Anisotropic time-dependent behaviors of shale under direct shearing and associated empirical creep models

Understanding the anisotropic creep behaviors of shale under direct shearing is a challenging issue.In this context,we conducted shear-creep and steady-creep tests on shale with five bedding orientations (i.e.0°,30°,45°,60°,and 90°),under multiple levels of direct shearing for the first time.The results show that the anisotropic creep of shale exhibits a significant stress-dependent behavior.Under a low shear stress,the creep compliance of shale increases linearly with the logarithm of time at all bedding orientations,and the increase depends on the bedding orientation and creep time.Under high shear stress conditions,the creep compliance of shale is minimal when the bedding orientation is 0°,and the steady-creep rate of shale increases significantly with increasing bedding orientations of 30°,45°,60°,and 90°.The stress-strain values corresponding to the inception of the accelerated creep stage show an increasing and then decreasing trend with the bedding orientation.A semilogarithmic model that could reflect the stress dependence of the steady-creep rate while considering the hardening and damage process is proposed.The model minimizes the deviation of the calculated steady-state creep rate from the observed value and reveals the behavior of the bedding orientation's influence on the steady-creep rate.The applicability of the five classical empirical creep models is quantitatively evaluated.It shows that the logarithmic model can well explain the experimental creep strain and creep rate,and it can accurately predict long-term shear creep deformation.Based on an improved logarithmic model,the variations in creep parameters with shear stress and bedding orientations are discussed.With abovementioned findings,a mathematical method for constructing an anisotropic shear creep model of shale is proposed,which can characterize the nonlinear dependence of the anisotropic shear creep behavior of shale on the bedding orientation.

Risk of shear failure and extensional failure around over-stressed excavations in brittle rock

The authors investigate the failure modes surrounding over-stressed tunnels in rock.Three lines of investigation are employed:failure in over-stressed three-dimensional(3D) models of tunnels bored under 3D stress,failure modes in two-dimensional(2D) numerical simulations of 1000 m and 2000 m deep tunnels using FRACOD,both in intact rock and in rock masses with one or two joint sets,and finally,observations in TBM(tunnel boring machine) tunnels in hard and medium hard massive rocks.The reason for 'stress-induced' failure to initiate,when the assumed maximum tangential stress is approximately(0.4-0.5)σ_c(UCS,uniaxial compressive strength) in massive rock,is now known to be due to exceedance of a critical extensional strain which is generated by a Poisson's ratio effect.However,because similar 'stress/strength' failure limits are found in mining,nuclear waste research excavations,and deep road tunnels in Norway,one is easily misled into thinking of compressive stress induced failure.Because of this,the empirical SRF(stress reduction factor in the Q-system) is set to accelerate as the estimated ratio σ_(θmax)/σ_c >> 0.4.In mining,similar 'stress/strength' ratios are used to suggest depth of break-out.The reality behind the fracture initiation stress/strength ratio of '0.4' is actually because of combinations of familiar tensile and compressive strength ratios(such as 10) with Poisson's ratio(say0.25).We exceed the extensional strain limits and start to see acoustic emission(AE) when tangential stress σθ ≈ 0.4σc,due to simple arithmetic.The combination of 2D theoretical FRACOD models and actual tunnelling suggests frequent initiation of failure by 'stable' extensional strain fracturing,but propagation in 'unstable' and therefore dynamic shearing.In the case of very deep tunnels(and 3D physical simulations),compressive stresses may be too high for extensional strain fracturing,and shearing will dominate,both ahead of the face and following the face.When shallower,the concept of 'extensional strain initiation but propagation' in shear is suggested.The various failure modes are richly illustrated,and the inability of conventional continuum modelling is emphasized,unless cohesion weakening and friction mobilization at different strain levels are used to reach a pseudo state of yield,but still considering a continuum.

Research on the stability analysis and design of soil tunnel surrounding rock

The paper first analyzes the failure mechanism and mode of tunnel according to model experiments and mechanical calculation and then discusses the deficiency of taking the limit value of displacement around the tunnel and the size of the plastic zone of surrounding rock as the criterion of stability. So the writers put forward the idea that the safety factor of surrounding rock calculated through strength reduction FEM(finit element method) should be regarded as the criterion of stability,which has strict mechanical basis and unified standard and would not be influenced by other factors. The paper also studies the safety factors of tunnel surrounding rock (safety factors of shear and tension failure) and lining and some methods of designing and calculating tunnels. At last,the writers take the loess tunnel for instance and show the design and calculation results of two-lane railway tunnel.

