破坏分区计算模型进行了修正,在此基础上建立了基于能量传输效率控制的现场混装炸药-岩石匹配模型,最后结合现场试验对新的炸药-岩石匹配方法的合理性进行验证。结果表明:新方法综合考虑了现场混装炸药非理想爆轰特性和岩石应变率效应对爆破破坏分区范围的影响,可以直观地反映爆破破碎效果及能量有效利用率,更加科学合理。不同炸药-岩石匹配条件下的爆破块度试验证实了匹配结果与传统波阻抗理论并不总是一致,采用新的现场混装炸药-岩石匹配方法,爆破粉矿率较原有炸药参数有明显的降低,爆破大块率从6.7%下降至1%以下,进一步验证了新方法的合理性。

基于金属丝电爆炸的岩石爆破教学实验平台设计及应用

由于化学炸药使用受限,高校缺少岩石爆破实验平台,无法开展相关教学实验。该文设计了基于金属丝脉冲电爆炸的岩石爆破教学实验平台,并使用超高速摄像和数字散斑技术精细化监测岩石爆破超动态过程。平台由高压脉冲发生系统、触发控制系统、安全接地系统与超动态应变场非接触监测系统组成。平台使用负载金属丝相变产生千兆帕量级的冲击波破碎岩石,通过改变负载端金属丝的几何形态可模拟球状药包和柱状药包爆破破岩试验;超高速摄像与数字散斑技术将岩石爆破超动态破坏过程可视化。与传统化学爆破试验相比,该实验平台操作简单、安全可靠且精准可控,有助于提升岩石爆破教学效果与学生科研创新能力。

考虑岩体破坏分区的岩石爆破爆炸荷载历程研究

针对岩石爆破爆炸荷载历程中未联合考虑岩石爆破动态过程和炮孔周围岩体破坏分区的不足,开展了考虑岩体破坏分区的岩石爆破爆炸荷载历程及其适用性研究。联合岩石爆破动态过程和岩体破坏分区的理论解,推导了考虑岩体破坏分区的岩石爆破爆炸荷载理论公式,比较了考虑岩体破坏分区的岩石爆破爆炸荷载历程与实测炮孔爆炸压力曲线,开展了单孔爆破现场试验和相应条件下3种爆炸荷载工况的数值模拟,并对爆破振动现场实测和数值模拟结果进行了对比。研究结果表明:考虑岩体破坏分区的爆炸荷载历程包括上升段和衰减段Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ,上升段持续时间极短,衰减段持续时间较长且主要由填塞情况控制;考虑岩体破坏分区的爆炸荷载历程理论计算结果与实测炮孔爆炸压力曲线的变化趋势一致,验证了考虑岩体破坏分区的岩石爆破爆炸荷载理论公式的可靠性;考虑岩体破坏分区的爆炸荷载工况下,单孔爆破振动波形的数值模拟结果与现场实测结果的主要特征一致,该荷载工况下质点峰值振速计算结果与现场实测值偏差率最小,绝大部分在7%以内,表明了其应用于数值模拟的优越性;考虑岩体破坏分区的爆炸荷载可随岩石爆破系统条件的变化而动态调整,其可靠性好、适应性强、应用效果佳。

基于XGBoost模型岩体可爆性研究

岩体可爆性是衡量岩体爆破难易程度的一个重要指标,准确对岩体可爆性评价能够为合理爆破设计提供依据。选取岩石密度、单轴抗压强度、岩石抗拉强度、岩石脆性指数、动载强度和完整性系数等作为岩体可爆性数据集的指标,采用Z-Score方法标准化岩体可爆性数据集,消除量纲对模型预测影响,分别采用朴素贝叶斯、支持向量机和XGBoost模型进行岩体可爆性分级,结果表明:采用XGBoost模型能够准确评价岩体的可爆性,为岩体可爆性评价提供一种新的方法。

金属丝电爆炸的电流波形特征及其破岩效果研究

为研究不同电压下金属丝电爆炸的电流波形特征及破岩效果,基于高压脉冲放电系统开展了金属直丝在空气和红砂岩介质中的电爆炸试验研究。通过比较不同电压下金属丝在空气和岩石中电流波形异同,得到了金属丝在空气和岩石中电流峰值随电压变化的规律,结合金属丝电爆炸破碎红砂岩试验结果,进一步分析了红砂岩在不同高压脉冲载荷作用下的裂纹扩展模式与碎块分布特征。试验结果表明,空气和岩石中的金属丝电爆炸电流峰值与放电电压均呈线性增加关系,在岩石介质约束作用下,岩石中金属丝电爆炸电流峰值和震荡时间均低于空气介质;金属丝电爆炸产生的冲击波使岩石孔壁质点沿径向运动从而产生切向拉应力,形成了以金属丝为中心、径向裂纹为主导的裂纹扩展模式;放电电压对岩石的破碎效果具有显著影响,放电电压由40 kV增加至80 kV,主裂纹数量由一条增加至多条,岩石的破碎程度明显增加且碎块块度分布更加集中。试验成果为高压脉冲放电技术破碎岩石等固体材料的应用与研究提供参考。

