Unveiling the shadows: a qualitative exploration of barriers to rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption in residential sectors

In the face of global climate change,the urgent shift towards renewable energy sources such as solar power is vital for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fostering a sustainable future,presenting a universal challenge and opportunity for energy policy worldwide.India’s adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic is pivotal due to its vast solar potential,which aligns with national goals to increase renewable energy capacity,reduce carbon emissions,and achieve energy security.Kerala’s geographical location offers abundant solar potential,making it a prime candidate for the adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems.Coupled with the state’s strong commitment to renewable energy initiatives such as the ambitious“SOURA”(solar subsidy program by the Kerala State Electricity Board)project and various incentives for solar adoption,Kerala stands at the forefront of India’s transition towards sustainable energy solutions.Understanding the barriers to rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption in Kerala is crucial for tailoring ef-fective policies and strategies that address specific hindrances from economic constraints to informational gaps.This study employs a qualitative research method to identify the barriers to rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption among households in Kerala.Through face-to-face interviews with a purposively selected sample of 52 households,the research aims to gain in-depth insights into the multifaceted challenges hindering the widespread adoption of solar energy in residential settings.The findings reveal several key barriers:financial barriers,informational barriers,technical barriers,regulatory barriers,social barriers,and psychological barriers.Sentiment analysis indicates that while there is a predominantly positive attitude towards solar photovoltaic adoption,there are sig-nificant concerns that still need to be addressed.Addressing these barriers with targeted policy interventions and public awareness campaigns could significantly enhance the adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems in Kerala.

Investigating energy policies to boost grid-connected rooftop solar PV in Sudan

Grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaic(PV)systems can reduce the energy demand from the grid and significantly increase the power available to it.However,rooftop solar PV has not yet been widely adopted in many sub-Saharan African countries,such as Sudan,although they are endowed with high solar radiation and in dire need of additional power.This paper investigates risks and policies to increase grid-connected rooftop solar PV adoption in Sudan.A simplified United Nations Development Program Derisking Renewable Energy Investment framework is adopted to investigate this over three stages.For Stage 1,a list of risks and barriers was produced based on a literature review of solar PV studies in Sudan and interviews with nine stakeholders.Affordability was the risk most often mentioned(eight times from nine interviewees),followed by concerns about poor utility grid infrastructure.For Stage 2,policy de-risking instruments and financial de-risking instruments were listed to overcome the barriers.These include the intro-duction of net metering,the use of a third-party organization to monitor policy implementation,upgrade of the grid infrastructure,public awareness campaigns and energy-saving schemes.For Stage 3,the levelized cost of electricity was estimated for a typical 2-kW rooftop PV system without policies(0.11$/kWh)and with a net-metering policy(0.07$/kWh).

Bridging the energy gap of India’s residential buildings by using rooftop solar PV systems for higher energy stars

The residential-building sector in India consumes>25%of the total electricity and is the third-largest consumer of electricity;consumption increased by 26%between 2014 and 2017.India has introduced a star-labelling programme for residential buildings that is applicable for all single-and multiple-dwelling units in the country for residential purposes.The Energy Performance Index(EPI)of a building(annual energy consumption in kilowatt-hours per square metre of the building)is taken as an indicator for awarding the star label for residential buildings.For gauging the EPI status of existing buildings,the electricity consumption of residential buildings(in kWh/m2/year)is established through a case study of the residential society.Two years of electricity bills are collected for an Indian residential society located in Palam,Delhi,analysed and benchmarked with the Indian residential star-labelling programme.A wide EPI gap is observed for existing buildings for five-star energy labels.Based on existing electricity tariffs,the energy consumption of residential consumers and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency(BEE)’s proposed building ENERGY STAR labelling,a grid-integrated rooftop solar photovoltaic(PV)system is considered for achieving a higher star label.This research study establishes the potential of grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems for residential buildings in Indian cities through a case study of Delhi.Techno-economic analysis of a grid-integrated 3-kWp rooftop solar PV plant is analysed by using RETScreen software.The study establishes that an additional two stars can be achieved by existing buildings by using a grid-integrated rooftop solar PV plant.Payback for retrofit of a 3-kWp rooftop solar PV plant for Indian cites varies from 3 to 7 years.

Solar rooftop in India: Policies,challenges and outlook

Solar photovoltaic rooftop has emerged as a potential green technology to address climate change issues by reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuel based energy. With a strong commitment to increase the renewable sources based energy capacity to 175 GW by 2022, India has a target to install 100 GW of solar energy capacity. Of this 40 GW would be the share of grid connected solar PV rooftop. This paper examines global growth in solar energy, world's major rooftop installed capacity countries' policies and solar rooftop policy instruments in India. The current Indian goals, issues & challenges in achieving them and trends in further development are discussed.

