Physical and numerical investigations of target stratum selection for ground hydraulic fracturing of multiple hard roofs

Ground hydraulic fracturing plays a crucial role in controlling the far-field hard roof,making it imperative to identify the most suitable target stratum for effective control.Physical experiments are conducted based on engineering properties to simulate the gradual collapse of the roof during longwall top coal caving(LTCC).A numerical model is established using the material point method(MPM)and the strain-softening damage constitutive model according to the structure of the physical model.Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the LTCC process under different hard roofs for ground hydraulic fracturing.The results show that ground hydraulic fracturing releases the energy and stress of the target stratum,resulting in a substantial lag in the fracturing of the overburden before collapse occurs in the hydraulic fracturing stratum.Ground hydraulic fracturing of a low hard roof reduces the lag effect of hydraulic fractures,dissipates the energy consumed by the fracture of the hard roof,and reduces the abutment stress.Therefore,it is advisable to prioritize the selection of the lower hard roof as the target stratum.

Numerical research on stability control of roofs of water-rich roadway

In order to study the strength-weakening law of roofs of water-rich roadway, this study used FLAC software, and simulated and analyzed the failure characteristics of the surrounding rock of water-rich roadway under the condition of different cross sections and support parameters, finally obtained the stress distribution of the principle stress of the roadway as well as the displacement variation of its surrounding rock. Results indicate that the roof stability of roadway with semicircular cross section is better than the roadway with inclined rectangular cross section under water-rich condition. Besides, the surrounding rock deformation of roadway under the action of water shows a pronounced increase compared to the roadway without the action of water due to the fact that water will obviously weaken the surrounding rock of roadway, especially its roof. It is very beneficial to control roof stability of water-rich roadway and guarantee the roadway stability during its service life by improving the pretension of bolt and cable as well as decreasing inter-row spacing of the bolt.

Research into stope roof control of compound roof by solid backfilling mining

Based on the analysis of the failure characteristics and backfilling effect of the compound roof at 1801 backfilling workface in Taiyuan coal mine, China, we propose a method of controlling the pre- subsidence of a compound roof by using pre-stressed bolts to improve the backfilling ratio of the work- face so as to maintain the global stability of the stope roof. In addition, PHASE simulation software was employed to analyze the influence law of pre-stressing force, length, and interval on roof subsidence at the workface. On the basis of the numerical simulation results, a model for calculating the pre-stressing force and length of the bolts, the interval between the bolts, as well as roof subsidence at the workface, was established by using SPSS regression analysis software. Moreover, the research results were applied successfully to the 1801 filling workface. According to the monitoring data of roof closure, it was found that the final subsidence value for the goal roof was 350 mm and the filling ratio at the workface was 86%, which could fully meet the demand for safety production at the workface. The safe and effective control of the stope roof was therefore realized, which achieves the goal of safe and efficient backfilling mining under a compound roof.

Analysis and control on anomaly water inrush in roof of fully-mechanized mining field

Caving of mine roofs from water inrush due to anomalous pressure is one of the major disasters and accidents that can occur in mines during production.Roof water inrush can trigger a wide range of roof collapse,causing major accidents from breaking roof supports while caving.These failures flood wells and do a great deal of damage to mines and endanger mine safety.Our objective is to analyze the anomalies of water inrush crushing the support at the #6301 working face in the Jisan Coal Mine of the Yanzhou Mining Group.Through information of water inrush to the roof,damage caused by tectonic movements,information on the damage caused by roof collapse and the theory about the distribution of pressure in mine abutments,we advice adjusting the length of the working face and the position of open-off cut relatively to the rich water area.In the case of anomalous roof pressure we should develop a state equation to estimate preventive measures with＂transferring rock beam＂theory.Simultaneously, we improve the capacity of drainage equipment and ensured adequate water retention at the storehouse. These are all major technologies to ensure the control and prevention against accidents caused by anomalous water inrush in roofs,thus ensuring safety in the production process of a coal mine.

胡家河地面水平井压裂防治冲击地压管理实践

胡家河矿为解决回采工作面高位坚硬顶板难以及时垮落的问题,引进地面“L”型水平井分段压裂技术,采取井上和井下联合监测压裂施工的方法,对压裂效果进行分析。胡家河矿在施工开展期间为规范压裂技术实施、合理分配人员和及时解决现场问题,构建了以“地面水平井分段压裂”为中心,“五+”协作统筹推进工作,做到六项反馈与确认,七大环节优化,最终形成了“156677”地面水力压裂管理体系。为推动同类矿井冲击地压防治技术研究工作提供新思路。

