On Some Problems of Extracting the Root from a Given Finite Language

Based on the standard definition of the product (concatenation), the natural non-negative degree of the language is introduced. Root extraction is the reverse operation to it, and it can be defined in several different ways. Despite the simplicity of the formulation of the problem of extracting the root, the authors could not find any description of it in the literature (as well as on the Internet), including even its formulation. Most of the material in this article is devoted to the simplest version of the formulation: the root of the 2nd degree for the 1-letter alphabet, but many of the provisions of the article are generalized to more complex cases. Apparently, for a possible future description of a polynomial algorithm for solving at least one of the described statements of root extraction problems, it is first necessary to really analyze in detail such a special case, that is: either describe the necessary polynomial algorithm, or, conversely, show that the problem belongs to the class of NP-complete problems. Thus, in this article, we do not propose a polynomial algorithm for the problems under consideration;however, the models described here should help in constructing appropriate heuristic algorithms for their solution. A detailed description of the possible further application of such heuristic algorithms is beyond the scope of this article. .

EXTRACTION OF CHARACTERISTIC ROOTS ON BESSEL-NEUMANN’S MIXED EQUATIONS

This paper discusses the problem of the extraction of characteristic roots on Bessel-Neumann's mixed equations. It gives the expressions and the evaluation of the minimum root. The advantage of the method has no use for the table of the multi-figure number Bessel function and it does not need computer but can calculate all the characteristic roots The precision of these roots is still high.

Allelopathy Effect of Wheat Root Aqueous Extracts on Different Vigna angularis Varieties

Objective] This study aimed to investigate the al elopathy effect on the seed germination and seedling growth of different adzuki bean （Vigna angularis） vari-eties in wheat root aqueous extracts. [Method] Culture dish method and pot experi-ment were carried out with the seeds and the seedling of 10 adzuki bean varieties, respectively, and seed germination rate and various indexes of the seedlings were measured. [Result] ① 30 g/L wheat root aqueous extracts very significantly im-proved the germination rate and sprouting index of B1789, Baihong 3, Baohong 947. ② The genotype differences of adzuki bean seedling was presented by the morphological index in wheat root aqueous extracts treatment; among al the mor-phological indexes, Baohong 947, Jinhong 3 presented a positive al elopathic effect, and their plant height, root length and leaf area were extremely significantly in-creased, while the fresh weights of both above-ground and underground parts were increased obviously, compared with the control. ③ According to the synthetical al-lelopathic indices, wheat root aqueous extracts had different degrees of promoting effects on the six adzuki bean varieties： Baohong 947〉Baihong 6〉B1789〉Zunhua-hong〉Jihong〉Jinhong 3〉Baohong 8824-17〉Baihong 3. ④ Treated by wheat root aqueous extract, the SOD activity, POD activity, MDA content, TTC activity and chlorophyl content in the seedlings of adzuki beans of different genotypes changed by a smal er range in al elopathic promotion varieties than in al elopathic inhibition varieties. [Conclusion] The results proved that Baohong 947 is the best summer-planting variety after wheat.

Contact Activity of Root Extracts from Macleaya cordata against Tenhrio motlitorlin(L.)

[Objective] The study was to screen the active part from roots of Macleaya cordata. [Method] Dipping method was used to study the contact activity of ethanol extract and 4 kinds of extracts by petroleum, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water from the root of M. cordata on 2nd and 6th instars larvae of T. motlitorlin（L.）. [Result] The corrected mortality rate of T. motlitorlin increased with the increase of extract concentration. When the concentration was 100 mg/ml, the contact activity of ethyl acetate extract against 2nd instar larvae of T. motlitorlin was the highest, the corrected mortality rate at 48 h reached 80.95%, and LC50 was 65.532 9 mg/ml. The overall performance of insecticidal activity was as follows： ethyl acetate layer petroleum layer = n-butanol layer total extracts （ethanol） water layer. The contact toxicity of ethanol extract and petroleum extract against 6th instar larvae of T. motlitorlin was the highest, and the corrected mortality rate at 48 h reached 71.42% and 66.67%, LC50 were 83.899 8 and 86.687 7 mg/ml, respectively. The overall performance of insecticidal activity was as follows： total extracts （ethanol） petroleum layer ethyl acetate layer n-butanol layer water layer. [Conclusion] The insecticidal active components of M. cordata root were distributed within the polarity range of petroleum and ethyl acetate, and the part could be further separated and identified.

Clinical Study on the Anti-Aging Effect of a Cream Containing Ginseng Root Extract and L-Carnosine

The anti-aging effects of a cream containing L-carnosine and ginseng root extract to provide a reference for the evaluation and development of anti-aging cosmetics were tested. Sixty healthy females, aged 35-60,were grouped into test sample and placebo groups. Skin elasticity, gloss, and wrinkles of the participants were analyzed before use and after use for 8 weeks. Instrument measurement results showed that after 8 weeks,skin elasticity, gloss, and wrinkles in the members of the test sample group obviously improved relative to those of the placebo group. Clinical effect assessment results showed that subjects did not experience adverse skin reactions, and their skin gloss showed obvious improvement. Self-assessment results showed that 87%subjects are satisfied with the test sample. Cream containing L-carnosine and ginseng root extract has a certain anti-aging effect.

