Field identification of morphological and physiological traits in two special mutants with strong tolerance and high sensitivity to drought stress in upland rice(Oryza sativa L.)

The two mutants idr1-1 and 297-28, which were obtained from the radiation mutation of HD297 and IAPAR9, were used as experimental materials in this study for a 2-year(2012 and 2013) experiment about field drought resistance identification in Beijing, China. Key agronomic traits and water-related physiological indexes were observed and measured, including the leaf anti-dead level(LADL), days to heading, plant height, setting percentage, aboveground biomass, leaf water potential(LWP), net photosynthetic rate(Pn) and transpiration rate. The results showed that the mutant idr1-1 that was under drought stress(DS) conditions for 2 years had the highest LADL grades(1.3 and 2.0) among all the materials, and they were 2–3 grades stronger than the wild-type IAPAR9 with an average that was 21.4% higher for the setting percentage than the wild type. Compared with the IAPAR9 for the 2-year average delay in the days to heading and the reduction rates in the plant height, setting percentage, and aboveground biomass under DS compared with the well-watered(WW) treatment, idr1-1 showed 3.2% less delay and 19.1, 16.4, and 6.1% less reduction, respectively. The idr1-1 in the LWP always exhibited the highest performance among all the materials. The Pn of idr1-1 under severe and mild DS comparing with that under WW was slightly decreased and even slightly increased, respectively, leading to an average reduction rate of only 0.92%, which was 26.93% less than that of IAPAR9. Under the severe DS, idr1-1 still showed the highest value of 16.88 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1 among all the materials and was significantly higher than that of IAPAR9(11.66 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1). Furthermore, only idr1-1 had the increased and the highest transpiration rate values(7.6 and 6.04 mmol H2 O m–2 s–1) under both mild and severe DS compared with the values under WW, when the transpiration rate of all the other materials significantly decreased. By contrast, the 297-28 in terms of the LADL grade under DS was the lowest(7.0), and it was four grades weaker than its wildtype HD297 and even one grade weaker than the drought-sensitive paddy rice SN265. For the 2-year average reduction rates in aboveground biomass and plant heights under DS compared with those under the WW, 297-28 was 31.6 and 31.8% higher than HD297, respectively. Meanwhile, 297-28 showed the worst performance for the LWP, Pn, and transpiration rate. These results suggest that idr1-1 might be a superior drought tolerant mutant of upland rice found in China. It has a strong ability to maintain and even enhance leaf transpiration while maintaining a high plant water potential under DS, thus supporting a high Pn and alleviating the delay in agronomic trait development and yield loss effectively. 297-28 is a much more highly drought-sensitive mutant that is even more sensitive than paddy rice varieties. The two mutants could be used as drought tolerance controls for rice germplasm identification and the drought resistant mechanism studies in the future. idr1-1 is also suitable for breeding drought-tolerant and lodging-resistant high-yield rice varieties.

Morphological and physiological traits of large-panicle rice varieties with high filled-grain percentage

financed by the Special Program of Super Rice of Ministry of Agriculture, China （02318802013231）;the National Public Services Sectors （Agricultural） Research Projects, Ministry of Agriculture, China （201303102）;the Great Technology Project of Ningbo, China （2013C11001）

Morphological and Physiological Traits of Assistance in the Selection of High Yielding Varieties of Durum Wheat (<i>Triticum turgidum</i>L. spp. Durum) for the Rainfed Mediterranean Environments of Central Chile

Chile has high potential to produce quality durum wheat;however, it is not self-sufficient. It is necessary to increase durum grain yield in the Mediterranean rainfed areas which are characterized by adverse environmental conditions, mainly, water deficit. The criteria normally used by breeders to select varieties of wheat for these environments are yield under stress and early flowering. The objective of this monograph is to propose that the selection of high yielding genotypes of durum wheat, under Chilean Mediterranean rainfed conditions, be assisted by morphological and physiological traits associated with yield in order to increase its heritability.