综放工作面端面冒顶机理与围岩控制技术研究

针对9102综放工作面在回采过程中端面顶板破碎等围岩支护难题,首先对工作面的工程概况及顶底板条件进行分析,重点分析了采场围岩支护难点及端面冒顶机理,然后在具体回采经验的基础上,设计了9102综放工作面采场围岩控制体系,然后进行了现场实践及效果分析,工作面推采过程中仅发生局部轻度片帮冒顶事故,端面煤岩体整体稳定程度较高,安全生产工作得到保障。

Mechanism and practice of rock control in deep large span cut holes

Deep large span cut holes are difficult to stabilize. The 7801 cut hole in the Lu'an Wuyang Mine was used as this project's background. The main factors affecting large span cut hole stability are analyzed. Pre- stressed bolting theory was used to design a roof control method for a large span roadway. By reducing the span and applying equal strength coordinated supports the rock could be stabilized. The control prin- ciples and methods are given herein along with the analysis. A double micro arch cross section roadway is defined and its use in solving the current problem is described. Beam arch theory was used to build a model of the double micro arch cross section roadway. A support reverse force model for the arch foot intersection was also derived. A support method based upon reducing the width of the large span in the cut hole is presented. These results show that the reduced span of the roadway roof plus the use of cable anchors and single supports gives an effective way to control the large span cut hole. On site monitoring showed that the reduced span support from the double micro arch cross section roadway design had a significant effect. The roadway surface displacement was small and harmful deformation of the cut hole was effectively controlled. This will ensure its long term stability.

Vertical load capacities of roof truss cross members

Trusses used for roof support in coal mines are constructed of two grouted bolts installed at opposing forty-five degree angles into the roof and a cross member that ties the angled bolts together. The load on the cross member is vertical, which is transverse to the longitudinal axis, and therefore the cross member is loaded in the weakest direction. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the vertical load capacity and deflection of three different types of cross members. Single-point load tests, with the load applied in the center of the specimen and double-point load tests, with a span of 2.4 m, were conducted. For the single-point load configuration, the yield of the 25 mm solid bar cross member was nominally 98 kN of vertical load, achieved at 42 cm of deflection. For cable cross members, yield was not achieved even after 45 cm of deflection. Peak vertical loads were about 89 kN for 17 mm cables and67 kN for the 15 mm cables. For the double-point load configurations, the 25 mm solid bar cross members yielded at 150 kN of vertical load and 25 cm of deflection. At 25 cm of deflection individual cable strands started breaking at 133 and 111 kN of vertical load for the 17 and 15 mm cable cross members respectively.

顶板-支护系统准共振诱发冲击地压机制研究

冲击地压的发生机制与防治是煤矿动力灾害研究的重要问题。巷道顶板-支护系统在围岩扰动作用下存在接近共振状态的准共振现象将诱发顶板支护系统的冲击灾害,表现为顶板的位移、速度、加速度3种准共振强响应。依据支护失稳及支护塑性屈曲判别条件,给出支护动载破坏的3个安全系数及相应的危险扰动频率比区间,同时针对顶板支护系统准共振诱发的冲击灾害给出支护阻尼防冲控制分析。结果表明:在外界扰动力幅值低于静载下的支护临界破坏载荷时,顶板-支护系统的准共振现象是导致支护冲击破坏的主要原因;支护破坏的准共振危险扰动频率比区间与顶板支护系统的阻尼比及力幅比有关,随着阻尼比的增加,顶板准共振时的位移、速度及加速度响应幅值均减小,支护阻尼是对3种准共振响应均敏感的控制量;随着顶板支护系统阻尼比的增大或力幅比(外界扰动力幅值与支护静载破坏临界载荷之比)的下降,支护的危险扰动频率比区间范围将缩小甚至消失,同时阻尼比和力幅比取值均较小时,顶板支护系统在3种准共振下的危险扰动频率比取值区间较为接近。该研究将丰富对冲击地压发生机制的认识,同时对支护防冲控制设计具有参考价值。

大采高工作面采动围岩支护协同运动规律

针对大采高工作面存在的端面冒顶问题,采用数值模拟对俯采、仰采及水平开采三种不同状态下的顶板稳定程度和变化规律进行研究。通过理论研究,分析支架在三种不同开采方式下的阻力分布情况,提出了通过前移液压支架合力作用点的方法,可以提高支架的支护效果,间接增强顶部岩体连续性,控制顶板的拉应力,从而控制顶板冒落。以ZY20000/34/70D型支架为例,分析结果表明:通过调节液压支架的阻力分布,水平开采时,使千斤顶垂直分力处于1000~2000 kN之间;仰采时,使垂直分力处于600~1200 kN之间;俯采时,使垂直分力处于320~640 kN之间运行,可以有效的提高大采高工作面顶板稳定性,保证大采高工作面的安全生产。

