Effects of Light Stress on Oxygen Evolution and Photochemical Energy Stor age of Hybrid Poplar Clones Determined by Photoacoustic Technique

The oxygen evolution, thermal dissipation, and photochemical energy storage of three hybrid poplar clones, namely the triploid clone B342, the diploid clone B11 [(Populus alba×P. glandulosa)×(P.tomentosa×P.bolleana)], and the triploid clone B346 [(P.tomentosa×P. bolleana)×(P. alba×P.glandulosa)], under light stress were studied using photoacoustics. The oxygen evolution signal and photochemical energy storage varied negatively with the pretreatment_PFD (photon flux density), whereas the thermal signal varied positively with the pretreatment_PFD. Photochemical energy storage was reallocated to PSⅡ more than to PSⅠ, while the photochemical energy storage in PSⅠ was more stable than that in PSⅡ when subjected to light stress. The inhibitors streptomycin (SM), dithiothreitol (DTT) and sodium fluoride (NaF) could all affect the oxygen evolution signal. Clones B11 and B342 were more resistant to light stress than clone B346.

Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Energy Conversion and Storage: Design Strategies Under and Beyond the Energy Scaling Relationship

The oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is the essential module in energy conversion and storage devices such as electrolyzer,rechargeable metal–air batteries and regenerative fuel cells.The adsorption energy scaling relations between the reaction intermediates,however,impose a large intrinsic overpotential and sluggish reaction kinetics on OER catalysts.Developing advanced electrocatalysts with high activity and stability based on non-noble metal materials is still a grand challenge.Central to the rational design of novel and high-efficiency catalysts is the development and understanding of quantitative structure–activity relationships,which correlate the catalytic activities with structural and electronic descriptors.This paper comprehensively reviews the benchmark descriptors for OER electrolysis,aiming to give an in-depth understanding on the origins of the electrocatalytic activity of the OER and further contribute to building the theory of electrocatalysis.Meanwhile,the cutting-edge research frontiers for proposing new OER paradigms and crucial strategies to circumvent the scaling relationship are also summarized.Challenges,opportunities and perspectives are discussed,intending to shed some light on the rational design concepts and advance the development of more efficient catalysts for enhancing OER performance.

Nanostructured energy materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage: A review

Nanostructured materials have received tremendous interest due to their unique mechanical/electrical properties and overall behavior contributed by the complex synergy of bulk and interfacial properties for efficient and effective energy conversion and storage. The booming development of nanotechnology affords emerging but effective tools in designing advanced energy material. We reviewed the significant progress and dominated nanostructured energy materials in electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, including lithium ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-oxygen batteries, lithium metal batteries, and supercapacitors. The use of nanostructured electrocatalyst for effective electrocatalysis in oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions for fuel cells and metal-air batteries was also included. The challenges in the undesirable side reactions between electrolytes and electrode due to high electrode/electrolyte contact area, low volumetric energy density of electrode owing to low tap density, and uniform production of complex energy materials in working devices should be overcome to fully demonstrate the advanced energy nanostructures for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. The energy chemistry at the interfaces of nanostructured electrode/electrolyte is highly expected to guide the rational design and full demonstration of energy materials in a working device. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

Novel Insights into Energy Storage Mechanism of Aqueous Rechargeable Zn/MnO2 Batteries with Participation of Mn2+

Aqueous rechargeable Zn/MnO2 zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)are reviving recently due to their low cost,non-toxicity,and natural abundance.However,their energy storage mechanism remains controversial due to their complicated electrochemical reactions.Meanwhile,to achieve satisfactory cyclic stability and rate performance of the Zn/MnO2 ZIBs,Mn2+ is introduced in the electrolyte(e.g.,ZnSO4 solution),which leads to more complicated reactions inside the ZIBs systems.Herein,based on comprehensive analysis methods including electrochemical analysis and Pourbaix diagram,we provide novel insights into the energy storage mechanism of Zn/MnO2 batteries in the presence of Mn2+.A complex series of electrochemical reactions with the coparticipation of Zn2+,H+,Mn2+,SO42-,and OH-were revealed.During the first discharge process,co-insertion of Zn2+ and H+ promotes the transformation of MnO2 into ZnxMnO4,MnOOH,and Mn2O3,accompanying with increased electrolyte pH and the formation of ZnSO4·3 Zn(OH)2-5 H2O.During the subsequent charge process,ZnxMnO4,MnOOH,and Mn2O3 revert to a-MnO2 with the extraction of Zn2+ and H+,while ZnSO4·3Zn(OH)2·5H2O reacts with Mn2+ to form ZnMn3O7·3 H2O.In the following charge/discharge processes,besides aforementioned electrochemical reactions,Zn2+ reversibly insert into/extract from α-MnO2,ZnxMnO4,and ZnMn3O7·3H2O hosts;ZnSO4·3Zn(OH)2·5 H2O,Zn2Mn3O8,and ZnMn2O4 convert mutually with the participation of Mn2+.This work is believed to provide theoretical guidance for further research on high-performance ZIBs.