Root morphological traits and their relations with yield components of dry-raised mid-season indica rice

Research on root morphological traits of dry-raised seedlings (D-RS) at different growth stages of rice have so far attracted less attention. In this study, using mid-season indica hy-

Differing responses of root morphology and physiology to nitrogen application rates and their relationships with grain yield in rice

Root morphology and physiology influence aboveground growth and yield formation in rice.However,root morphological and physiological differences among rice varieties with differing nitrogen(N)sensitivities and their relationship with grain yield are still unclear.In this study,rice varieties differing in N sensitivity over many years of experiments were used.A field experiment with multiple N rates(0,90,180,270,and 360 kg ha^(-1))was conducted to elucidate the effects of N application on root morphology,root physiology,and grain yield.A pot experiment with root excision and exogenous application of 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)at heading stage was used to further verify the above effects.The findings revealed that(1)under the same N application rate,N-insensitive varieties(NIV)had relatively large root biomass(root dry weight,length,and number).Grain yield was associated with root biomass in NIV.The oxidation activity and zeatin(Z)+zeatin riboside(ZR)contents in roots obviously and positively correlated with grain yield in N-sensitive varieties(NSV),and accounted for its higher grain yield than that of NIV at lower N application rates(90 and 180 kg ha^(-1)).(2)The root dry weight required for equal grain yield of NIV was greater than that of NSV.Excision of 1/10 and 1/8 of roots at heading stage had no discernible effect on the yield of Liangyoupeijiu(NIV),and it significantly reduced yield by 11.5%and 21.3%in Tianyouhuazhan(NSV),respectively,compared to the treatment without root excision.The decrease of filled kernels and grain weight after root excision was the primary cause for the yield reduction.Root excision and exogenous 6-BA application after root excision had little influence on the root activity of NIV.The oxidation activity and Z+ZR contents in roots of NSV decreased under root excision,and the increase in the proportion of excised roots aggravated these effects.The application of exogenous 6-BA increased the root activity of NSV and increased filled kernels and grain weight,thereby reducing yield loss after root excision.Thus,the root biomass of NIV was large,and there may be a phenomenon of"root growth redundancy."Vigorous root activity was an essential feature of NSV.Selecting rice varieties with high root activity or increasing root activity by cultivation measures could lead to higher grain yield under lower N application rates.

Responses of maize germination,root morphology and leaf trait to characteristics of lead pollution:a case study

On base of the content of Pb in the soil under different land use patterns in Lanping Lead-zinc mining area,Yunnan in southwest China,the root morphology and leaf traits of maize in different concentration Pb(20,40,60,80,100,150,200,500,1000,2000,3000 mg/L)were analyzed.The results showed that maize germination rate,germination vigor and growth index decreased with the increase of Pb concentration.The root length,surface area of maize increased by 0.21%-81.58%,8.99%-73.43%,1.50%-77.37%,respectively,under 20-500 mg/L Pb concentration.However,these parameters under 1000-3000 mg/L Pb concentration decreased by 37.86%-553.54%,44.99%-766.16%,55.99%-92.81%,respectively,and these lowest value appeared in 3000 mg/L Pb treatment.The root volume of maize increased by 4.57%-89.25%in 20-80 mg/L Pb concentration,and it decreased with the increase of Pb concentration when the Pb concentration was higher than 80 mg/L and decreased by 94.13%in 3000 mg/L Pb.The root surface area and length of 0.50-1.00 diameter class were higher than those of other diameter classes,and these value of maize under 500 mg/L Pb were higher than those of other concentrations.The length and perimeter of maize leaves with the highest value of 220.36 and 962.68 mm,respectively appeared in 60 mg/L Pb treatment.The leaf width and area of maize with the highest value of 15.68 mm and 2448.31 mm^(2),respectively,appeared in 40 mg/L Pb treatment,which indicated that the leaf traits of maize were promoted by low concentration Pb and inhibited by high concentration Pb.