面向屋顶光伏规划的建筑物屋顶分割方法

屋顶分割在屋顶光伏规划中具有重要意义。由于其基于人工提供prompts的方式,降低了屋顶光伏规划的自动化程度。为提高SAM在屋顶分割任务中的自动化水平,本文提出了一种改进Segment Anything Model(SAM)的建筑物屋顶自动分割方法。我们在SAM的基础上引入了一种用于提供prompts的可学习网络。简化了屋顶分割任务,将其转变为端到端的任务,并且显著提高了屋顶分割的准确性。经过实验验证,该方法的分割准确度可达99%,mAP可达82.5%,在建筑物屋顶分割和自动化水平上表现出卓越的性能。

Potential of Rooftop PV Systems on Weekly Peak Load Shaving in Saudi Arabia

In recent years, high annual increasing load demand in Saudi Arabia has led to large investments in the construction of conventional power plants, which use oil or gas as the main fuel. The government is considering a large deployment of renewable energy for its 2030 vision plan. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the best potential candidates for harvesting solar energy because of the country’s geographical location, clear sky, and vast land area. A recent energy policy announced by the government involves harvesting solar photovoltaic (PV) energy to reduce the country’s reliance on fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emissions. Using rooftop PV systems can help to shave the peak load and lead to a significant savings in the power sector through the reduction of annual installation of conventional power plants and standby generators. Employing solar PV at the end user level helps to reduce the overloading of transmission and distribution lines as well as decreases power losses. This paper will provide ratings for different rooftop PV systems that are being considered for installation for customers with various needs. The distribution of PV installation among the customers is as follows: 5% residential, 10% commercial, and 20% government. The effect of PV output power on weekly peak demand has been evaluated. The paper has also investigated the impact of the temperature on PV output power, especially during the summer. The PV power contribution is analyzed based on the assumption that weekly peak power production of solar PV coincides with weekly peak load demand. The PV model is implemented in Matlab to simulate and analyze the PV power.

城市建筑屋顶光伏发电潜力评估方法和模型

建筑屋顶作为闲置的土地资源已成为光伏发电重要的潜在空间,屋顶光伏发电是脱碳电力供应的主要方式,将在实现城市碳中和进程中发挥重要作用。对建筑屋顶光伏发电潜力进行精确评估将有助于分布式光伏的科学规划和合理布局,提升土地利用效率。旨在对建筑屋顶光伏发电潜力影响因素和评估方法,以及光伏发电潜力主要评估模型进行系统性阐述,比较分析不同评估方法的优缺点,总结未来研究的重点方向。现有研究表明,建筑屋顶光伏发电潜力评估已从经验取值发展为定量空间分析,评估尺度、评估精度和评估成本已经成为不同评估方法综合权衡的重点。现有三种评估方法中,采样法计算成本和数据成本较低,但评估结果不确定性较大、精度较低;全面评估法评估精度较高,但数据获取成本和计算成本较高;机器学习法能够高效挖掘大数据潜力,且算法性能显著提升,因而相较于其他方法更适宜大尺度建筑屋顶光伏发电潜力评估。当前建筑屋顶光伏发电潜力评估仍然存在大尺度精细评估缺乏、评估结果不确定性大以及评估模型计算量大等问题。未来研究重点应关注三个方面:1)建立适宜不同区域的高精度简化模型并完善技术潜力评估模型;2)阐明建筑屋顶光伏发电潜力的影响因素,为代表性建筑分类体系的完善、关键特征值的选取提供理论依据;3)将光伏安装情景、农村屋顶质量、城市公共建筑屋顶产权和用能需求等因素对建筑屋顶光伏发电潜力的影响纳入评估框架。

江苏县域农村屋顶分布式光伏发电系统建设自然社会影响因素实证分析

农村屋顶分布式光伏正在快速发展中,但其发展的影响因素及影响程度并无系统性的梳理分析。针对此问题,通过收集江苏省64个县级区域共39期月度农村屋顶分布式光伏新增装机量、自然资源和社会生活等多方面的数据,建立基于县级面板数据的农村屋顶分布式光伏新增装机量的实证模型,在全省总体层面和苏南、苏中、苏北分地区对比的多维度上进行评估。研究结果表明,新增装机量与太阳能资源等自然禀赋相关性不大,发展处于自发性、无序性状态,缺乏指导和政策规划;新增装机量与居民收入等社会因素关系密切,安装农村屋顶分布式光伏的居民主要是低收入群体,覆盖面还不够广。清洁能源使用与绿色低碳参与意识还未深入人心,缺乏相应宣传。

