Differentiation and analysis on rock breaking characteristics of TBM disc cutter at different rock temperatures

In order to study rock breaking characteristics of tunnel boring machine(TBM) disc cutter at different rock temperatures,thermodynamic rock breaking mathematical model of TBM disc cutter was established on the basis of rock temperature change by using particle flow code theory and the influence law of interaction mechanism between disc cutter and rock was also numerically simulated.Furthermore,by using the linear cutting experiment platform,rock breaking process of TBM disc cutter at different rock temperatures was well verified by the experiments.Finally,rock breaking characteristics of TBM disc cutter were differentiated and analyzed from microscale perspective.The results indicate the follows.1) When rock temperature increases,the mechanical properties of rock such as hardness,and strength,were greatly reduced,simultaneously the microcracks rapidly grow with the cracks number increasing,which leads to rock breaking load decreasing and improves rock breaking efficiency for TBM disc cutter.2) The higher the rock temperature,the lower the rock internal stress.The stress distribution rules coincide with the Buzin Neske stress circle rules: the maximum stress value is below the cutting edge region and then gradually decreases radiant around; stress distribution is symmetrical and the total stress of rock becomes smaller.3) The higher the rock temperature is,the more the numbers of micro,tensile and shear cracks produced are by rock as well as the easier the rock intrusion,along with shear failure mode mainly showing.4) With rock temperature increasing,the resistance intrusive coefficients of rock and intrusion power decrease obviously,so the specific energy consumption that TBM disc cutter achieves leaping broken also decreases subsequently.5) The acoustic emission frequency remarkably increases along with the temperature increasing,which improves the rock breaking efficiency.

Numerical analysis of seepage flow characteristic of collapse column under the influence of mining

Based on the importance of fractured rock mass seepage research, in order to analyze seepage flow characteristics of collapse column under the influence of mining, a method by embedding fractured rock mass flow solid coupling relationship into FLAC3D internal flow models is presented according to fluid-solid coupling theory and strength criterion. A calculation model of numerical analysis was established, and the influences of mining pressure and plastic damage to pore water pressure and seepage vector change rule were studied. The results show that collapse column is the main channel of confined water seepage upward. The impact is not big when the workface is away from the collapse column. But when the workface is nearing a collapse column, there will be a seepage channel on a side near the workface, in which seepage vector and head are comparatively large. With workface pushing through collapse column, the seepage channel transfers to the other side of the column. In addition, when the plastic damage area within the collapse column breaks through, a "pipeline flow" will be formed within the column, and seepage field will change remarkably and the possibility of water bursting will be greater.

Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of the Metallogenic Rocks in the Chagande'ersi Molybdenum Deposit in Wulatehouqi,Inner Mongolia

Geochemical characteristics of the Chagande＇ersi molybdenum deposit in Inner Mongolia and its genesis were analyzed in this study using rock mineralography and rock geochemical testing. The mineralized country rocks of the Chagande＇ersi molybdenum deposit consist mainly of medium- to fine-grained monzogranite, medium-to fine-grained rich-K granite, with minor fine-grained K- feldspar granite veins and quartz veins. The rocks are characterized by high silica, rich alkali, high potassium, which are favorable factors for molybdenum mineralization. The rocks have the Rittmann index ranging from 1.329 to 1.961, an average Na20＋K20 value of 7.41, and AI2Oa/（CaO＋Na20＋K^O） 〉1, suggesting that the rocks belong to the high-K calc-alkaline peraluminous granite. The typical rock samples are enriched in Rb, Th, K and light rare earth elements, depleted in Sr, Ba, Nb, P and Ti, and these features are similar to that of the melt granite resulting from collision of plate margins. The JEu of the rocks falls the zone between the crust granite and crust-mantle granite, and are close to that of the crust granite; （La/LU）N indicates the formation environment of granite is a continental margin setting. The Nb/Ta ratios are close to that of the average crust （10）; the Zr/Hf ratios of monzogranite are partly below the mean mantle （34-60）, while the Zr/Hf ratio of K-feldspar granite are close to the mean value in the crust. Comprehensive analyses show that the granite in this area formed during the transition period between tectonic collision and post-collision. During the plate collision and orogeny, the crust and mantle material were mixed physically, remelting into lava and then crystal fractionation, finally gave rise to the formation of the rock body in this area. This has close spatial and temporal relation with the molybdenum mineralization.