Growth traits and nitrogen assimilation-associated physiological parameters of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under low and high N conditions

In this study, 14 wheat cultivars with contrasting yield and N use efficiency （NUE） were used to investigate the agronomic and NUE-related traits, and the N assimilation-associated enzyme activities under low and high N conditions. Under deficient-N, the cultivars with high N uptake efficiency （UpE） and high N utilization efficiency （UtE） exhibited higher plant biomass, yields, and N contents than those with medium and low NUEs. The high UpE cultivars accumulated more N than other NUE type cultivars. Under sufficient-N, the tested cultivars showed similar patterns in biomass, yield, and N content to those under deficient-N, but the varietal variations in above traits were smaller. In addition, the high UpE cultivars displayed much more of root biomass and larger of root length, surface area, and volume than other NUE type cultivars, indicating that the root morphological traits under N deprivation are closely associated with the plant biomass through its improvement of the N acquisition. The high UtE cultivars showed higher activities of nitrate reductase （NR）, nitrite reductase （NIR）, and gluta- mine synthetase （GS） at stages of seediling, heading and filling than other NUE type cultivars under both low and high N conditions. Moreover, the high UpE and UtE cultivars also displayed higher photosynthetic rate under deficient-N than the medium and low NUE cultivars. Together, our results indicated that the tested wheat cultivars possess dramatically genetic variations in biomass, yield, and NUE. The root morphological traits and the N assimilation enzymatic acitivities play critical roles in regulating N accumulation and internal N translocation under the N-starvation stress, respectively. They can be used as morphological and biochemical references for evaluation of UpE and UtE in wheat.

Deciphering the morpho–physiological traits for high yield potential in nitrogen efficient varieties(NEVs):A japonica rice case study

The use of nitrogen(N)-efficient rice(Oryza sativa L.) varieties could reduce excessive N input without sacrificing yields. However, the plant traits associated with N-efficient rice varieties have not been fully defined or comprehensively explored. Here, three japonica N-efficient varieties(NEVs) and three japonica N-inefficient varieties(NIVs) of rice were grown in a paddy field under N omission(0 N, 0 kg N ha^(-1)) and normal N(NN, 180 or 200 kg N ha^(-1)) treatments. Results showed that NEVs exhibited higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) than NIVs under both treatments, due to improved sink size and filled-grains percentage in the former which had higher root oxidation activity and greater root dry weight, root length and root diameter at panicle initiation(PI), as well as higher spikelet-leaf ratio and more productive tillers during the grain-filling stage. Compared with NIVs, NEVs also exhibited enhanced N translocation and dry matter accumulation after heading and improved flag leaf morpho-physiological traits, including greater leaf thickness and specific leaf weight and higher contents of ribulose^(-1),5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, chlorophyll, nitrogen, and soluble sugars, leading to better photosynthetic performance. Additionally, NEVs had a better canopy structure, as reflected by a higher ratio of the extinction coefficient for effective leaf N to the light extinction coefficient, leading to enhanced canopy photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation. These improved agronomic and physiological traits were positively and significantly correlated with grain yield and internal NUE, which could be used to select and breed N-efficient rice varieties.

Root Morphology and Physiology in Relation to the Yield Formation of Rice

Root system is a vital part of plant and regulates many aspects of shoot growth and development. This paper reviews how some traits of root morphology and physiology are related to the formation of grain yield in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. Higher root biomass, root oxidation activity, and cytokinin contents in roots are required for achieving more panicle number, more spikelets per panicle, greater grain-filling percentage, and higher grain yield. However, these root traits are not linearly correlated with yield components. When these traits reach very high levels, grain filling and grain yield are not necessarily enhanced. High numbers of mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and amyloplasts in root tip cells benefit root and shoot growth and yield formation. Proper crop management, such as an alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation, can significantly improve ultra-structure of root tip cells, increase root length density and concentration of cytokinins in root bleedings, and consequently, increase grain-filling percentage, grain yield, and water use efficiency. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism underlying root-shoot and root-soil interactions for high grain yield, the roles of root-sourced hormones in regulating crop growth and development and the effects of soil moisture and nutrient management on the root architecture and physiology.