A multifunctional shear apparatus for rocks subjected to true triaxial stress and high temperature in real-time

Deep engineering disasters,such as rockbursts and collapses,are more related to the shear slip of rock joints.A novel multifunctional device was developed to study the shear failure mechanism in rocks.Using this device,the complete shearedeformation process and long-term shear creep tests could be performed on rocks under constant normal stiffness(CNS)or constant normal loading(CNL)conditions in real-time at high temperature and true-triaxial stress.During the research and development process,five key technologies were successfully broken through:(1)the ability to perform true-triaxial compressioneshear loading tests on rock samples with high stiffness;(2)a shear box with ultra-low friction throughout the entire stress space of the rock sample during loading;(3)a control system capable of maintaining high stress for a long time and responding rapidly to the brittle fracture of a rock sample as well;(4)a refined ability to measure the volumetric deformation of rock samples subjected to true triaxial shearing;and(5)a heating system capable of maintaining uniform heating of the rock sample over a long time.By developing these technologies,loading under high true triaxial stress conditions was realized.The apparatus has a maximum normal stiffness of 1000 GPa/m and a maximum operating temperature of 300
C.The differences in the surface temperature of the sample are constant to within5
C.Five types of true triaxial shear tests were conducted on homogeneous sandstone to verify that the apparatus has good performance and reliability.The results show that temperature,lateral stress,normal stress and time influence the shear deformation,failure mode and strength of the sandstone.The novel apparatus can be reliably used to conduct true-triaxial shear tests on rocks subjected to high temperatures and stress.

Unified analytical stressstrain curve for quasibrittle geomaterial in uniaxial tension, direct shear and uniaxial compression

Considering strain localization in the form of a narrow band initiated just at peak stress, three analytical expressions for stressstrain curves of quasibrittle geomaterial (such as rock and concrete) in uniaxial tension, direct shear and uniaxial compression were presented, respectively. The three derived stressstrain curves were generalized as a unified formula. Beyond the onset of strain localization, a linear strain-softening constitutive relation for localized band was assigned. The size of the band was controlled by internal or characteristic length according to gradient-dependent plasticity. Elastic strain within the entire specimen was assumed to be uniform and decreased with the increase of plastic strain in localized band. Total strain of the specimen was decomposed into elastic and plastic parts. Plastic strain of the specimen was the average value of plastic strains in localized band over the entire specimen. For different heights, the predicted softening branches of the relative stressstrain curves in uniaxial compression are consistent with the previously experimental results for normal concrete specimens. The present expressions for the post-peak stressdeformation curves in uniaxial tension and direct shear agree with the previously numerical results based on gradient-dependent plasticity.

A Constitutive Model for the Creep Behavior of Offwhite Marbles

This paper reports an improved constitutive model for the shear creep behavior of offwhite marbles which are selected from slope and underground cavern and contain green schist’s weak structural planes.The shear creep behavior of the samples is characterized using the rheological tests.Based on the experimental measurements on mechanical properties under different normal stress conditions,an improved model is proposed to analyze the experimental results.It is demonstrated from a further discussion that such model can reflect the non-linear creep characteristics of structural planes,and especially,it is suitable for description of the viscoelastic and viscoplastic deformation behavior of structural planes.

隐伏非贯通软弱夹层岩质边坡剪切蠕变特征及稳定性研究

针对隐伏非贯通软弱夹层岩质边坡滑移机理复杂这一关键科学问题。设计一种隐伏非贯通软弱夹层缩尺制备方法,开展考虑夹层埋深、岩层倾角、含水率因素影响下岩体剪切蠕变特性试验。引入多参数岩体渐变损伤变量,分阶段建立剪切蠕变损伤本构模型,并通过相似模拟试验验证模型的合理性,分析此类边坡的稳定性。研究表明:(1)隐伏非贯通含软弱夹层岩体随夹层埋深增加、倾角减小、含水率减小而稳定性升高,反之稳定性降低,且夹层含水率对岩体稳定性影响最大,埋深影响相对较小;(2)考虑多参数渐变损伤本构模型能够反映隐伏非贯通软弱夹层岩体剪切蠕变全过程,且加速蠕变阶段拟合效果优于西原模型;(3)隐伏非贯通软弱夹层缩尺制备方法较为合理,所推剪切蠕变本构模型能够较好拟合边坡蠕变滑移各阶段情况,边坡滑移呈坡脚剪胀、后缘拉裂的整体性滑移,对隐伏非贯通含软弱夹层岩体蠕变滑移具有参考意义。