Effect of Spraying Liquorices Root Extract on Vegetative Growth, Chemical Characters and Photosynthetic Pigments of Chrysanthemum （Chrysanthemum morifolium L.） Grown under Salt Stress

This experiment was conducted in Horticulture Department, School of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Duhok, Iraq in 2010 on Chrysanthemum plants, in order to mitigate the adverse influence of salinity by the use of liquorice root extract and study its effect on vegetative growth, chlorophyll content in leaves from chlorophyll and assistant pigment, carbohydrate and starch. Subsequently, the trail consisted of three levels of salinity （0, 4 and 8 ds m^-1） and three concentrations of the liquorice root extract 0, 2.5 and 5 g L^-1. Results showed that salinity （4 ds m^-1） rate caused significant increases in certain vegetative characteristics （branches number, plant height, leaves number and leaf area）, photosynthetic pigments （Chl a, Chl b, total chlorophyll, a-carotene, β-carotene, zeaxanthin, astaxanthin）, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, shoot： root ratio, carbohydrate dry weight percentage and starch percentage as compared to untreated check. However, increasing salinity rate to 8 ds m^-1 resulted in substantial reductions in all above mentioned Waits. Treatment with liquorices root extract, in particular, 5 g L^-1 manifested a potent capability in ameliorating the salinity negative effects in terms of vegetative and photosynthetic pigments aspects.

Study of Immunomodulating Activity of Rectal Suppositories with an Extract of Licorice Root

The article is devoted to the study of the immunomodulating activity of rectal suppositories with an extract of licorice root and essential oils of chamomile and tea tree. Taking into account that medicine is intended and prescribed for children, all the experiments were performed on immature nonlinear one-month rats with weight of 60.0-80.0 g. As a result, it was found out that rectal insertion of suppositories with an extract of licorice root causes an increase in the phagocytic function of neutrophils and increases the quantity of antibodies in the spleen and titers of hemagglutinins and hemolysins in serum, that indicating on the activation of nonspecific and humoral immunity of immature animals. Moreover, the prospects of possible application of suppositories with an extract of licorice root are showed for prevention and treatment of various immunodependent diseases, viral in particular.

A Review of Lithospermi Erythrorhizon Root Extract for Cosmetic Additive Application Purpose

Lithospermum erythrorhizon(LE)is a plant of which the root has a long medicinal use history.Modern researches have confirmed the positive effects of LE root extract on human.Also,many effective compositions of this extract have been identified.The benefits brought by LE root extract,such as anti-oxidation and antiinflammation,on human makes it a great additive in cosmetic formula.The composition,benefits,and extracting method were reviewed in this work based on the consideration of applying LE root extract as a cosmetic additive.

A RING SIGNATURE SCHEME OVER BRAID GROUPS

Quantum algorithms bring great challenges to classical public key cryptosystems, which makes cryptosystems based on non-commutative algebraic systems hop topic. The braid groups, which are non-commutative, have attracted much attention as a new platform for constructing quantum attack-resistant cryptosystems. A ring signature scheme is proposed based on the difficulty of the root extraction problem over braid groups, which can resist existential forgery against the adaptively cho-sen-message attack under the random oracle model.

Molecular Mechanism of Induction on Apoptosis of Human Esophageal Cancer HCE-4 Cells by Active Components from Astragalus membranaceus

[Objectives] To investigate the pharmacologic effects of active components from A. membranaceus on human esophageal cancer HCE-4 cells and its apoptosis mechanism. [Methods] The viabilities of HCE-4 cells were measured by MTT assay. The induction of active components from A. membranaceus on apoptosis of HCE-4 cells was detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. The apoptotic-related protein expression levels were determined by Western blotting. [Results] Formononetin and astragaloside IV suppressed the proliferation of HCE-4 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining results showed that formononetin and astragaloside IV could induce HCE-4 cells apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. The Western blotting results showed that formononetin and astragaloside IV could significantly down-regulate p-AKT,pro-caspase-3,and increase cle-caspase-3 protein expression in HCE-4 cells. [Conclusions]Active components from A. membranaceus such as formononetin and astragaloside IV significantly inhibited the proliferation of human esophageal cancer HCE-4 cells by inducing mitochondrial dependent apoptosis via AKT signaling pathway.