Response of root morphology, physiology and endogenous hormones in maize(Zea mays L.) to potassium deficiency

Potassium （K） deficiency is one of the major abiotic stresses which has drastically influenced maize growth and yield around the world. However, the physiological mechanism of K deficiency tolerance is not yet fully understood. To identify the differences of root morphology, physiology and endogenous hormones at different growing stages, two maize inbred lines 90-21-3 （tolerance to K deficiency） and D937 （sensitive to K deficiency） were cultivated in the long-term K fertilizer experimental pool under high potassium （＋K） and low potassium （-K） treatments. The results indicated that the root length, volume and surface area of 90-21-3 were significantly higher than those of D937 under -K treatment at different growing stages. It was noteworthy that the lateral roots of 90-21-3 were dramatically higher than those of D937 at tasselling and flowering stage under-K treatment. Meanwhile, the values of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and oxidizing force of 90-21-3 were apparently higher than those of D937, whereas malondialdehyde （MDA） content of D937 was obviously increased. Compared with ＋K treatment, the indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） content of 90-21-3 was largely increased under-K treatment, whereas it was sharply decreased in D937. On the contrary, abscisic acid （ABA） content of 90-21-3 was slightly increased, but that of D937 was significantly increased. The zeatin riboside （ZR） content of 90-21-3 was significantly decreased, while that of D937 was relatively increased. These results indicated that the endogenous hormones were stimulated in 90-21-3 to adjust lateral root development and to maintain the physiology function thereby alleviating K deficiency.

Rhizobacteria facilitate physiological and biochemical drought tolerance of Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) Voss

Growth-promoting bacteria(GPB)have shown promising effects on serving plants against environmental constraints such as drought.Nevertheless,simultaneous effects of different GPB have less been considered for arid land plants and under field conditions.We investigated the effects of single and combined application of GPB,including free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria(NFB),phosphate solubilizing bacteria(PSB),potassium solubilizing bacteria(KSB),a combination of NFB,PSB,and KSB(NPK),and control,at three drought stress treatments.In order to better understand the interactions between drought and GPB,we measured the morphological,biochemical,and physiological plant traits.The target plant was salt tree(Halimodendron Halodendron(Pall.)Voss),a legume shrub native to arid lands of Central and West Asia.All biofertilizer treatments enhanced the growth,physiology,and biochemistry of salt tree seedlings,and there were significant differences among the treatments.KSB and PSB treatments increased photosynthetic pigments,but KSB treatment was more efficient in transpiration rate and stomatal regulation and increased the soluble carbohydrates.PSB treatment had the highest effect on root traits,such as taproot length,root volume,cumulative root length,and the ratio of root to shoot.NFB treatment enhanced root diameter and induced biomass translocation between root systems.However,only the application of mixed biofertilizer(i.e.,NPK treatment)was the most significant treatment to improve all plant morphological and physiological characteristics of salt tree under drought stress.Therefore,our results provided improvement of some specific plant traits simultaneous with application of three biofertilizers to increase growth and establishment of salt tree seedlings in the degraded arid lands.

种衣剂处理对低温胁迫下花生种子萌发及幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

花生播种期易受低温胁迫,为明确种衣剂处理对低温胁迫下花生种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,以常温(25℃)处理为对照(CK),设8℃和10℃两个低温胁迫处理,各温度下设种衣剂包衣和清水浸润对照两种处理方式,研究种衣剂处理对低温胁迫下花生种子活力、幼苗干物质积累、根系形态特征和光合生理的影响。结果表明,相对于常温处理,8℃低温胁迫处理显著降低了花生种子发芽势(5.9%)、发芽率(7.7%)、发芽指数(11.0%)、种子活力指数(6.9%)和幼苗叶片SPAD值(11.4%),同时对幼苗根系生长产生抑制作用,其根长、根表面积和根体积较25℃常温和10℃低温胁迫处理分别显著降低50.0%~50.2%、44.9%~48.1%、48.2%~48.5%,但8℃低温胁迫处理对花生幼苗地上部和地下部干物质积累、最大光化学效率及胞间二氧化碳浓度、气孔导度、净光合速率和蒸腾速率等光合参数均无显著影响;种衣剂处理显著提高了8℃低温胁迫下花生种子的发芽势(8.2%)、活力指数(10.9%)和花生幼苗根长(45.1%)及根表面积(38.4%),但对10℃低温胁迫和常温处理均无显著影响,同时,种衣剂处理还显著提高了常温处理下花生幼苗干物质积累、最大光化学效率和功能叶片光合特性以及10℃低温下地上部干物质积累和最大光化学效率,但对8℃低温胁迫无显著作用。综上,花生种子萌发和幼苗根系生长对低温胁迫的响应更加显著,而种衣剂处理可以通过改善上述指标缓解低温胁迫,改善轻度低温胁迫和常温处理下花生幼苗生长的干物质积累和光合生理。

