Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Wave Forces on APartially-Perforated Caisson Breakwater with A Rock-Filled Core

The total horizontal and vertical forces acting on a partially-perforated caisson breakwater and their phase difference are investigated in this study. The perforated breakwater sits on the rubble tilled foundation, and has a rock-filled core. An analytical solution is developed based on the eigenfunction expansion and matching method to solve the wave field around the breakwater. The finite element method is used for simulating the wave-induced tlow in the rabble-filled foundation. Experiments are also conducted to study the wave forces on the perforated caissons. Numerical predictions of the present model are compared with experimental resuhs. The phase differences between the total horizontal and vertical forces are particularly analyzed by means of experimental and numerical results. The major factors that affect the wave forces are examined.

Comparison between the Isotope Tracking Method and Resistivity Tomography of Earth Rock-Fill Dam Seepage Detection

This paper compares the different inversion results of three different earth rock-fill dam models with the actual leakage passages by performing isotope tracing tests and resistivity tomographic tests. The accuracy of the experimental results is evaluated, and the characteristics of these two methods are analyzed. As a result, some significant references are offered for earth rock-fill dam’s hidden defects detection. The experimental results show that the leakage and the direction of the seepage can be judged by isotope tracing tests, meanwhile, the degree of the leakage can be confirmed through the determination of the horizontal seepage velocity and the vertical seepage velocity, but it is difficult to properly determine the position of leakage passages and the range of leakage. Relatively speaking, the positions of the leakage passages can be accurately and directly displayed through resistivity tomographic tests. The experiment results show that the resistivity tomographic method is much better than isotope tracing method with regard to earth rock-fill dam’s hidden defects detection, and the resistivity tomographic method expresses much more convenience and much higher precision than isotope tracing method.

Application of 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Diagnosing Leakage in Earth Rock-Fill Dam

The leakage occurs during operation of the dam in Liuhuanggou reservoir. It’s a threat to the safety of the people’s lives and property in downstream. In order to eliminate the hidden danger of reservoir, ensure the safety of the dam, play better the function of flood control and water storage of the reservoir etc., we apply the 3D electrical resistivity tomography detecting technology and volume rendering image processing technology, make the measurement in field, process the data and combine the field survey to find out the leakage channels inside the dam. The results show that the 3D resistivity images appear the low resistivity zone corresponding with the leakage channels. There are two main leakage channels that come from different location inside the dam. It is feasible to diagnose the leakage in earth rock-fill dam by applying 3D electrical resistivity tomography.

Theory and Application of System Integration for Real-Time Monitoring of Core Rock-Fill Dam Filling Construction Quality

The theory and method of system integration for the real-time monitoring of core rock-fill dam filling con- struction quality are studied in this paper. First, the importance analysis of system integration factors is carried out with the analytic hierarchy process. Then, according to the analysis result of integration factors, the conceptual model of system integration is built based on function integration, index integration, technology integration and information integration, the index structure of core rock-fill dam filling construction quality control is constructed and the method of function integration and technology integration is studied. The mathematical model of process monitoring is built according to monitoring objective, process and indexes. Research results have been applied in Nuozhadu core rock-fill dam construction management, realizing system integration through building appropriate monitoring work flow and comprehensive information platform of digital dam.

Optimizing Earth Allocation for Rock-Fill Dam Construction

An optimal allocation of earth is of great significance to reduce the project cost and duration in the construction of rock-fill dams. The earth allocation is a dynamic system affected by various time-space constraints. Based on previous studies, a new method of optimizing this dynamic system as a static one is presented. In order to build a generalized and flexible model of the problem, some man-made constraints were investigated in building the mathematic model. Linear programming and simplex method are introduced to solve the optimization problem of earth allocation. A case study in a large-scale rock-fill dam construction project is presented to demonstrate the proposed method and its successful application shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.