Dynamic Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Total Ginsenosides from Ginseng Fibrous Roots

A dynamic microwave-assisted extraction（DMAE） method is established for the extraction of total ginsenosides from ginseng fibrous roots. The extraction process has been simulated and its main affection factors（liquid/solid ratio K of solvent to ginseng powders（V/m）, irradiation time, irradiation temperature, extracting solution concentration, flow rate of solvent and microwave power） have been optimized by response surface methodology（RSM）. The optimum conditions of extraction are the liquid/solid ratio of 270 m L/g, the extraction temperature of 75 ℃, the extraction time of 35 min, ethanol concentration of 70%（V/V）, the solvent flow rate of 1.3 m L/min, and the microwave power of 500 W. The yield of ginsenosides obtained by the proposed DAME method is（15.0±0.7） %, which is well agreement with the yield predicted by the model. Compared with static microwave-assisted extraction, DMAE has a higher extraction yield and can avoid the degradation of ginsenoside.

Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of root bark extracts of Acanthopanax henryi

AIM: To investigate the cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity, and action mechanism of root bark extracts of Acanthopanax henryi. METHOD: The hot methanol extract of the root bark of A. henryi was subjected to XAD-4 column chromatography eluting with a gradient of methanol in water. The cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of the MeOH fractions were evaluated on the inhibition on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. RESULTS: The 80% MeOH fraction was a better inhibitor of LPS-induced NO, PGE2, IL-1β, and IL-6 production, and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) at the protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The 80% MeOH fraction of A. henryi root bark has significant anti-inflammatory activity. This provides a pharmacological basis for clinical application for the treatment of inflammation.

Green synthesis,characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using methanolic root extracts of Diospyros sylvatica

The current research study focuses to formulate the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles for the first time from silver acetate using methanolic root extracts of Diospyros sylvatica,a member of family Ebenaceae. TEM analysis revealed the average diameter of Ag NPs around 8 nm which is in good agreement with the average crystallite size（10 nm）calculated from X-ray Diffraction（XRD）analysis. Further the study has been extended to the antimicrobial activity against test pathogenic Gram（＋）ve,Gram（-）ve bacterial and fungal strains. The bioinspired Ag-NP showed promising activity against all the tested bacterial strains and the activity was enhanced with increased dosage levels

Investigation of the cytotoxicity,antioxidative and immune-modulatory effects of Ligusticum porteri(Osha) root extract on human peripheral blood lymphocytes

OBJECTIVE： Ligusticum ported is a traditional Native American herb. The roots of L. ported are traditionally used in the treatment of many diseases, however, its cytotoxicity, antioxidative and immune- modulatory effects need to be investigated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the root extract at different doses on human peripheral blood lymphocytes （PBLs）. METHODS： The lymphocytes were incubated with different concentrations of the root extracts （0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL） and harvested every 6 h for 2 d （P〈0.05）. The protective effect of the herb against oxidative damage was determined by inducing oxidative stress with the administration of 50 μmol/L of hydrogen peroxide （H202）. RESULTS： Treatments with L. ported at 200 and 400 pg/mL increased the viability of PBLs. The deleterious effect of H2O2 was ameliorated by 400μg/mL L. ported treatment. Addition of 400 μg/mL L. ported reduced lipid peroxidation in stressed PBLs by 94% （P〈0.05）. Treatment with 400 μg/mL of L. ported resulted in a 26.4% increase of reduced glutathione levels. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased by 17.5% and 55.2% respectively, when stressed PBLs were treated with 400 μg/mL L. ported for 2 d （P〈0.05）. Treatment with 400 μg/mL L. ported increased interferon-γand interleukin-2 expressions in H2O2-challenged PBLs （P〈0.05）, however, the root extract did not cause a significant difference in interleukin-10 levels compared to the control （P〉0.05）. CONCLUSION： The findings suggest that L involving protective effects against oxidative ported might be a potential immune-modulating agent damage.

Inhibitory effect of Salicornia europaea on the marine alga Skeletonema costatum

Exploiting the negative biochemical interference between plants and algal species has been suggested as a method to control harmful algal blooms. In this work, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the salt marsh halophyte Salicornia europaea against the marine alga Skeletonema costatum. S. europaea suppressed the growth of S. costatum in a nutrient-sufficient co-culture system, indicating that the inhibition of algal growth was because of the phytotoxic effect of S. europaea, rather than nutrient competition. We tested aqueous and organic extracts from S. europaea roots against S. costatum. The organic ex- tracts inhibited growth and affected the cell size and chlorophyll a content of S. costatum in a dose-dependent manner. Among the three tested organic extracts, the methanol extract had the greatest effects on S. costatum, followed by butanol extract, and then the chloroform extract. Two flavonoids, rutin and quercetin-3-13-D-glucoside, were identified in the methanol extract by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of rutin was much higher than that of quercetin-3-13-D-glucoside. In an algal bioassay, rutin inhibited the growth of S. costatum and the inhibitory effect increased with increasing rutin concen- tration and with decreasing initial algal density. Therefore, we concluded that S. europaea negatively affects the growth of S. costatum, and that rutin, a metabolite of S. europaea, may play a role in this inhibitory effect.