植被控制对人工更新紫椴幼树根系性状的影响

全光条件下紫椴(Tilia amurensis)更新困难,植被控制通过改变光照条件和土壤质量能够促进目的树种生长,研究植被控制强度对紫椴幼树根系性状和土壤因子的影响,为紫椴人工林培育提供支撑。以株行距为1.5 m×1.5 m的紫椴人工林(5年生)为对象,设置不同植被控制强度:幼树半径75 cm内所有灌草去除(T_(75))、半径50 cm范围灌草去除(T_(50))、半径30 cm范围灌草去除(T_(30))和不去除灌草(CK),测定不同植被控制强度下紫椴幼树吸收根和运输根的形态学性状、全量养分和非结构性碳水化合物等指标及土壤理化性质,揭示植被控制对根系性状和土壤因子的影响。植被控制显著改变了紫椴幼树所处环境中光照强度,其中,T_(75)处理下光照强度最大,光照强度随着植被控制强度减弱而显著降低(P<0.05)。植被控制均显著降低了土壤全碳、全氮、速效氮和有效磷含量。随着植被控制强度的减弱,细根的直径、碳磷比、可溶性糖和淀粉含量均减小,比表面积、比根长、全碳、全氮和全磷含量均增加。土壤因子对紫椴幼树吸收根和运输根根系性状的变异的解释度分别为43.2%和37.9%。植被控制强度越大,紫椴幼树获得的光照强度越大,紫椴幼树根系形态、化学计量和生理特征随植被控制强度的变化均发生适应性改变,通过提高紫椴根系比表面积、比根长、全碳、全氮和全磷含量以增强幼树对低光条件的适应。植被控制强度变化下光照条件和土壤因子的改变可能是解释紫椴幼树根系性状变化的两个主要因素。

不同灌溉模式对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量与水分利用效率的影响

旨在探讨不同灌溉模式对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量与水分利用效率的影响,并阐明其相关生理基础。本研究以甬优1540为材料,设置了3种灌溉模式,即长淹灌溉(continuous flooding,CF)、轻度干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and moderate drying, AWMD)以及重度干湿交替灌溉(alternate wetting and severe drying, AWSD)。研究结果表明,与CF相比, AWMD与AWSD均能显著提高水分利用效率,增幅分别为22.6%~25.6%与18.2%~23.1%;AWMD可以显著提高水稻产量,增幅为8.6%~10.0%,而AWSD则显著降低水稻产量,降幅为6.0%~7.5%。与CF相比, AWMD显著降低了拔节期水稻的茎蘖数、地上部干物质重、叶面积指数、移栽至齐穗期的光合势以及移栽至拔节期的作物生长速率,但显著提高了茎蘖成穗率、拔节至齐穗期的作物生长速率、主要生育期水稻根长密度、深根比、比根长、根系总吸收表面积与活跃吸收表面积,以及灌浆后2次土壤复水期的剑叶净光合速率、根系氧化力、根系与叶片中玉米素和玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)含量、籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性等指标。以上结果表明, AWMD可以协同提高甬优1540产量与水分利用效率,优化根-冠生长发育特征,提高灌浆期植株生理活性,实现高产与水分高效利用,为本研究最佳水分管理模式。

