Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Wave Forces on APartially-Perforated Caisson Breakwater with A Rock-Filled Core

The total horizontal and vertical forces acting on a partially-perforated caisson breakwater and their phase difference are investigated in this study. The perforated breakwater sits on the rubble tilled foundation, and has a rock-filled core. An analytical solution is developed based on the eigenfunction expansion and matching method to solve the wave field around the breakwater. The finite element method is used for simulating the wave-induced tlow in the rabble-filled foundation. Experiments are also conducted to study the wave forces on the perforated caissons. Numerical predictions of the present model are compared with experimental resuhs. The phase differences between the total horizontal and vertical forces are particularly analyzed by means of experimental and numerical results. The major factors that affect the wave forces are examined.

Theory and Application of System Integration for Real-Time Monitoring of Core Rock-Fill Dam Filling Construction Quality

The theory and method of system integration for the real-time monitoring of core rock-fill dam filling con- struction quality are studied in this paper. First, the importance analysis of system integration factors is carried out with the analytic hierarchy process. Then, according to the analysis result of integration factors, the conceptual model of system integration is built based on function integration, index integration, technology integration and information integration, the index structure of core rock-fill dam filling construction quality control is constructed and the method of function integration and technology integration is studied. The mathematical model of process monitoring is built according to monitoring objective, process and indexes. Research results have been applied in Nuozhadu core rock-fill dam construction management, realizing system integration through building appropriate monitoring work flow and comprehensive information platform of digital dam.

Optimizing Earth Allocation for Rock-Fill Dam Construction

An optimal allocation of earth is of great significance to reduce the project cost and duration in the construction of rock-fill dams. The earth allocation is a dynamic system affected by various time-space constraints. Based on previous studies, a new method of optimizing this dynamic system as a static one is presented. In order to build a generalized and flexible model of the problem, some man-made constraints were investigated in building the mathematic model. Linear programming and simplex method are introduced to solve the optimization problem of earth allocation. A case study in a large-scale rock-fill dam construction project is presented to demonstrate the proposed method and its successful application shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.

Prediction of subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum

This study focuses on the analytical prediction of subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum considering the volumetric deformation modes of the soil above the tunnel crown.A series of numerical analyses is performed to examine the effects of cover depth ratio(C/D),tunnel volume loss rate(h t)and volumetric block proportion(VBP)on the characteristics of subsurface settle-ment trough and soil volume loss.Considering the ground loss variation with depth,three modes are deduced from the volumetric deformation responses of the soil above the tunnel crown.Then,analytical solutions to predict subsurface settlement for each mode are presented using stochastic medium theory.The influences of C/D,h t and VBP on the key parameters(i.e.B and N)in the analytical expressions are discussed to determine the fitting formulae of B and N.Finally,the proposed analytical solutions are validated by the comparisons with the results of model test and numerical simulation.Results show that the fitting formulae provide a convenient and reliable way to evaluate the key parameters.Besides,the analytical solutions are reasonable and available in predicting the subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum.

Application of 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Diagnosing Leakage in Earth Rock-Fill Dam

The leakage occurs during operation of the dam in Liuhuanggou reservoir. It’s a threat to the safety of the people’s lives and property in downstream. In order to eliminate the hidden danger of reservoir, ensure the safety of the dam, play better the function of flood control and water storage of the reservoir etc., we apply the 3D electrical resistivity tomography detecting technology and volume rendering image processing technology, make the measurement in field, process the data and combine the field survey to find out the leakage channels inside the dam. The results show that the 3D resistivity images appear the low resistivity zone corresponding with the leakage channels. There are two main leakage channels that come from different location inside the dam. It is feasible to diagnose the leakage in earth rock-fill dam by applying 3D electrical resistivity tomography.

Comparison between the Isotope Tracking Method and Resistivity Tomography of Earth Rock-Fill Dam Seepage Detection

This paper compares the different inversion results of three different earth rock-fill dam models with the actual leakage passages by performing isotope tracing tests and resistivity tomographic tests. The accuracy of the experimental results is evaluated, and the characteristics of these two methods are analyzed. As a result, some significant references are offered for earth rock-fill dam’s hidden defects detection. The experimental results show that the leakage and the direction of the seepage can be judged by isotope tracing tests, meanwhile, the degree of the leakage can be confirmed through the determination of the horizontal seepage velocity and the vertical seepage velocity, but it is difficult to properly determine the position of leakage passages and the range of leakage. Relatively speaking, the positions of the leakage passages can be accurately and directly displayed through resistivity tomographic tests. The experiment results show that the resistivity tomographic method is much better than isotope tracing method with regard to earth rock-fill dam’s hidden defects detection, and the resistivity tomographic method expresses much more convenience and much higher precision than isotope tracing method.