基于改进Faster RCNN的岩石热红外图像张剪裂纹检测

区分岩石破裂模式对矿山灾害防治具有重要意义,为了能够有效识别岩石破裂模式、监测破坏过程,提出了一种基于改进Faster RCNN的岩石热红外图像张剪裂纹检测算法。首先开展花岗岩单轴压缩试验,使用红外热像仪获取岩石破裂过程中的热红外图像,制作岩石红外裂隙数据集;然后对Faster RCNN网络模型进行改进,通过引入注意力引导的上下文特征金字塔网络对特征提取方法进行优化,采用级联结构提升检测框回归准确度,同时使用岩石红外裂隙数据集对模型进行训练及验证;最后对实测岩石红外图像进行张剪裂纹识别。试验结果表明:该算法检测精度达到了94.15%,每秒检测帧数为19.27 fps,综合性能得到显著提升,研究结果可为预测岩石破裂位置及破裂模式提供一种思路。

典型红层软岩软弱夹层剪切蠕变性质研究

红层软岩边坡岩体中软弱夹层发育且具有蠕变性,很多边坡岩体的失稳破坏都是沿软弱结构面的滑移失稳,软弱夹层剪切强度参数的选取是边坡工程勘察中的关键问题。通过2个典型红层软岩边坡工点软弱夹层样品室内剪切蠕变试验研究,表明红层软岩软弱夹层具有显著的蠕变特性,在边坡剪切强度参数选取中应考虑软弱夹层蠕变的影响。通过软弱夹层长期强度与短期强度试验资料分析,建议软弱夹层长期剪切强度可取短期剪切强度的75%。

重庆红砂岩单轴直接拉伸蠕变特性试验研究

以重庆市典型的红砂岩为研究对象,应用自行设计加工的岩石单轴直接拉伸装置进行该红砂岩的单轴直接拉伸蠕变试验。基于试验结果,研究红砂岩在单轴直接拉伸作用下的轴向蠕变、侧向蠕变以及卸荷蠕变规律,并探讨红砂岩蠕变断裂特征。最后,应用改进的非线性西原蠕变模型分别对该红砂岩的轴向、侧向蠕变试验曲线进行辨识,基于Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)优化算法的Matlab编程获得改进西原模型的材料参数。蠕变模型与试验结果比较,显示蠕变模型在该红砂岩直接拉伸蠕变中的适用性。研究成果丰富了重庆市红砂岩蠕变资料,对该地区进行大型岩土工程具有积极的指导意义。

岩石拉剪流变特性的试验研究

根据岩石受拉及拉剪流变试验结果 ,研究了岩石受拉、拉剪流变特性 ,以及岩石受拉及拉剪强度。给出了岩石流变破坏曲线、拉剪破坏强度曲线 ,研究了岩石受拉强度、岩石流变等效抗拉强度和等效变形模量等 。