地铁车站月平均气温随运营年限演化特性

建立了地铁车站空气热平衡理论模型,基于区间隧道空气温度和车站围岩土体蓄放热量,得到车站月平均气温在运营初期、中期和远期的逐年演化特性。研究结果表明:随着地铁车站运营年限的增长,月平均气温呈现逐年上升趋势,运营第15年较第1年,车站月平均气温在1月温升最低为3.1℃,8月温升最高为10.6℃;在现有地铁行车密度随运营年限增大的运行模式下,地铁车站运营初期行车密度仅为15对/h,夏季车站最高气温出现在第5年,为26.4℃,远低于夏季站厅站台空调设计温度平均值29℃,所以运营初期车站空调系统提供的冷量远大于车站的冷负荷需求,初期车站空调系统存在一定的节能空间。

市场环境下考虑全周期经济效益的工业园区共享储能优化配置

为提升用户侧储能运行效率、改善投资成效,提出一种在市场环境下考虑全周期经济效益的工业园区共享储能(SES)优化配置方法。一方面,通过协调不同用户间的差异化调节需求,减少储能容量要求;另一方面,通过整合用户与SES的灵活调节能力,参与需求响应市场拓宽盈利渠道,并且考虑了SES全运行周期经济效益测算以降低投资风险。首先,结合电力市场交易规则,提出了多工业用户组建合作联盟的园区SES运营模式。其次,以运营周期内联盟总成本最小为目标,建立SES双层优化配置模型,其中,上层模型旨在形成最大化投资成效的SES规划方案,而下层模型则综合考虑分时电价、需求响应违约风险等因素形成储能的最优投标调度方式,并结合市场时序演变规律精准量化SES在全运行周期内的运营收益,对上层结果进行修正。接着,利用近似KKT(Karush-Kuhn-Tucker)条件将该模型转化为单层模型进行求解,结合雨流计数法与迭代法量化SES容量衰减对其配置方案的影响,并利用双边Shapley值法分摊各工业用户的投资成本。最后,算例仿真验证了所提方法的有效性,并且分析了储能盈利模式、SES容量衰减以及需求响应违约风险等因素对SES投资经济效益的影响。

含储能有源配网的经济调度与协同优化

为了提升电池储能系统的有源配网运行效益,提出面向电池储能有源配网,包含经济调度与协同优化方法的分层递阶系统架构。首先,概述模型中不同层级间的逻辑运算关系;其次,针对不同层的优化目标,建立含光-储-充有源配网的经济调度与优化的2阶段模型。第1阶段以系统成本最小化为优化目标,第2阶段以系统网损最小为目标进行建模与仿真。最后,基于不同运行场景下的仿真结果,分析光、储、充的变化规律,并给出储能系统在不同节点的优化配置方案。

Low-cost and high safe manganese-based aqueous battery for grid energy storage and conversion

As an effective energy storage technology, rechargeable batteries have long been considered as a promising solution for grid integration of intermittent renewables(such as solar and wind energy). However,their wide application is still limited by safety issue and high cost. Herein, a new battery chemistry is proposed to satisfy the requirements of grid energy storage. We report a simple Cu-Mn battery, which is composed of two separated current collectors in an H2SO4-CuSO4-MnSO4 electrolyte without using any membrane. The Cu-Mn battery shows an energy density of 40.8 Wh L-1, a super-long life of 10,000 cycles(without obvious capacity decay) and negligible self-discharge. And the capital cost of US$ 11.9 kWh-1 based on electrolyte is lower than any previous batteries. More importantly, the battery can still work smoothly during thermal abuse test and drill-through test, showing high safe nature. Furthermore, a combination system integrating the Cu-Mn battery and hydrogen evolution is also proposed, which is able to avoid the generation of explosive H2/O2 mixture, and presents an efficient approach for grid energy storage and conversion.