The Deformation and Stress Analysis of Na Ba Reservoir Concrete Face Rock-Fill Dam

Based on the APDL （ANSYS Parametric Design Language） and combined with the actual project related to parameters of filling material, imported Duncan-Chang constitutive model which has been widely applied in soil mass and rock-fill in the ANSYS software. With the three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis by the mid-point incremental method, what have been computed are the deformation and stress analysis ofNa Ba reservoir CFRD （Concrete Face Rock-fill Dam） in filling period. The calculation results provide practical reference for the dam during construction safety filling stress and deformation analysis and real-time monitoring.

Physical and numerical investigations of target stratum selection for ground hydraulic fracturing of multiple hard roofs

Ground hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role in controlling the far-field hard roof,making it imperative to identify the most suitable target stratum for effective control.Physical experiments are conducted based on engineering properties to simulate the gradual collapse of the roof during longwall top coal caving(LTCC).A numerical model is established using the material point method(MPM)and the strain-softening damage constitutive model according to the structure of the physical model.Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the LTCC process under different hard roofs for ground hydraulic fracturing.The results show that ground hydraulic fracturing releases the energy and stress of the target stratum,resulting in a substantial lag in the fracturing of the overburden before collapse occurs in the hydraulic fracturing stratum.Ground hydraulic fracturing of a low hard roof reduces the lag effect of hydraulic fractures,dissipates the energy consumed by the fracture of the hard roof,and reduces the abutment stress.Therefore,it is advisable to prioritize the selection of the lower hard roof as the target stratum.

Deformation Mechanism and Design Countermeasures of Tunnel Portal in Volcanic Deposit Clay Stratum

Shortly after tunneling,problems such as primary-support through cracks and clearance infringement are found in the shallow-buried section of tunnel No.4 of the Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Railway(Jakarta-Bandung HSR),and orthogonal cracks can be found on the earth surface in front of the working face,which brings great challenges to the tunnel construction.In view of the above engineering problems,the sliding surface is speculated according to the geological and field conditions,and the impact of landslides is applied in the model in the form of external load.The paper uses the numerical simulation method to analyze and compare the impact of landslides on the tunnel structure and deformation,and puts forward the reinforcement measures.The conclusions of the studies are:(1)under the influence of heavy rainfall,the strength index of volcanic deposit clay stratum drops sharply,and meanwhile the multiple factors including tunnel excavation are liable to cause sliding of the front slope;(2)parallel landslide in front of the tunnel has a great impact on the tunnel,so setting-up of pre-reinforcement measures to control landslide shall be the focus of similar projects during design;(3)the deformation and stress of the tunnel structure can be significantly controlled for safe construction by strengthening the shallow-buried tunnel with pile foundation and longitudinal and transverse beam frames during landslide.

平原水库库底浅层气分布特征及其诱发库底渗漏模式初探

本研究以某平原水库为研究区,基于钻探、浅地层剖面结果并结合理论分析,对浅层气致平原水库库底渗漏问题进行了研究。结果显示浅地层剖面法可有效探测平原水库库底浅层气分布。当前库底浅层气在库心沉积物中多个区域独立分布。气温的变化、近三年地下水位及水库蓄水水位的波动均无法引起研究区内水库的库底浅层气突破库底夯实黏土层。但若地下水上升最大幅度由1.1~1.2 m升高到1.4~1.6 m,或水库蓄水最小水深由3.8~4.1 m降低到0.5~3 m时,当前库底浅层气热点分布区的库底黏土防渗层将存在破坏风险。平原水库库底浅层气分布时空演化及其诱发库底渗漏过程可分四个阶段:建成初期,库底浅层气向库心汇聚阶段;极端事件引发库底气突破库底夯实黏土层致浅层气释放阶段;极端事件结束气体排泄通道/渗漏通道被限制或被关闭阶段;前两个阶段反复多次后库底沉积物饱和,库底渗漏点形成阶段。