岩石拉伸剪切破裂试验研究

岩石拉伸剪切破裂是一类特殊应力状态条件下的破裂形式,属于同时受垂直于破裂面的法向拉应力和平行于破裂面的剪应力作用的复合破裂模式。在研制的DSC-800电液伺服测控岩石拉伸剪切试验仪的基础上,进行了大量花岗闪长岩和砂岩的拉伸剪切试验,开展了配套的破裂断口三维激光扫描、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、岩石物理力学性质试验、颗粒流离散元(PFC)数值模拟等相关试验,利用分形理论研究了岩石拉剪破裂面特征,研究了岩石拉剪-压剪全区破裂准则、剪切速率对岩石拉剪破裂强度的影响,采用颗粒流离散元研究了岩石拉剪破裂过程。研究结论如下:(1)岩石拉剪破裂面的宏观与微观分形维数即粗糙度随着拉应力的增加而增大;(2)岩石的微观断裂形式是拉伸破坏和剪切破坏的结合。当拉应力较小时,岩石的微观断裂形式主要表现为剪切破坏,并且随着拉应力的增加,岩石的拉伸破坏形式表现得更加明显;(3)岩石在拉伸剪切区的破裂拉应力与剪应力成线性负相关关系,在拉伸剪切应力区的岩石破裂线斜率比压缩剪切区大,岩石在拉伸剪切应力条件下比压缩剪切应力条件下容易破裂;(4)在岩石拉伸剪切条件下,剪切速率与剪切强度成非线性反相关关系,随着剪切速率的增加,岩石拉剪破裂面粗糙度增加;(5)建立了岩石拉伸剪切PFC数值试验模型,模拟了岩石拉伸剪切破裂过程中的力链演化以及剪切速率对拉剪破裂面粗糙度的影响,获得了与实验室试验一致的结果。

结构面的剪切蠕变特性及本构模型研究

岩体结构面的蠕变特性研究对解决岩石力学实际问题具有很重要的意义,结构面的蠕变力学性态往往控制着岩体的时效变形和长期强度,研究结构面的剪切蠕变特性是岩石流变学的一项重要内容。通过规则齿形结构面在不同法向应力条件下的剪切蠕变试验,研究了不同角度结构面的剪切蠕变特征,并根据蠕变试验结果,对结构面的剪切蠕变特性进行了描述,对结构面剪切蠕变试验过程中的蠕变速率特性进行了研究。研究表明,结构面在蠕变试验过程中,严格意义下的稳态蠕变是不存在的,常说的稳态蠕变实际上是蠕变速度随时间缓慢减小的近似稳态蠕变过程。最后,提出改进Burgers模型来描述蠕变的剪切蠕变特性,并讨论了改进的Burgers模型对于描述结构面剪切蠕变特性的适用性。

岩体断裂的破坏机理与计算模拟

受压岩体中的裂纹问题 ,可以归结为压剪裂纹和拉剪裂纹两种类型。具体讨论了受压岩体中的斜裂纹问题和翼形裂纹问题 ,对两种不同裂纹类型的扩展机理进行了分析 ,给出了应力强度因子的计算方法。最后以受单向压缩的裂纹扩展为例 ,说明了具体的计算模拟过程。

锦屏大理岩真三轴岩爆试验的渐进破坏过程研究

为了查明高储能岩体快速卸荷变形破坏机制,设计了锦屏大理岩岩爆试验,对岩爆试件的宏观破坏特征、声发射过程等进行研究。根据以往真三轴岩爆试验特征进行了全程和非全程试验,记录其过程及声发射特征。对比分析两者的宏观破坏特征,解释了岩爆试验的渐进破坏过程。试验结果表明:在大理岩岩爆试验中,岩石试件的宏观破坏是由表及里的;张性裂纹的出现要早于剪切裂纹,剪切裂纹搭接相邻的张性裂纹(或临空面)形成圈闭,圈闭内的岩石碎块出现剥离或以一定初速度弹射;剪切面上岩粉的存在意味着剪切裂纹萌生扩展过程伴随着大量弹性应变能的释放;与其他的岩爆分类和机制相比,岩爆渐进破坏观点能够较好地解释岩爆机制。

绿片岩软弱结构面的剪切蠕变特性研究

针对锦屏II级水电站引水隧洞超埋深、高地应力的特点,选取边坡和地下洞室围岩中含有绿片岩软弱结构面的灰白色大理岩为研究对象,对含有软弱结构面的大理岩试样进行分级加载剪切流变试验,并对试验结果进行分析,探讨软弱结构面的蠕变特性。通过对不同法向应力条件下岩体结构面的蠕变力学特性及其规律的研究,以及对结构面剪切蠕变试验过程中的蠕变速率特性进行分析,结果显示结构面的剪切蠕变试验曲线表现出明显的3个阶段。在此基础上选用改进的Burger模型对结构面蠕变试验结果进行拟和分析,并讨论改进的Burger模型对于描述结构面剪切蠕变特性的适用性。