基于PLC的屋顶绿化雨水滞蓄效能自动监测系统及应用

[目的]屋顶绿化通过植被层涵养和基质层滞蓄等作用可减少和延缓暴雨的径流峰值,通过实时监测降雨量、土壤含水量和溢流量等参数,对屋顶绿化雨水滞蓄效能进行科学研究。[方法]以可编程控制器(Programmable logic controller,PLC)为硬件控制核心组件,结合触摸屏技术研制屋顶绿化雨水滞蓄效能的自动监测系统,对降雨事件、降雨量、空气温度、空气湿度和风速进行自动监测。[结果]实时监测系统的测量结果与气象部门观测数据吻合,表明该系统能有效实现溢流量和基质土壤相对湿度的自动测量。不同植被的植物槽溢流量和基质土壤相对湿度存在差异,在试验过程中的一个连续降雨时期,大花马齿苋Portulaca grandiflora植物槽的滞蓄率为54.75%,南美蟛蜞菊Sphagneticola trilobata为26.63%,佛甲草Sedum lineare为38.34%;基质保水性存在季节差异,8月降雨后基质相对湿度普遍达70%以上,而9月南美蟛蜞菊基质相对湿度均低于70%,10月则更低。[结论]该监测系统可实现对室外屋顶绿化滞蓄效能及生态环境因子的有效、准确和实时动态监测。屋顶植物槽系统的雨水滞蓄效能、产流特征及基质土壤的保水性能与气象气候条件、降雨强度、降雨量、植物类型、季节变化和基质组成等密切相关。

井上下煤层顶板区域压裂防治冲击地压系统及应用

针对冲击地压局部卸压范围小,连续性低,作业风险高等问题,开展煤层厚硬顶板井上下千米顺层钻孔区域压裂防冲系统与工程应用研究。结果表明,从加载条件来分,顶板主导型冲击地压可分为动静载荷叠加型、高静载荷加载型、高静载荷卸荷型3种类型;厚硬顶板是采掘围岩冲击地压启动区域性静载荷、动载荷供给主体,以提供冲击启动动静载荷源的厚硬顶板为靶点,提出建立煤层顶板地面、井下千米水平孔分段致裂卸压系统,开展顶板千米顺层钻孔区域压裂。通过井上下提前破坏冲击危险区域上覆顶板的完整性,使得载荷向更完整顶板区域迁移,从而为井下掘进、回采提供低应力作业大环境,也使得冲击地压丧失启动的重要载荷条件。分别进行了工作面开采前地面水平井顶板区域压裂防冲技术试验,工作面开采过程中井下巷道水平孔顶板区域压裂防冲技术试验,实践效果显著,形成了冲击地压建设矿井“先压后建”,生产矿井“先压后掘、先压后采”新的灾害防治模式。

航站楼金属屋面系统施工技术及安全控制

本文介绍了金属板屋面系统在国内的发展情况,以及在机场航站楼建设中的应用,在保证各项基本功能的前提下实现了快速建造。对本项目屋面工程的工程概况、施工部署及主要施工技术进行介绍,并提出了安全控制措施。

超高水材料长壁工作面充填开采顶板控制技术

为研究充填工作面长度对岩层控制效果的影响，指导长壁工作面充填开采实践和为围岩变形控制提供依据，基于超高水材料的基本性能试验，利用差分法薄板理论建立了超高水材料长壁工作面充填开采顶板活动力学模型，得到关键层的预计变形量，分析充填工作面长度对关键层变形及破坏的影响，提出了长壁工作面充填开采顸板控制理念。研究结果表明：采空区顶板下沉最大挠度值随着工作面长度的增加而增加；要维持关键层不发生断裂，必须保证工作面长度和控顶长度在一定范围内。对比冀中能源陶一煤矿充1～5工作面（工作面长度50～60m）和充6工作面（工作面长度120m）充填开采实际情况，提出并应用地面充填系统构建、充填液面提高、隔离带设置、工作面锚网索支护4种长壁工作面顶板控制技术，有效地抑制了顶板变形，同时保证了良好的充填效果。

泥岩顶板巷道围岩裂隙演化规律与冒顶机理分析

通过对某矿泥岩顶板巷道围岩变形进行监测,总结该类巷道变形破坏的一般规律;借助钻孔窥视的手段对不同含水条件下泥岩顶板围岩的裂隙演化规律和破裂特征进行分析,在此基础上,研究泥岩顶板巷道冒顶的机理。研究表明:围岩裂隙是由浅部向深部逐渐扩散的,裂隙发育存在饱和现象;有效控制围岩微裂隙区向裂隙发育区演化,避免裂隙发育区发展到锚固区之外是保证富水泥岩顶板巷道稳定的关键。据此建立了分顶、分区的围岩控制技术体系,包括高性能锚杆支护技术、预应力锚索强化技术以及注浆加固技术,并成功地应用于工程实践。