基于建筑高度和地层厚度的城市地下空间占用深度快速评估方法——以杭州市为例

城市高密度的建筑物事实上占据了位于其下部一定深度的地下空间资源,其占用深度对城市地下空间(UUS)网络化开发具有重要影响,因此,在UUS规划前,需要掌握规划范围内地下空间占用深度和空间分布格局。UUS占用深度除地下建筑物深度外还包括下部地基持力层深度,其与建筑高度和场地地质条件相关。笔者等提出基于建筑高度和地层厚度的UUS占用深度快速评估方法,以杭州主城区为研究对象,通过实测建筑高度数据和收集建筑基础数据建立评估数学模型,利用百度建筑数据和杭州三维地质模型生成的地层厚度数据,并基于GIS平台的空间分析,实现了对杭州市主城区建筑地下空间占用深度的快速评估。研究成果为城市地下空间规划所需的大范围地下空间占用情况提供了高效的评估手段。

渗流下砂-黏复合地层人工冻结多场耦合研究

对滨海地层进行人工冻结时,高盐度地下水渗流的存在将严重影响冻结范围和冻结效果.利用Navier-Stokes方程来描述滨海地层中液相在渗流过程中的动量守恒,考虑渗流过程中土颗粒表面对盐的吸附和解吸作用以及人工冻结时液相的非对流通量对水、盐相变的影响,建立了渗流对砂-黏复合地层人工冻结过程影响的水-盐-热-力学理论模型.基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件对渗流条件下砂-黏地层的水-盐-热-力学多场耦合理论模型进行求解,理论模型的计算结果与试验结果吻合效果较好.通过参数分析,研究了不同渗流速度对水、盐、温度和位移等各组分空间分布的影响.研究结果表明:随着渗流速度从0 m/d增加到15 m/d,在砂-黏复合地层上游土体的冻结难度加大,导致上游的冻结区域向下游缩减,下游的冻结区域沿着渗流向下游扩大,砂层和黏土层中冰的前缘位置分别向下游移动了60.3%和26.2%;砂层和黏土层中盐结晶前缘位置分别向下游移动了50.4%和26.2%;在水、盐相变的作用下,土体内部应力的增加导致土体位移的增加,在砂-黏复合地层的下游,人工冻结后黏土层的位移峰值增大了107%;冻结管在垂直于渗流方向上的影响范围被缩减,在冻结管两侧0.3 m位置处黏土层和砂层的温度分别降低了1.1℃和2.8℃,黏土层和砂层的总含盐量分别增加了8.5%和7.4%,黏土层和砂层中冰的产生范围分别缩小了10.2%和54.9%.本文研究成果为渗流条件下的滨海地层的人工冻结施工提供了理论依据和数据支撑.

红沙梁东井田含煤地层特征及沉积环境分析

通过对红沙梁东井田下白垩统老树窝群含煤地层展布规律的研究,结合区域构造及沉积环境等方面进行综合分析,结果表明:含煤地层呈现为一个小型煤盆地形态,其含煤性呈中西部好,向四周逐渐变差的趋势;含煤地层沉积环境主要有扇三角洲、湖泊、湖泊三角洲,其间的三角洲平原泥炭沼泽与滨湖沼泽环境为全区的有利成煤环境,形成了区内的4层可采煤层。

浅埋厚煤层开采地表采动裂缝发育演化规律研究

基于串草圪旦煤矿典型生产工作面覆岩赋存情况及地表采动裂缝发育特征,采用现场实测、理论分析和数值计算相结合,研究了覆岩关键层失稳运动形式及其对地表采动裂缝发育形态的影响,以及基采比对地表采动裂缝演化规律的影响。结果表明:浅埋厚煤层开采过程中,关键层失稳运动对地表采动裂缝发育类型具有控制作用,关键层滑落失稳引起地表产生台阶型裂缝,关键层回转失稳引起地表产生张开型裂缝;覆岩关键层失稳运动过程导致地表采动裂缝尺度参数发生动态变化,随着基采比的增大,地表采动裂缝的垂直错动量呈减小趋势,水平张开量呈增大趋势,裂缝水平张开量与关键层回转角线性相关。

广州地区复合地层大直径铁路隧道盾构选型及适应性分析

盾构法施工凭借效率高、扰动小等优势已然成为隧道工程建设中常用的手段。不同工程的地质水文环境不尽相同,盾构装备能否适应地质水文环境是决定施工能否高效、安全开展的关键因素,这在复合地层大直径隧道施工时更为明显。依托广州南站联络线隧道工程,识别出工程区间存在盾构选型适应性、刀盘刀具磨损、大直径浅埋盾构掘进控制三种重大风险,基于此针对盾构选型、刀盘刀具、推进驱动系统进行适应性选型设计。实践证明,经针对性设计后的盾构装备在此区间地层适应性优良,能够提升施工效率,保障施工安全。