Realizing enhanced energy storage and hardness performances in 0.90NaNbO_(3)-0.10Bi(Zn_(0.5)Sn_(0.5))O_(3)ceramics

Ceramic dielectric capacitors have a broad scope of application in pulsed power supply devices.Relaxor behavior has manifested decent energy storage capabilities in dielectric materials due to its fast polarization response.In addition,an ultrahigh energy storage density can also be achieved in NaNbO_(3)(NN)-based ceramics by combining antiferroelectric and relaxor characteristics.Most of the existing reports about lead-free dielectric ceramics,nevertheless,still lack the relevant research about domain evolution and relaxor behavior.Therefore,a novel lead-free solid solution,(1-x)NaNbO_(3)-xBi(Zn_(0.5)Sn_(0.5))O_(3)(abbreviated as xBZS,x=0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20)was designed to analyze the domain evolution and relaxor behavior.Domain evolutions in xBZS ceramics confirmed the contribution of the relaxor behavior to their decent energy storage characteristics caused by the fast polarization rotation according to the low energy barrier of polar nanoregions(PNRs).Consequently,a high energy storage density of 3.14 J/cm^(3)and energy efficiency of 83.30%are simultaneously available with 0.10 BZS ceramics,together with stable energy storage properties over a large temperature range(20-100℃)and a wide frequency range(1-200 Hz).Additionally,for practical applications,the 0.10 BZS ceramics display a high discharge energy storage density(W_(dis)≈1.05 J/cm^(3)),fast discharge rate(t_(0.9)≈60.60 ns),and high hardness(H≈5.49 GPa).This study offers significant insights on the mechanisms of high performance lead-free ceramic energy storage materials.

考虑配电网与电化学储能交互耦合关系的异常运行状态预警方法

配电网稳定性直接关系到终端用户侧储能的运行质量。针对配电网异常运行场景下用户侧储能系统的安全问题,提出了一种热失控预警方法。该方法通过确立从配电网异常状态到用户侧储能的完整传导路径,识别了锂离子电池热失控的关键特征量,包括异常电流值/电压值和异常状态持续时长。进而建立了用户侧储能的状态演化模型,分析了这些特征量对储能安全运行状态的影响。仿真结果揭示了不同异常电气量变化对储能安全的具体影响,如异常电流值/电压值与储能异常温度的高正相关性,以及异常状态持续时长的强正相关性。基于此,确定了用户侧储能热失控的触发边界,并为单相接地、两相短路、两相接地、三相短路等不同异常运行状态制定了预防、控制与应对措施。这些措施包括但不限于在故障无法及时消除时准备切断储能,以及加强线路保护建设等。该方法的应用显著提高了配电网与用户侧储能系统的安全稳定性。

基于改进遗传算法的配电网储能优化配置方法研究

增加储能设备是配电网解决新能源普及所导致的供电负荷剧烈变化的常用方法,需要从定址和定容两方面来优化配置储能设备。通过分析配电系统中馈线负荷的日内变化特性及与阶梯电价的关联关系,以关联关系作为馈线的遗传属性使其成为遗传个体,在对遗传个体进行编码后,找出线路日内负荷变化最小者为遗传个体,该个体将信息遗传给与其日内变化最接近的馈线后死去,由此产生变异并继续遗传下去,直至遗传个体为几条小于最大容量的馈线为止。仿真结果显示,通过对遗传算法中的生物进化机制做相应的改进,可获得配电网储能利用率最高的配置方案。

专利主题关联视角下储能技术演化分析

利用专利主题关联视角对储能技术演化进行分析,深度挖掘专利数据,以揭示储能技术的创新轨迹和关键节点。建立LDA模型并结合主题前沿性和新颖度指标筛选出具有前瞻性的技术主题,并综合考虑专利创新性、有效性以及主题贡献率等建立主题之间的语义关联矩阵。研究表明,以专利主题关联视角进行前沿主题识别和技术演化具有一定的可行性。研究结果为储能领域的技术主题识别和技术演化分析提供了参考借鉴。

高效制氢装置阴极结构设计及性能分析

使用化学气相输运法(CVT)制备了高质量Sc掺杂SiP晶体,并探究了Sc掺杂对SiP HER活性的影响。结果显示,掺杂Sc后的SiP具有更优异的HER性能,在电流密度为10 mA/cm2时的过电位为112.8 mV,Tafel斜率为85.09 mV/dec,电化学活性表面积为245 cm2,并具有优异的稳定性。该研究为开发具有高效活性的新型催化剂在HER和其他储能领域的应用提供了深入的见解。