基于ArcGIS的城市屋顶太阳能应用潜力评估

随着光伏技术的发展,屋顶光伏系统在城市中发挥着越来越重要的作用,而评估城市建筑屋顶太阳能资源,寻求光伏设备最佳安装地点,是屋顶光伏系统开发利用的基础,但由于城市建筑数量庞大,气象观测设备不足,无法直接得到所有屋顶的观测数据,故亟需利用已有观测数据来估计其他地点太阳辐射量的方法。文中基于ArcGIS中的太阳辐射模拟工具,以哈尔滨市南岗区中心城区为例,获取了研究区域建筑屋顶海拔高度栅格数据,并采用气象站点日太阳辐射实测数据,对太阳辐射模拟计算所需的大气透过率T与散射率D进行了公式拟合,最后采用拟合公式对南岗区中心城区内所有建筑物进行模拟分析,导出了当地建筑屋顶太阳能分布地图,可探究建筑物屋顶太阳辐射分布及由于建筑物高度不同产生的阴影互相遮挡的影响。结果表明南岗区2021年建筑物屋顶太阳总辐射值为1287.79kW·h/m^(2),且由于阴影遮挡产生的辐射损失约为7.63%,其中有91.4%投影面积的建筑屋顶年累计太阳辐射量超过1000kW·h/m^(2)。

屋顶式太阳能光伏发电系统经济性分析

在国内外相关研究文献的基础上,阐述了太阳能光伏发电的原理,以屋顶式太阳能光伏发电系统为研究对象进行了经济性计算,给出了影响屋顶式光伏发电系统经济性的因素,就如何提高其经济性提出了一些建议,从而为屋顶式太阳能光伏发电系统的优化和能源利用率的提高提供了参考。

集成LiDAR和辐射模型的植被遮挡下城市屋顶太阳能估算

结合LiDAR和CCD数据的多源特征融合及面向对象分类方法,在优化LiDAR点云数据提取数字高程模型方法的基础上,高精度提取植被和建筑结构参数;通过集成半球视域太阳辐射模型,输出单体建筑不同季节屋顶太阳能分布图,定量评估植被对屋顶太阳辐射的遮挡效应。结果表明:LiDAR集成CCD数据提取建筑结构信息的方法精度比仅使用LiDAR单一数据源的效果好;运算结果较好地反映了高层建筑遮挡效应的季节性变化以及低矮建筑周边植被的遮挡效应;植被结构参数与屋顶辐射衰减呈明显的正相关关系,而建筑结构参数对屋顶太阳辐射衰减的影响较弱且总体趋势不明显。

屋顶式空气集热系统的优化设计分析

从送风方式、集热器面积、集热器内空气流速等方面对屋顶式空气集热系统进行了优化设计，并对某典型农宅进行了测试分析。结果表明，采用高效的屋顶空气集热器，采用上送下回（向下送风）的送风方式、集热器内流速在4～6 m/s时，集热系统的效率基本在20%左右，在室内设计温度为14℃的条件下，太阳能贡献率达44%。该系统结构简单、价廉、安装方便且易于维护，可有效地利用屋面面积，适于农村新建房屋。

太阳能屋顶光伏发电系统设计及效益分析

太阳能发电可分为光发电和热发电两种,其中光发电是不通过热转换直接将太阳光转换成电的方式,也称为光伏发电。太阳能光伏发电是新能源利用的重要领域。文中基于实例分析了屋顶光伏发电系统的大量实际数据,表明了太阳能屋顶光伏发电系统具有良好的社会、经济效益和广阔的发展前景,为今后屋顶光伏发电系统设计和推广提供参考依据。

南京地区太阳能屋顶缓解夏季高温的模拟研究

太阳能屋顶的安装预计能在一定程度上缓解城市化带来的能源危机及对城市热环境的破坏。利用耦合了城市单层冠层方案(UCM)的WRF模式,以南京2010年7月27日至8月5日夏季晴天微风天气为背景,模拟了不同发电效率的太阳能屋顶的安装对城市高温的缓解效应。结果表明:(1)太阳能屋顶可以通过削弱到达城市表面的太阳辐射使城市2 m高气温降低,随着发电效率的提高,降温效果更明显,且白天降温效果明显优于夜间;白天2 m高气温最大降低0.4—1.3℃,夜间降低0.2—0.5℃。(2)太阳能屋顶可使边界层内气温降低,白天在边界层400 m以下降温显著,夜间在边界层高度200 m以下降温显著;白天边界层内最大降温出现在中午前后,降温0.1—0.8℃,夜间边界层内最大降温0.5℃。(3)发电效率为40%时,模拟期间的发电量为18.1×109 kW·h。