富水砂层地质大型拉森锁扣钢管桩围堰施工关键技术

中交第二公路工程局有限公司依托安罗高速原阳至郑州段黄河特大桥,深入研究富水全砂层等复杂条件下深大基坑支护的施工技术。安罗黄河特大桥位于黄河河道内,河道宽浅,水流散乱,冲淤变化迅速,地质条件基本为全砂层,摩擦系数大且地下水丰富。经过项目前期调研对比分析,并根据现场施工需要及结合工程特点,将钢管桩围堰及钢板桩围堰的各类特点有机结合,并配合围堰外侧降水及卸土,形成一项新的施工技术,即富水砂层地质大型拉森锁扣钢管桩围堰施工技术,该技术已实际成功应用于安罗黄河特大桥主墩承台施工时基坑开挖支护。

拉森钢板桩在软土地层深基坑支护中的应用

拉森钢板桩作为一种低碳环保、可回收的建筑材料,在各类建筑中发挥着重要的作用。以蕲春县某河道整治项目为例,选取了基坑支护工程中2个典型剖面,介绍了拉森钢板桩在软土地层中的应用,并将天汉软件设计计算结果、MIDAS GTS NX数值模型分析结果与基坑监测结果进行对比分析,三者得到的支护结构位移、受力数值较为一致,表明天汉深基坑设计软件的客观合理性及可靠性非常高,施工前可以用MIDAS GTS NX数字模拟来预测及引导施工。

Strata movement and stress evolution when mining two overlapping panels affected by hard stratum

Mining causes stress redistribution and stratum movement.In this paper,a numerical model was built according to the geological conditions in the 12th coal mine in Pingdingshan city to study the strata movement and the evolution of stress when mining two overlapping longwall panels,named panels#14 and#15.The strata close to the mined panel move directly towards the gob,while the strata that are farther away swing back and forth during the mining process.The directed movement and swinging can break the transverse boreholes for gas extraction;a surface borehole should not be within the range of directional movement.The stress evolution suggested that the mining of the lower panel#15 after the upper panel#14 would further increase the de-stressed range,while the stress concentration around the mined panel would be increased.Hard strata usually carry a greater stress than adjacent rocks and soft coal seams.The stress in a hard stratum increases greatly,and the stress decreases greatly in the coal seams below the hard stratum.This study supplies a reference for similar coal mines and is useful for determining the de-stressed range and transverse borehole arrangement for gas extraction.

Fracture evolution and pressure relief gas drainage from distant protected coal seams under an extremely thick key stratum

When an extremely thick rock bed exists above a protected coal seam in the bending zone given the condition of a mining protective seam, this extremely thick rock bed controls the movement of the entire overlying stratum. This extremely thick rock bed, called a ＂main key stratum＂, will not subside nor break for a long time, causing lower fractures and bed separations not to close and gas can migrate to the bed separation areas along the fractures. These bed separations become gas enrichment areas. By analyzing the rule of fracture evolution and gas migration under the main key stratum after the deep protective coal seam has been mined, we propose a new gas drainage method which uses bore holes, drilled through rock and coal seams at great depths for draining pressure relief gas. In this method, the bores are located at a high level suction roadway （we can also drill them in the drilling field located high in an air gateway）. Given the practice in the Haizi mine, the gas drainage rate can reach 73% in the middie coal group, with a gas drainage radius over 100 m.

TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS OF A RIGID CIRCULAR PLATE ON SATURATED STRATUM OVERLAYING BEDROCK

The torsional vibration of a rigid plate resting on saturated stratum overlaying bedrock has been analysed for the first time. The dynamic governing differential equations for saturated poroelastic medium are solved by employing the technology of Hankel transform. By taking into account the boundary conditions, the dual integral equations of torsional vibration of a rigid circular plate are established, which are further converted into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Subsequently, the dynamic compliance coefficients of the foundation on saturated stratum, the contact shear stress under the foundation and the angular amplitude of the foundation are evaluated. Numerical results indicate that, when the dimensionless height is bigger than 5, saturated stratum overlaying bedrock can be treated as saturated half space approximately. When the dimensionless frequency is low, the permeability of the soil must be taken into account. Furthermore, when the vibration frequency is a constant, the height of the saturated stratum has a slight effect on the dimensionless contact shear stress under the foundation.