不同倾角单裂隙对非均质岩石失稳演化研究

岩体中的裂隙对岩石的力学行为、能量演化和失稳破坏有显著影响。为阐明不同倾角单裂隙对岩石能量演化和失稳破坏机理,基于颗粒流PFC2D方法,建立了不同倾角单裂隙砂质泥岩数值模型,模拟了不同倾角单裂隙下砂质泥岩的单轴压缩试验。研究表明,随着单裂隙倾角变大,砂质泥岩的强度与弹性模量先降低后增大,预制裂纹会影响断裂面的裂纹起始位置,并加速断裂面的形成;声发射事件在岩样破坏前存在小范围沉寂期,该特征可作为岩石破坏的前兆判据;随着裂隙倾角的增大,总能量持续增大,弹性能和耗散能呈现先增加后减小的趋势,倾角30°时,岩石试样冲击倾向性最弱,有利于降低冲击地压危险,倾角为90°时,岩石试样冲击倾向性相对最强,不利于冲击地压的防治。

基于小波包分解的城市轨道交通混合储能容量优化配置研究

受风速和光照强度等方面影响,风光发电具有随机性、间歇性、波动较大等特点,其直接并网会对电网造成损害。为实现风电平滑并网并对城市轨道交通系统进行安全可靠供电,提出1种由超级电容/锂电池组成的混合储能系统进行平抑。由于城市轨道交通牵引负荷也具有较大波动,混合储能系统在对风、光出力平抑的同时也对牵引负荷进行了平抑。首先,采用小波包分解技术对牵引负荷与风、光输出功率信号进行多尺度分解与重构得到低频风、光并网功率和中高频分量,使用电池与超级电容分别吸收中频与高频分量。然后,以混合储能系统最小综合成本为目标,混合储能系统荷电状态、功率限制等为约束条件。采用增加收缩因子的差分进化粒子群优化算法进行优化求解,实现混合储能系统年综合成本最小化和内部功率容量配置优化方案。最后,基于某地当日风电、光伏功率数据为例进行分析,结果表明所提方法能够有效抑制风电功率波动,可有效为城市轨道交通进行供电。

计及资源差异特性的分布式光伏与储能聚合运营优化方法

分布式光伏高渗透率接入导致电网容量波动,给电网安全稳定运行及供电带来巨大压力。针对上述问题,提出计及资源差异特性的分布式光伏与储能聚合运营优化方法。在构建分布式光伏与储能聚合运营优化系统模型的基础上,考虑储能资源及其消纳模式的差异性,将分布式光伏与储能聚合优化问题转化为最小化联合运营成本问题。针对光伏出力和储能充放电功率不确定性、优化约束复杂、可行域分裂等问题,提出分布式光伏与储能聚合运营自适应演进策略,引入自适应缩放参数控制差分矢量缩放,提高算法性能,提升配电网光伏消纳能力,改善电网运行状态。仿真结果表明,相较于单一储能运营模式,所提算法的聚合运营商收益分别提升45.66%和23.03%。

煤岩组合体的能量演化规律与破坏机制

为研究煤岩组合结构受压过程中的能量演化规律与破坏机制,对煤、岩石及3组煤岩组合体进行了单轴一次加载与循环加卸载试验,分析了煤岩组合体输入能密度、弹性能密度、耗散能密度以及弹性模量与单轴抗压强度等力学参数的演化规律,得到了不同试样的储能特性,基于煤岩组合体的力学响应、能量演化与变形破坏特征,建立并探讨了煤岩组合体破坏的能量驱动机制。结果表明:煤岩组合体峰前阶段的输入能密度、弹性能密度及耗散能密度随轴向应力的增加呈明显的非线性增长特征,峰前阶段的能量密度-应力曲线可分为压密段、弹性变形段和非稳定破裂发展阶段,整个过程储存在试样内部的弹性能较高,耗散能较少,试样达到屈服后,耗散能所占比例开始增加。煤岩组合体的单轴抗压强度与弹性模量介于纯煤和岩石试件中间,更接近于纯煤试件,随着岩石强度的增大,组合体力学性能稍有增强,但幅度有限,煤体是控制组合体强度等力学特性的主要因素。煤岩组合体破坏的能量驱动机制可概括为:煤岩组合体受压过程中,煤、岩开始不断储存弹性应变能,煤体储能速度快,内部弹性能达到其储能极限时,煤体率先发生破坏,破碎程度高,主要呈X状共轭斜面剪切破坏,破坏瞬间释放的能量传递至岩石,达到岩石的储能极限时,煤体中裂纹扩展贯通至岩石内部,在弹性能的驱动下岩石发生张拉破坏。