Geochemical Characteristics of Mafic Rocks from the Xinlin Ophiolite, NE China

Located in the northern part of the Xinlin–Xiguitu suture zone,geochemistry and geochronology of the Xinlin ophiolite provide a unique opportunity to determine the the evolution of the eastern Xing’an–Mongolian Orogenic Belt.The Xinlin ophiolite was initially constrained roughly 21.5 km southeast of the Xinlin town by the First Regional Geological Survey Party of Heilongjiang Province.Subsequent work has shown that the mafic and ultramafic rocks in the adjacent Tayuan town was congenetic with the Xinlin ophiolite(Fig.1).Over the past three years we have conducted a series of studies to the Xinlin ophiolite with the aim to better understand its characteristic and tectonic implications.The present work is is to provide our preliminary geochemical data of the mafic rocks of the Xinlin ophiolite and possible'congenetic'mafic rocks in the Tayuan town.The mafic rocks of the Xinlin ophiolite including the gabbro,diabase and metabasalt show flat REE pattern[(La/Yb)N=0.68~1.58]and no Eu anomalies,which are transitional between normal and enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts(N-MORB and E-MORB).They also exhibit flat patterns from Ba to Yb in the trace elements spider diagram,which lie between those of typical E-MORB and N-MORB but closer to the former.The mafic rocks in the Tayuan town consist mainly of hornblende gabbro with alkaline affinity and are characterized by enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements,depleted in heavy rare earthelements and high field strength elements(Fig.2).The obvious differences in the geochemical characteristics indicate that the mafic rocks in the Tayuan town may not be cogenetic with those of the Xinlin ophiolite.This was further corroborated by their different formation time.Our zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the gabbro in the Tayuan town was emplaced during the late Carboniferous(~310 Ma;Fig.3),significantly younger than the recently reported U–Pb ages for the mafic rocks of the Xinlin ophiolite(~510 Ma;Feng,2015).Therefore,the two units appear as independent bodies and their origin and tectonic implication need to be further examined.

Mechanical properties and failure characteristics of fractured sandstone with grouting and anchorage

Based on uniaxial compression experimental results on fractured sandstone with grouting and anchorage, we studied the strength and deformation properties, the failure model, crack formation and evolution laws of fractured sandstone under different conditions of anchorage. The experimental results show that the strength and elastic modulus of fractured sandstone with different fracture angles are significantly lower than those of intact sandstone. Compared with the fractured samples without anchorage,the peak strength, residual strength, peak and ultimate axial strain of fractured sandstone under different anchorage increase by 64.5–320.0%, 62.8–493.0%, and 31.6–181.4%, respectively. The number of bolts and degree of pre-stress has certain effects on the peak strength and failure model of fractured sandstone. The peak strength of fractured sandstone under different anchorage increases to some extent, and the failure model of fractured sandstone also transforms from tensile failure to tensile–shear mixed failure with the number of bolts. The pre-stress can restrain the formation and evolution process of tensile cracks, delay the failure process of fractured sandstone under anchorage and impel the transformation of failure model from brittle failure to plastic failure.

Characteristics of Rearranged Hopanes of Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in Saline Sedimentary Environment： A Case Study of the Songliao Basin

The Songliao Basin, one of the biggest continental petroliferous basins in eastern China, is a Mesozoic- Cenozoic fault-depressed and fault-subsided basin developed on the Hercynian fold basement. Generally, rearranged hopanes are considered to be formed by clay- mediated acidic catalysis under oxic or suboxic environment, whereas high abundance of rearranged hopanes were found in hydrocarbon source rocks and crude oils that are derived from salty environment in the Songliao Basin. This phenomenon rarely happens all over the world.

Geochemical Characteristics of the Tayuan Volcanic Rocks in the Daxinganling Metallogenic Belt

1 Introduction Daxinganling region is one of the most important nonferrous metal metallogenetic province(Wu et al.,2011;Li et al.,2014).The northern Daxinganling was a geological blank area in China formerly(Li et al.,2017).However,the region has a huge resource potential.Forty metal deposits have been found in the area recently,with

Experimental research on hydrophilic characteristics of natural soft rock at high stress state

In order to study features of rock–water interaction, a self-developed experimental system called Intelligent Testing System for Water Absorption in Deep Soft Rocks(ITSWADSR) was utilized to analyze the hydrophilic behaviors of natural soft rock at high stress state. Combining X-ray diffraction and mercury injection test, main influencing factors on hydrophilic characteristics were studied. According to the results, it could be concluded as the following:(1) the effective porosity, and the content of illite, illite/smectite formation(S = 5%) and kaolinite have positive correlation with the water absorption capacity of rock; meanwhile, the initial moisture content, fractal dimension of effective pores, illite/smectite formation(S = 30%) and chlorite present negative correlation;(2) among the positive factors, the ascending order is kaolinite, illite/smectite formation(S = 5%) and illite;(3) the descending order among the negative factors are chlorite, illite/smectite formation(S = 30%) and fractal dimension of the effective pores;(4) influence of effective porosity on the pressurized water absorbing capacity of rock is minimal, while it is maximal in the process of no pressurized water absorption.