A study of mechanical behavior of rock-fill materials with reference to particle crushing

In rock-fill dams of 200 to 300 m high, maximum compressive stress can exceed 6 MPa. At such a high stress level, rock-fill materials may experience particle crushing during shear. The material behavior is highly sophisticated exhibiting pressure and density dependency as well as particle crushing effects. Through scrutinizing the relevant experimental data on rock-fill materials and sands published in the literatures, this paper is focused on understanding basic mechanical characteristics of this sort of materials in the light of constitutive modelling.

Key technical problems of extra-high concrete faced rock-fill dam

This paper summarizes the main technical points related to 100 m-height-scale concrete faced rock-fill dams and analyzes the main problems and their causes occurring during construction of 200 m-height-scale concrete faced rock-fill dams. This paper has raised the key technical problems which need to study for construction of 300 m-height-scale concrete faced rock-fill dams based on the main experiences on the extra-high concrete faced rock-fill dams built after the year of 2000.

ANALYSIS ON STABILITY OF ROCK-FILL DYKES IN A MOUNTAIN RIVER

Rock-fill dykes are often damaged caused by rapid flow currents in a mountainriver. Based on the relationship between the rock size on cover layer and its incipient velocity,it is found that rock weight is directly proportional to the 6th-9th power of incipient velocity,and 50% increase of the velocity may result in about 40 times increase of the rock weight.Therefore, it is inappropriate to improve the stability of rock-fill dykes by simply increasing therock weight. Some new measures should be used to reach this purpose.

ON THE CALCULATION OF FLOW OVER AND THROUGH A ROCK-FILL DAM

For an overtopped rock-fill dam, the flow field consists of open flow and seepage flow, which have different properties. The overflow is characterized as variable flow and the seepage flow is not the Darcy flow, but non-Darcy flow. For the analysis of the flow characters, using the energy theory and the FEM, the author presents a method to calculate the combined flow (i. e. flow over and through a dam ) in this paper. The experimental work shows that, the calculated results agree well with the experimental ones.Therefore, it is not only possible, but also feasible to solve this problem with the presented method.

Influence of soft rock-fill material as dam embankment with central bituminous concrete membrane

This paper demonstrates the difficulties in determining the relevant material parameters for a valuation of the deformation behavior of the up-and downstream dam shell by means of an embankment dam of medium height.Laboratory as well as field tests on solid rock-fill material were performed before the beginning of construction.During the construction the properties of the available rock-fill changed from solid to soft materials.This gave rise to the necessity of adjusting the dam design of the downstream dam shoulder.Several times higher dam settlements as well as significant differential settlements between the up-and downstream dam shell were observed during construction and operation.Apart from this situation,the dam has been operated for nearly 20 years and the behavior of the water barrier has been very good.

Parameter sensitivity and inversion analysis of a concrete faced rock-fill dam based on HS-BPNN algorithm

Considering the complex nonlinear relationship between the material parameters of a concrete faced rock-fill dam(CFRD) and its displacements, the harmony search(HS) algorithm is used to optimize the back propagation neural network(BPNN), and the HS-BPNN algorithm is formed and applied for the inversion analysis of the parameters of rock-fill materials. The sensitivity of the parameters in the Duncan and Chang's E-B model is analyzed using the orthogonal test design. The case study shows that the parameters φ0, K, Rf, and Kb are sensitive to the deformation of the rock-fill dam and the inversion analysis for these parameters is performed by the HS-BPNN algorithm. Compared with the traditional BPNN, the HS-BPNN algorithm exhibits the advantages of high convergence precision, fast convergence rate, and strong stability.

堆石混凝土坝概述及下一代混凝土坝施工技术展望

Over the past few decades,one of the most significant advances in dam construction has been the inven-tion of the rock-filled concrete(RFC)dam,which is constructed by pouring high-performance self-compacting concrete(HSCC)to fill the voids in preplaced large rocks.The innovative use of large rocks in dam construction provides engineers with a material that requires less cement consumption and hydration heat while enhancing construction efficiency and environmental friendliness.However,two fundamental scientific issues related to RFC need to be addressed:namely,the pouring compactness and the effect of large rocks on the mechanical and physical properties of RFC.This article provides a timely review of fundamental research and innovations in the design,construction,and quality control of RFCdams.Prospects for next-generation concrete dams are discussed from the perspectives of envi-ronmental friendliness,intrinsic safety,and labor savings.