高径比对砂岩能量积聚与耗散试验及分析方法

为了探究高径比对岩石能量积聚与耗散的影响,利用RMT-150B岩石力学测试系统对同直径不同长度的砂岩试件进行了单轴压缩试验、单轴循环加卸载试验以及单轴分级加卸载试验。对比砂岩单轴压缩与单轴循环加卸载曲线发现,单轴压缩曲线近似为单轴分级加卸载曲线的外包络线,并且由于“硬化”作用单轴分级加卸载强度略高于单轴压缩。通过砂岩单轴循环加卸载下力学特性分析发现随着循环次数增多,残余变形逐渐减小,直至某次循环无残余变形产生砂岩出现非线性伪弹性体特征,继续承受加卸载作用非线性伪弹性体特性消失,残余变形再次出现,因此可以将残余变形演化规律归纳为:存在较大残余变形—残余变形逐渐减小—无残余变形—再次出现残余变形。基于砂岩弹性能的演化分析发现循环次数对弹性能的影响较小,即疲劳损伤对砂岩的弹性能影响较小,则可以假定单轴分级加卸载各卸载点的荷载与单轴压缩试验的荷载相等时,两者的弹性能也相等。利用单轴分级加卸载试验各卸载点的弹性能与单轴循环加卸载首次加卸载弹性能进行比较,验证了假设的正确性。进一步对不同高径比(L/D)下砂岩的单轴压缩试验进行能量分析,发现砂岩的弹性能演化服从线性储能规律。基于砂岩的单轴分级加卸载试验结合线性储能规律对同尺寸的单轴压缩试验进行能量演化分析,为砂岩单轴压缩的能量分析提供了新思路。研究表明:当荷载相等时砂岩储存弹性能与高径比成正比,与储能极限成反比。将提出的试验法与传统能量分析方法(利用公式计算得到弹性能)进行比较,发现提出的方法精确度高。基于耗散能演化规律进一步对不同高径比下砂岩的损伤进行了分析,发现砂岩损伤曲线呈非线性演化,并且荷载相等时高径比越大砂岩损伤程度越高。破裂时砂岩内部积聚的弹性能转化成破裂面表面能和碎块动能,储能极限与高径比大小成反比,因此当L/D≥2.0时主要呈单方向的剪切破坏,L/D<2.0时岩石主要为相对复杂的双剪切或圆锥形破坏,并且进一步从能量角度对钻孔卸压进行了讨论。

冰浆存储过程中冰晶粒径动力学演化影响因素

为研究冰浆存储过程中冰晶粒径演化的影响因素及其规律,运用群体平衡模型,并通过数学变换,将模型中数量守恒方程转换为质量守恒方程,进而对冰浆存储过程中冰晶粒径分布及演化的影响因素进行数值模拟研究,着重分析添加剂种类与质量分数、含冰率、耗损率等因素对冰晶粒径分布密度及冰晶平均粒径的影响。研究结果表明:在相同添加剂质量分数下,乙二醇和乙醇比氯压钠对抑制冰晶粒径增长的效果好。对于同一种类添加剂,减少添加剂质量分数会降低冰晶粒径增长的速度;含冰率越低,冰浆溶液中冰晶粒径增长速度越慢,而降低含冰率会导致冰浆的蓄能密度下降;耗损率越高,冰浆溶液中冰晶粒径增长速度越慢,增大耗损率会改善冰浆流动性但会增加冰浆制冷的能耗。研究成果为冰浆存储与应用过程中冰晶粒径的控制与预测提供了参考。

基于全寿命周期成本的配电网蓄电池储能系统的优化配置

蓄电池储能具有效率高、使用寿命长、对地理条件要求低等优点,其额定功率和额定容量可以独立配置。以配电网中蓄电池储能系统全寿命周期内总的净收益最大为目标,研究配电网中蓄电池的配置和各时段充/放电值的优化,综合考虑了储能套利收入、政府电价补贴收入、减少电能转运费、延缓电网升级以及全寿命周期成本等因素。建立了蓄电池储能系统配置的混合优化模型,提出一种基于差分进化和预测-校正内点法的混合算法并进行求解。最后,算例测试比较了钠硫电池、全钒液流电池、多硫化物/溴液流电池、铅酸电池和锂离子电池的配置和净收益,分析了影响经济效益的指标,为蓄电池的配置规划提出了建议,并验证了所建模型和求解算法的可行性。