岩石多功能剪切试验测试系统研制

详细介绍了所研制的岩石多功能剪切试验测试系统的主要功能、技术指标和仪器组成,并开展了一系列相关力学试验。该试验测试系统主要包括试验装置、测量系统和控制系统3部分,最大法向拉伸应力为40 MPa,最大法向压缩应力为120 MPa,最大水平剪切应力为120 MPa,试样尺寸为50 mm?50 mm?50 mm;可开展多种力学试验,包括直接拉伸试验、直接剪切试验、拉伸-剪切试验和压缩–剪切试验。利用该试验测试系统对花岗岩进行试验研究,研究结果表明:直接拉伸试验中,试样发生脆性破坏,声发射信号瞬间达到峰值,破坏断面表现出拉伸破坏特征;直接剪切试验中,试样发生多次破坏,破坏瞬间声发射信号均发生突增,破坏断面表现出剪切破坏特征;拉伸-剪切试验中,试样在拉应力作用下剪切强度显著降低,声发射信号在破坏阶段表现强烈,破坏断面既有拉伸破坏特征也有一定的剪切破坏特征。上述力学试验结果,表明了所研制的岩石多功能剪切试验测试系统能够开展多种力学试验,为进一步研究岩石的剪切力学特性提供新的测试手段。

坝基软弱夹层剪切蠕变及其长期强度试验研究

为了更准确认识坝基岩体中的软弱夹层剪切蠕变特性,进行不同正应力水平下的剪切蠕变试验,采用不同正应力水平下分级加载剪应力的方式,重点研究软弱夹层的剪切蠕变变形规律、破裂机制及其长期抗剪强度。研究结果表明,经验公式u=u0+A[1-exp(-Bt)]Ctn能较好反映软弱夹层的剪切蠕变变形规律,不同正应力水平下的平均及稳态剪切蠕变速率随剪应力增加呈指数函数增大,且软弱夹层剪切蠕变破坏呈现典型的延性破坏特征。通过新提出的拐点法确定不同正应力水平下的长期抗剪强度,并与稳态速率法的计算结果进行对比,验证了拐点法的合理性和适用性,该方法大大提高了确定岩体长期抗剪强度的准确性,对工程实际具有重要的参考价值。

拉剪应力状态下岩体裂隙扩展的断裂力学机制及物理模型试验

开挖卸荷岩体裂隙面通常处于拉剪应力状态。在裂隙应力和变形状态分析的基础上,采用线弹性断裂力学理论和物理模型试验研究了拉剪应力状态下裂隙扩展的力学机制。岩体裂隙在拉剪应力状态下沿裂隙面间的滑动抗剪摩擦力消失,裂隙起裂沿Ⅰ型张拉裂隙断裂韧度KⅠ最小的方向起裂,并最终发展与卸荷拉应力方向垂直;拉剪应力状态下岩体的总位移方向平行于拉应力方向,通过合理的位移假设,基于能量及线弹性断裂力学理论,求解了拉剪应力状态下分支裂隙扩展过程中尖端的动态应力强度因子和扩展长度判据;通过拉剪应力状态下单裂隙扩展物理模型试验验证了理论推导的正确性。

断裂岩石蠕剪中的细观接触损伤试验研究

为深刻理解构成断裂岩体长期抗剪强度的细观机制,对岩石断裂面的细观接触和损伤演化进行了试验研究。采用压剪方式和巴西劈裂方式制作出两类断裂岩石,在恒定法向力作用下对破坏岩石试件进行分级施加剪切力的蠕变试验。在加载前、中、后对断裂岩石分别进行CT和激光扫描,观察到不同蠕变阶段断裂岩石的细观接触和损伤状态,获得不同性质的断裂岩石抗剪强度特征。试验研究表明:构成断裂岩石长期抗剪强度的机制主要有两个:一是细观凹凸啮合体的抗剪断能力;二是表观凹凸接触体的抗摩擦能力。拉破裂岩石表面局部粗糙度相对较大,抗剪强度以第1种破坏机制为主,剪切破坏岩石表面宏观起伏度较大,抗剪强度是以第2种破坏机制为主。在蠕变剪切过程中,两种机制交织在一起,并随时间或剪位移的增加而相互转换。