堆石混凝土劈裂抗拉破坏过程中声发射特征分析

【目的】通过研究堆石混凝土(RFC)和自密实混凝土(SCC)在劈裂抗拉破坏过程中产生的声发射信号,并进一步确定最终的裂缝形态,有助于深入了解RFC和SCC的劈裂破坏特征,从而确保结构的可靠性和安全性。【方法】制作了边长为600 mm的RFC和SCC立方体试件,研究了RFC和SCC在劈裂抗拉破坏过程中声发射参数(振铃计数和累计振铃计数)与位移荷载曲线的关系;利用声发射信号的统计方法(RA和AF)分析确定了RFC和SCC裂纹演化特征;基于RA-AF值的混合高斯模型(GMM)辨识了劈裂抗拉破坏过程中RFC和SCC的开裂模式(拉伸型开裂或剪切型开裂)。【结果】结果显示:在劈裂破坏过程中,RFC声发射振铃计数分布不均,呈现分段式变化特点,累计振铃计数呈现明显阶梯状上升,SCC声发射振铃计数分布均匀,累计振铃计数平缓上升;RFC和SCC的拉伸型裂纹区域对应RA-AF数据点向AF轴靠拢,剪切型裂纹区域对应RA-AF数据点向RA轴靠拢,均表现出明显的原点集中现象。【结论】结果表明:(1)RFC和SCC劈裂抗拉破坏强度分别为其立方体抗压强度的0.065、0.067;(2)在劈裂抗拉破坏过程中,RFC的破坏模式以拉伸型开裂为主,占89.4%,SCC以剪切型开裂主,占53.6%;(3)利用GMM方法,通过概率密度估计能对裂纹的分类特点进行更精确的捕捉。

埋深和水土含量对松散岩堆抗剪强度的影响

针对松散岩堆剪切力弱会引起滑坡、崩塌等严重自然灾害的问题,运用相似理论,以石英砂为基本岩块、黏性土为填充土,配置相似材料,分别控制不同填充土含量和含水率并进行三轴试验,研究不同埋深下填充土的含量和含水率对松散岩堆抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:填充土的含量和含水率是松散岩堆咬合力和内摩擦角的关键影响因素,咬合力受影响程度更大;填土中的水对于松散岩堆的剪切力起着削弱作用;岩堆剪切力随着埋深的增加而增加,不同埋深处岩堆有相同的最佳填充土含量和含水率;在恒定岩堆土重度情况下,抗剪强度和埋深呈线性关系。

无损检测方法在大尺寸堆石混凝土试验仓强度检测中的应用研究

【目的】混凝土常规力学性能试验方法并不适用于堆石混凝土,而缩尺试验能否应用于堆石混凝土仍有待验证。目前,无损检测方法已广泛应用于混凝土强度测定,但其在大尺寸堆石混凝土中的适用性还有待研究。【方法】为此,将大尺寸堆石混凝土试验仓作为研究对象,采用回弹法和超声回弹综合法对不同龄期、不同测距下的试验仓进行现场无损检测,并计算其抗压强度。【结果】结果显示:使用回弹法得到的强度推定值相对集中,试验仓90 d龄期的整体强度虽达到设计强度,但与其他研究的试验结果相比较小;将90 d龄期的检测结果代入全国统一测区混凝土抗压强度换算公式后,计算的强度变异系数最高达到48.22%,离散程度大;测距超过2 400 mm后,堆石混凝土C15试验仓3个龄期的波形平缓且波速分布范围较大,波速范围为994~4 391 m/s;C15试验仓在180 d时3 820 m/s以上的声速占比较大,为65.12%;使用超声回弹综合法得到的强度结果在60~180 d龄期内随龄期的增长而逐渐增大。【结论】结果表明:回弹法并不适用于堆石混凝土的强度推定;全国统一测区混凝土抗压强度换算公式并不适用于堆石混凝土,超声回弹综合法需要建立专用的堆石类堆石混凝土抗压强度换算公式,且当测距超过2 400 mm时不建议使用超声回弹综合法;可为无损检测方法在堆石混凝土中的应用提供参考,以避免不必要的检测。