屋顶光伏发电并网系统在110kV变电站的应用

针对在110 kV变电站配置光伏发电系统展开了研究,提出了利用变电站建筑屋顶装设太阳能光伏电池板,构建并网型光伏发电系统的方案,将辐射至变电站内的太阳能转化为电能,作为站用负荷供电的补充电源。

全球太阳能光伏产业发展与中国对策

太阳能资源丰富、分布广泛，是最具发展潜力的可再生能源资源。在技术进步和逐步完善的法规政策的强力驱动下，世界光伏产业自上世纪90年代后进入了快速发展时期。我国加快太阳能光伏产业发展，对于优化国家能源结构。深入推进节能减排工作．加快低碳社会建设，具有重要战略意义。本文首先系统阐述了全球太阳能光伏产业发展现状及技术发展趋势，在此基础上，从产业技术发展水平、产业规模等方面描述了我国太阳能光伏产业发展现状，最后就我国促进太阳能光伏产业发展提出了一系列政策建议。

基于改进DeeplabV3+的农村遥感图像屋顶分割

现有的太阳能屋顶分割方案大多数针对城市地区,而农村地区的遥感图像不清晰、房屋数量多且呈小区域分散的状态,使得现有模型对农村地区屋顶分割效果不佳。因此,提出基于改进DeeplabV3+的农村地区遥感图像屋顶分割算法。改进的算法在原DeeplabV3+的基础上添加了棋盘格平滑模块,以缓解空洞卷积引起的棋盘格效应;为了进一步恢复屋顶的边缘细节信息,提出融合多低水平特征和通道注意力模块。实验结果表明,提出的算法在农村地区遥感图像屋顶分割任务中取得了良好的效果,模型在验证集上的像素准确率约达到了96.05%,前景的交并比约达到了91.62%,指标与原DeeplabV3+模型相比分别提升了0.022 1和0.017 4,表明提出的方法更加适用于农村地区遥感图像的屋顶分割。

印度太阳能开发利用的现状与挑战

全球应对气候变化及印度国内能源需求的共同压力,促使印度开始重视新能源的发展,而得天独厚的太阳能资源禀赋及太阳能建设成本的走低,使得太阳能成为印度发展新能源的首选。印度政府为了推动太阳能产业的快速发展,在提出2022年太阳能发电装机容量达到100GW宏伟目标的同时,还设立了专门的太阳能管理部门,出台了一系列配套补贴政策和激励措施,加强输电线路建设,并通过国际合作助力印度太阳能的开发与利用。截至2017年3月,印度太阳能装机容量达到12.2GW,预计未来将超过日本成为世界第三大太阳能光伏市场;屋顶太阳能的年装机量也从2013年的32MW猛增至2016年的227MW,2016年底累计装机容量达到1247MW;小型光伏太阳能系统也在有序推广。同时,太阳能热水器、太阳能炊具、太阳能光热发电等光热利用也取得了显著成效。然而,未来印度太阳能发展目标的落实情况不容乐观,发展规划脱离实际、土地征用成本高昂、行政机构腐败盛行、太阳能辐射量等基础数据缺失、民众缺乏购买力以及本土产业落后等现实问题,仍然是制约印度太阳能产业进一步发展的主要障碍。

城市建筑利用太阳能资源信息评估系统设计

为实现对城市建筑利用太阳能资源的评估、查询和调整等信息化管理,以及为城市建筑太阳能资源开发利用提供科学决策支持,基于ArcGIS平台二次开发,考虑周围建筑及环境遮挡效应的影响,建立城市建筑利用太阳能资源的信息评估系统,并对常州市钟楼区建筑日照时长、太阳辐射量、光伏发电量等太阳能资源指标进行评估.评估结果表明:本文模型能较为准确地对建筑屋面及侧立面的太阳能利用潜力进行评估;系统可根据筛选条件进行快速查询,并通过二维或三维地图的形式进行可视化显示.

工厂建筑群建设房屋顶太阳能发电项目的探讨

随着社会经济的高速发展和传统能源的日益稀缺,开发新能源成为了当今时代的重要课题。太阳能因其良好的再生能力与丰富的储存量在新能源中占据了重要的地位。结合太阳能光伏发电的具体例子,分析了生物质发电厂光伏发电项目的经济可行性,提出了工厂利用厂房屋顶光伏发电的方法,为推广工厂屋顶光伏发电技术提供了有力依据。