Integrative method in lithofacies characteristics and 3D velocity volume of the Permian igneous rocks in H area, Tarim Basin

This paper introduces horizon control, seismic control, logging control and facies control methods through the application of the least squares fitting of logging curves, seismic inversion and facies-controlled techniques. Based on the microgeology and thin section analyses, the lithology, lithofacies and periods of the Permian igneous rocks are described in detail. The seismic inversion and facies-controlled techniques were used to find the distribution characteristics of the igneous rocks and the 3D velocity volume. The least squares fitting of the logging curves overcome the problem that the work area is short of density logging data. Through analysis of thin sections, the lithofacies can be classified into eruption airfall subfacies, eruption pyroclastic flow subfacies and eruption facies.

Molecular Biomarker Characteristics of the Linxi Formation Source Rocks in the Middle-Western Region of Inner Mongolia:New evidence for late-stage tectonic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean

Objective Two important geological issues have long been controversial in the Xing-Meng area of North China. The first concerns the final closure of Paleo-Asian Ocean in Xing-Meng area, and the other concerns the folding and lifting of the Xing-Meng Trough. The focus of thses issues is the Late Permian sedimentary environment, which is generally considered to be either an exclusively continental environment or from the closed inland sea environment in the Early to Middle stage to continental lacustrine environment in the late stage. In recent years, we have successively discovered abundant typical marine fossils （e.g., bryozoans and calcareous algae） in the Upper Permian thick limestone layer from Linxi County and Ar Horqin Banner in eastern region of Inner Mongolia and Jiutain County in Jilin Province. These significant findings have attracted the attention from fellow academics.

Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of picritic rocks in Permian Tiaohu Formation from Santanghu Basin, Xinjiang, NW China

1 Introduction Santanghu Basin is located between the Armantai and Karamaili suture zone,at the junction of the Siberia,Kazakhstan and Tarim plates(Chen and Jahn,2004;Xiao et al.,2008).As an important part of the Central Asian

Sr and Nd Isotopic Characteristics and Magma Genesis of Mesozoic Volcanic Rocks Along the Coastal Region of Southeastern China

The Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the coastal region of southeastern China were superimposed on some different basement tectonic elements. The volcanic rocks developed in these different basement tectonic elements have great differences in Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. The rocks in western Zhejiang and northeastern Jiangxi Provinces which belong to the Lower Yangtze subplate have lower initial 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios, but are higher in initial Nd isotopic ratios. The initial 143Nd / 144Nd values of the volcanic rocks developed in the Cathaysian subplate increase clearly from early to late in time, and from the core of the Wuyishan uplift coastwards constantly, but the initial 87Sr/86Sr values tend to decrease. The isotopic characteristics and their spatial variations in Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the study region are, to a great extent, manifestations of the isotopic characteristics in basement metamorphic complexes, and the generation of the Mesozoic acid magma in this region is attributed to the recycling of pre-existing crustal materials.

Micro-macro fracture mechanism of heterogeneous granite in percussive drilling

The conventional rotary rock breaking method faces a technical bottleneck in improving the rate of penetration(ROP)in deep hard formations.Percussive drilling is the most potential approach to increase rock-breaking efficiency and ROP.However,the rock-breaking mechanism of percussive drilling is still unclear enough,especially the micro-fracture mechanism of rock under confining pressure(under lateral pressure and hydraulic pressure).In this paper,the impact rock breaking experiments by four kinds of Polycrystalline Diamond Compact(PDC)cutters are carried out using a drop-weight impact testing machine and an acoustic emission(AE)recording system,the influence of parameters such as cutter shape,rake angle,and impact energy on rock-breaking are systematically analyzed.This study includes a numerical simulation to examine the process of crack initiation,propagation,and cuttings formation during the impact process with the consideration of confining pressure.The results show the conicalshaped cutter is the most aggressive with high breaking efficiency.The penetration depth of the cutter is mainly influenced by the impact energy and cutter shape than the rake angle of the cutter.There exists critical impact energy makes the rock breaking efficiency the highest.The critical impact energy is about 40 J when using the conical-shaped cutter with a rake angle of 15°.The rock mainly failed in tensile mode,and the inter-grain crack is the main crack.Hydraulic pressure can inhibit the formation of horizontal cracks,while lateral pressure can inhibit the formation of vertical cracks and reduce the proportion of tensile cracks.The research results can provide some reference and basis for improving the rock-breaking efficiency in deep hard formations.

Mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression

To study the mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression, we analyzed the stress strain curve characteristics, deformation and strength properties, and failure process and characteristics of sandstone samples under different stress states. The experimental results reveal that peak strength, residual strength, elasticity modulus and deformation modulus increase linearly with confining pressure, and failure models transform from fragile failure under low confining pressure to ductility failure under high confining pressure. Macroscopic failure forms of samples under uniaxial compression were split failure parallel to the axis of samples, while macroscopic failure forms under uniaxial compression were shear failure, the shear failure angle of which decreased linearly with confin- ing pressure. There were significant volume dilatation properties in the loading process of sandstone under different confining pressures, and we analyzed the damage evolution properties of samples based on acoustic emission damage and volumetric dilatation damage, and established damage constitutive model, realizing the real-time Quantitative evaluation of samnles damage state in loading process.

The use of point load test for Dubai weak calcareous sandstones

Intact rock is typically described according to its uniaxial compressive strength （UCS）. The UCS is needed in the design of geotechnical engineering problems including stability of rock slopes and design of shallow and deep foundations resting on and/or in rocks. Accordingly, a correct measure-ment/evaluation of the UCS is essential to a safe and economic design. Typically, the UCS is measured using the unconfined compression tests performed on cylindrical intact specimens with a minimum length to width ratio of 2. In several cases, especially for weak and very weak rocks, it is not possible to extract intact specimens with the needed minimum dimensions. Thus, alternative tests （e.g. point load test, Schmidt hammer） are used to measure rock strength. The UCS is computed based on the results of these tests through empirical correlations. The literature includes a plethora of these correlations that vary widely in estimating rock strength. Thus, it is paramount to validate these correlations to check their suitability for estimating rock strength for a specific location and geology. A review of the available correlations used to estimate the UCS from the point load test results is performed and summarized herein. Results of UCS, point load strength index and Young＇s modulus are gathered for calcareous sandstone specimens extracted from the Dubai area. A correlation for estimating the UCS from the point load strength index is proposed. Furthermore, the Young＇s modulus is correlated to the UCS.

Geochemical variation of volcanic rocks from the South China Sea and neighboring land: Implication for magmatic process and mantle structure

Geochemical study of Kon Tum（KT） plateau, Sanshui（SS） basin and Daimao（DM） seamount volcanic rocks provides new insight into magmatic processes and characteristics of the mantle source beneath the South China Sea（SCS） basin and its surroundings. Geological signature of basaltic lavas from KT, SS and DM indicate rather than a deep-rooted plume derived from the core-mantle boundary, a shallower mantle domain, such as subcontinental lithosphere mantle or asthenospheric mantle, is more likely to be the mantle source region beneath the SCS basin and its adjacent areas. The mantle source beneath the SCS basin has been shown to be more depleted relative to the source regions of the SS basin and the KT plateau, indicating that the magmatism in the SS basin has been interrupted due to the SCS spreading and then recovered in the KT plateau area. The mantle heterogeneity has been sampled and an enriched component that is geochemically comparable to EM2 endmember has been identified in the mantle source region of the SCS basin and its surroundings. This EM2 component was formed by the recycling of Mesozoic subducted proto-SCS slab along with terrigenous sediments.

Analysis on the anchor mechanism of the full length resin bolt

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the stress distribution characteristic along the full length anchor bolt. Based on the mechanic model set up, the author calculated the anchor mechanism of the full length resin rock bolt. The stress distribution characteristic is different according to different type of surrounding rock. The conclusion is important to optimize the roadway bolt support design.

Geochemical Characteristics of the Source Rocks in Mesozoic Yanchang Formation,Central Ordos Basin

The shale of Yanchang Formation in Upper Triassic is the most important source rock for the Mesozoic petroleum reserviors in Ordos Basin. Chang 7 and Chang 4＋5 members are the major source rock formation. Source rock samples, obtained from 22 cored wells in central Ordos Basin, were geochemically analyzed to determine the organic matter abundance, kerogen type and thermal maturity. Total organic carbon values ranged from 0.36% to 19.10%, 8.09% on average, in- dicating a good source rock potential. In this area, the shale is mature, as indicated by vitrinite re- flectance values. RockoEval data revealed that the samples are dominated by type II kerogen. Com- pare the Chang 7 and Chang 4＋5 members, which suggests that the Chang 7 shale has higher TOC, especially the highest lower Chang 7 members. The abundance of organic matter of Chang 4＋5 and Chang 7 members is both richest in southeast basin. The kerogen type of Chang 4＋5 and upper Chang 7 members is type II~, the counterpart of middle and lower Chang 7 member is type I. During the burial history, the total hydrocarbon-generating quantity of Chang 7 member is much more than that of Chang 4＋5 members.