鄂尔多斯东胜体育场活动屋盖驱动与控制系统设计

在鄂尔多斯东胜体育场活动屋盖中采用钢丝绳驱动系统,对传统的钢丝绳驱动方式进行了重大改进,卷扬设备牵引相对较远一侧的活动屋盖,传力直接明确,作用于固定屋盖的反力显著减小,驱动可靠性提高。在活动屋盖每榀桁架端部设置2个台车,形成扁担效应,增加了结构的稳定性,减小单个台车的荷载,大大降低了轨道桁架杆件与轨道梁的局部压力。台车设置了竖向变形与横向变形调节装置,确保活动屋盖运行平稳,可以有效避免单个台车超载。开合控制系统具有完善的信号采集、监控以及诊断功能,通过均布荷载与纠偏控制,可以实现高精度同步控制,具有完备的安全应急保证系统,保证开合操作在各种紧急情况下的安全性,此外,还针对该工程制定了详细的活动屋盖运行管理规定。鄂尔多斯东胜体育场投入使用后,活动屋盖运行情况良好,在驱动与控制系统方面的成果可供类似工程参考。

五虎山煤矿9号煤层巷道支护设计及模拟

利用RFPA2D岩石破裂过程分析系统软件,对神华集团乌达矿区五虎山煤矿9号煤层巷道围岩变形和破坏过程进行了动态仿真模拟,并根据模拟结果,分析了随着煤层上山的掘进中上覆岩层的破断过程、特征与来压特点,揭示了煤层顶板的破断及煤壁支撑压力的变化规律.同时研究了各种支护情况下巷道变形规律、破坏机理、围岩应力分布情况以及支护手段对巷道的加固效果.用RFPA岩石破坏过程分析系统进行仿真模拟时,其模型应力状态可以通过2种方法反映出来:①通过模型破坏过程图片上的灰度值反映;②通过系统中的功能命令———多单元信息———来获得.系统会自动生成截面上所有单元的应力状态数据文件,并可显示出每个单元计算步骤的应力和位移曲线.

基于可靠性的锚杆支护动态设计与应用研究

针对当前锚杆支护作用机理尚未完全清晰的现实,采用数学与力学相结合、理论分析及数值模拟与工程实测相结合的方法,利用RFPA2D岩石破裂过程分析系统软件,对神华集团乌达矿区五虎山煤矿9#煤层巷道围岩变形和破坏过程进行了动态仿真模拟,研究了锚杆支护设计方法和合理设计程序问题,建立了基于可靠性的巷道锚杆支护动态设计理论,开发了基于可靠性的巷道锚杆支护动态设计计算机辅助系统,在神华集团五虎山煤矿进行的工业试验,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。

TPO屋面系统在大型主题公园建设中的应用

某大型主题公园建设中,屋面系统应用了TPO(热塑性聚烯烃类)防水卷材,此屋面系统与压型钢板金属屋面板施工工艺相结合,不仅节约保温材料,具有良好的节能效果,且增强屋面系统防水整体性,同时TPO防水卷材细部收口施工方便,卷材表面无须设置保护层,具有耐热、耐候、耐老化和易维护的优点,有效解决了屋面造型复杂、防水耐久性的施工难题,可为类似金属平屋面系统施工提供经验和参考。

复合顶板薄及中厚煤层智能超前支护系统研制及应用

针对龙滩煤矿复合顶板薄及中厚煤层传统超前支架存在顶板破碎严重、空间位置受限、推移困难、劳动强度大的问题,从巷道围岩控制和超前支架快速推进角度出发提出设计原则,运用理论计算和结构设计方法,研发了一种由8架超前支架和2架端头支架组成的轻型横向自移式超前液压支护系统。龙滩煤矿3124S工作面现场应用效果表明:超前支架组架间留空按800 mm布置,推移1个超前支架,顶板所受支撑破坏减少2次,保证了顶板的稳定性;结构紧凑的超前支护系统有效解决了薄-中厚煤层设备配套空间布置不合理的问题;整体式底座配合双推移千斤顶在双抵帮装置协助下确保超前支架顺利协调前移,大幅减少了停机时间,工作面推进速度提升15%~20%;配套视频监控系统、控制系统、传感系统,实现集控中心对超前支架系统的远程控制和人工干预,大幅降低了工人劳动强度,每班超前维护人员减少67%。新型超前支护系统的应用为智能化综采工作面安全高效生产提供了保障。