抽水蓄能电站主机房底板精确控界切割技术研究

抽水蓄能电站主机房底板爆破开挖时,对其平整度及保留岩体完好度要求很高,传统爆破方法会带来底板开挖边界控制精度差、装药量大、保留岩石损伤严重及环境危害大等问题。为克服上述缺点,提出沿主机房底板水平钻凿炮孔并侧向预切槽,沿切槽多点双向设置聚能装药进行岩石控界爆破的方法。首先采用数值模拟正交分析方法对工业炸药装填的聚能装药参数进行了优化,然后根据优化结果制作了聚能切割装置并在实地进行了试验。试验结果表明,当炮孔中双向聚能射流控界切割装置的平均线装药密度为150 g/m、孔距0.5 m时,爆破后就可以在炮孔间岩体产生精确的贯穿性裂纹。相较于传统爆破方法,该控界切割爆破方法在保证切割面精确的同时,大幅度地减少了装药量,降低了保留岩体的损伤程度和对周围环境的影响。

钻爆法隧道上台阶爆破炮孔装药量精细计算方法

目前隧道钻爆法施工技术日趋成熟,但炮孔装药量的精细计算仍缺乏可靠的经验或理论公式。基于利文斯顿爆破漏斗理论,考虑隧道上台阶爆破方案设计中的炮孔孔距、排距和倾角等因素,提出了倾斜与垂直炮孔负担爆破岩石体积的计算方法。考虑岩石坚固性系数、爆生临空面方向等因素的影响,建立了炸药单耗优化计算方法。最后,基于炮孔装药量经验体积计算公式,提出了隧道上台阶爆破炮孔装药量精细计算的方法。依托临沂至滕州高速公路寨山隧道开挖试验段,验证了炮孔装药量计算方法的可靠性,研究成果对指导隧道精细爆破具有重要意义。

Rock fragmentation control in opencast blasting

The blasting operation plays a pivotal role in the overall economics of opencast mines.The blasting subsystem affects all the other associated sub-systems,i.e.loading,transport,crushing and milling operations.Fragmentation control through effective blast design and its effect on productivity are the challenging tasks for practicing blasting engineer due to inadequate knowledge of actual explosive energy released in the borehole,varying initiation practice in blast design and its effect on explosive energy release characteristic.This paper describes the result of a systematic study on the impact of blast design parameters on rock fragmentation at three mines in India.The mines use draglines and shoveledumper combination for removal of overburden.Despite its pivotal role in controlling the overall economics of a mining operation,the expected blasting performance is often judged almost exclusively on the basis of poorly defined parameters such as powder factor and is often qualitative which results in very subjective assessment of blasting performance.Such an approach is very poor substitutes for accurate assessment of explosive and blasting performance.Ninety one blasts were conducted with varying blast designs and charging patterns,and their impacts on the rock fragmentation were documented.A high-speed camera was deployed to record the detonation sequences of the blasts.The efficiency of the loading machines was also correlated with the mean fragment size obtained from the fragmentation analyses.

Suppression effect of solid inertants on coal dust explosion

The effect of solid inertants like rock dust on explosion suppression was experimentally tested.By adding solid inertants with different concentrations into three kinds of coal dust,the maximum explosion pressure P max and the rate of explosion pressure rise(d p/d t)max were acquired.Based on this,the suppression effect of rock dust on coal dust explosion was analyzed.The experimental and analytical results show that there are two major factors that play an important role in explosion suppression:composition of solid inertant and particle size of solid inertant.The higher the concentration of solid inertant and the smaller the particle size of solid inertant,the better the suppression effect.In addition,the smaller the particle size of coal dust,the larger the amount of rock dust.

A laboratory method to simulate seismic waves induced by underground explosions

The seismic waves induced by underground explosions generate geological hazards affecting deep buried tunnels such as rockbursts and engineering-induced earthquakes. This issue is difficult to study through full-scale testing due to the expense and unpredictable danger. To solve this problem, the authors developed experimental apparatus and presented a laboratory method to simulate seismic waves induced by underground explosions. In this apparatus, a combined structure of a diffusive-shaped water capsule and a special-shaped oil capsule was designed. This structure can provide an applied confining stress and freely transmit the stress wave generated by external impact. Therefore, the coupled loading of in situ stress and seismic waves induced by underground explosions in the deep rock mass was simulated. The positive pressure time and peak value of the stress wave could be adjusted by changing the pulse-shaper and the initial impact energy. The obtained stress waves in the experiments correspond to that generated by 0.15-120 kt of TNT equivalent explosion at a scaled distance of 89.9-207.44 m/kt.

Dynamic responses of deep underground explosions based on improved Grigorian model

It is important to investigate the dynamic behaviors of deep rocks near explosion cavity to reveal the mechanisms of deformations and fractures. Some improvements are carried out for Grigorian model with focuses on the dilation effects and the relaxation effects of deep rocks, and the high pressure equations of states with Mie-Grüneisen form are also established. Numerical calculations of free field parameters for deep underground explosions are carried out based on the user subroutines which are compiled by means of the secondary development functions of LS-DYNA9703 D software. The histories of radial stress, radial velocity and radial displacement of rock particles are obtained, and the calculation results are compared with those of U.S. Hardhat nuclear test. It is indicated that the dynamic responses of free field for deep underground explosions are well simulated based on improved Grigorian model, and the calculation results are in good agreement with the data of U.S. Hardhat nuclear test. The peak values of particle velocities are consistent with those of test, but the waveform widths and the rising times are obviously greater than those without dilation effects. The attenuation rates of particle velocities are greater than the calculation results with classic plastic model, and they are consistent with the results of Hardhat nuclear test. The attenuation behaviors and the rising times of stress waves are well shown by introducing dilation effects and relaxation effects into the calculation model. Therefore, the defects of Grigorian model are avoided. It is also indicated that the initial stress has obvious influences on the waveforms of radial stress and the radial displacements of rock particles.

EFFECT OF ORIGINAL EXPLOSION STRESS WAVE ON PROPAGTION OF EXPL

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