基于SAM&ImageJ图像处理的堆石混凝土坝层面露石率研究

堆石混凝土坝层面的外露块石为上下层提供了重要的啮合作用,其投影面积比例是科学评价层间抗剪性能的重要指标。采用国际最新Meta AI模型segment anything model(SAM)对层面外露堆石进行自动图像分割,并基于ImageJ软件对SAM识别后的图片进行再加工与图像计算,利用平滑、差分算法、中值滤波等方法精准标定外露堆石,二值化后计算得到层面露石率。结果表明:SAM图像预分割可识别约90%的外露堆石,经过ImageJ二次图像处理后可有效提高小粒径堆石的识别精度,对比手动标注结果误差在±3%以内。以贵州省两座水库的工程应用为例,对浇筑仓面进行分区预处理,结果发现靠近上游、中部、下游不同区域的露石率差别较大,计算得到的层面露石率以10%~30%居多,其中堆石入仓运输通道区域的露石率较低。研究内容与结论可为堆石混凝土结构层间界面抗剪力学性能和大坝蓄水安全稳定的研究提供参考与借鉴。

软岩筑坝料在芝瑞抽水蓄能电站中的应用

根据芝瑞抽水蓄能电站上水库库盆开挖料中含有软岩料的特点,结合填筑设计参数研究、室内力学试验及坝坡稳定分析等,对软岩筑坝料在芝瑞抽水蓄能电站上水库中的应用进行了有益的探索。稳定计算结果表明,芝瑞抽水蓄能电站上水库大坝在堆石2区采用70%气孔状玄武岩+30%凝灰质角砾岩、在堆石3区大幅利用开挖凝灰质角砾岩料作为填筑料是可行的;在1550 m高程以上下游坝坡坡比采用1∶2.0、采用15 m宽度堆石2区保护堆石3区、堆石2区和3区按重型击实0.98压实度控制是合适的,大坝的稳定安全有足够保障。

寒冷地区堆石混凝土坝温度应力仿真分析——以东庄二道坝为例

针对寒区堆石混凝土坝内外温差引起坝体裂缝问题,以东庄二道坝为依托,基于工程图纸进行网格划分和三维建模,进行三维有限元模型计算,对堆石混凝土重力坝温度应力场进行仿真分析,并结合工程实测数据进行参数反演标定。结果表明:施工期坝体拉应力在冬季呈现较高水平,拉应力主要出现在坝体上下游面一定厚度的表层区,尤以中下部高程的抗冲耐磨混凝土拉应力最大;在冬季内部拉应力明显高于坝的两侧,两个坝段宽度方向均出现超过允许应力的情况。建议将短缝加深四层有限元单元,坝体稳定性得到较大提高,工程量相对较小,既安全又经济,为最优方案。

土-石混合填土强夯动应力的简化与修正算法

强夯法是一种加固某些土体的施工操作较为简单的方法,合理分析其夯击作用在土体中产生的动应力是工程实践中的关键环节之一。针对成都平原地区的典型土-石混合填土,通过现场夯击试验,测得了在4000 kN·m的夯击能作用下土体中不同深度处的竖向夯击动应力,鉴于既有算法与试验值的差异,从两个方面确定了适于土-石混合填土夯击动应力的简单计算方法。一方面针对较为复杂的既有理论公式问题,采用敏感性分析与回归分析法,建立了以夯锤质量、夯锤落距、夯锤半径、土体密度、土体动力剪切模量、土体泊松比、土体阻尼比、夯锤入土的速度损失率等8个参数表征夯击点冲击应力的线性回归方程;另一方面采用竖向动应力传递指数对理想弹性静力学理论公式进行修正,得到了基于拟静力法的土体中夯击动应力计算表达式,进而可分析确定强夯有效加固深度。试验结果显示,土-石混合填土的竖向动应力传递指数约为1.67357,土-石混合填土地层的强夯有效加固深度约为8.0m。