水培条件下火龙果根系形态和生理过程对供磷水平的响应

磷是作物生长必需的大量元素,参与体内重要生理生化过程。火龙果是热带、亚热带地区重要经济作物,高额的果实磷含量和巨大的产量使得火龙果对磷的需求量极高。然而,火龙果磷吸收特性以及根系形态和生理过程与磷高效吸收之间有何关系尚不清楚。本研究以国内主要火龙果品种软枝大红为研究对象,采用水培实验,设定0、0.01、0.1、0.5、1.0 mmol/L共5个不同磷浓度梯度,探究不同施磷浓度下火龙果根系形态和生理过程的变化,分析地上部磷以及其他营养元素的含量,阐明磷高效利用的根系形态和生理过程机制以及供磷对火龙果其他营养元素吸收的影响规律。研究结果表明,与对照相比,供磷并未影响火龙果地上部生物量的积累。火龙果枝条磷吸收量及磷浓度随着供磷浓度的升高而增大。0.1 mmol/L处理的总根长以及直径≤0.05 mm的细根数量显著高于其他处理;1.0 mmol/L处理的总根长中直径≥2 mm的粗根数量高于其他处理。0.01 mmol/L处理总有机酸含量最高,根系阳离子交换量(cation exchange capacity)含量较高;与对照相比,1.0 mmol/L处理下有机酸分泌速率降低,根系阳离子交换量(CEC)含量下降。其他营养元素吸收方面,母枝及一级侧枝中,铁元素的吸收浓度表现出随着施磷浓度的升高逐渐下降。二级侧枝中氮、钙、镁、锰、锌等元素均随着施磷浓度的升高逐渐下降,呈显著负相关关系。本研究表明,适度供磷(0.01 mmol/L或0.1 mmol/L)能够促进火龙果根系生长以及根系有机酸分泌和离子吸收能力,而过量供磷(1.0 mmol/L)会显著抑制火龙果根系生长,同时显著降低地上部枝条中、微量元素的吸收。因此合理施用磷肥,对火龙果自身发挥根系生物学潜力,为植株中、微量元素营养均衡起到关键作用。

不同基质对红海榄幼苗生长生理特性的影响

本研究目的为筛选出适宜红海榄幼苗生长的基质,提高栽培效率和幼苗的环境适应能力。本研究设置沙、沙:泥(7:3)、沙:泥(3:7)、泥4种不同基质配比,测定红海榄幼苗在不同基质配比条件下的生长指标、生物量、根系形态指标及生理指标。结果表明,沙:泥(7:3)处理的红海榄幼苗具有较高的生长指标、根系指标、生物量、光合色素含量和活性氧清除能力,有利于生长发育。随着泥比例增加,红海榄幼苗各项生长生理指标均下降。沙的养分含量较泥低,生长后期应密切注重养分的需求程度,及时补充养分输入。主成分综合得分排序显示,沙:泥(7:3)基质处理是红海榄的最佳育苗基质。

沉水植物性状对不同氨氮脉冲的响应差异

全球气候变化背景下,未来降水强度和频率发生改变,极端降水事件可使水体中的氨氮含量在短时间内显著增加,对沉水植物的生长造成影响。然而,沉水植物对氨氮脉冲式变化(浓度与频率)的形态和生理响应机制仍不明确。选取两种常见的沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata),设置不同底质(黏土和砂土)、不同氨氮脉冲模式(CK:对照组,即不加氨氮;P1:低浓度×高频率;P2:高浓度×低频率)和处理阶段(氨氮脉冲阶段和解除脉冲阶段),测定植株形态和生理性状,研究不同脉冲模式的影响差异和脉冲解除后的潜在影响。研究结果表明,(1)氨氮脉冲改变沉水植物的形态和生理性状,其中高浓度低频率氨氮脉冲对沉水植物的生长抑制作用最大。(2)氨氮脉冲解除一个月后,两种沉水植物的生物量较对照组无显著差异,而生理性状(如游离氨基酸和可溶性碳水化合物含量)较对照组差异较为明显,表明形态性状基本得到恢复,而氨氮脉冲对沉水植物生理性状的影响更为强烈而持久。(3)在解除脉冲阶段,苦草游离氨基酸含量仍显著高于对照组,而黑藻游离氨基酸含量较对照组差异较小,表明黑藻对氮的利用周转效率更高。(4)底质类型影响了苦草生理性状对氨氮脉冲的响应,即砂土中游离氨基酸和可溶性碳水化合物含量的变化幅度较黏土中更大。因此,氨氮脉冲效应与脉冲浓度和频率、底质类型、植物种类及其形态和生理性状密切相关。研究结果说明了沉水植物生理性状作为评估植物环境适应性的重要性,可为全球气候变化背景下湖泊生态系统沉水植被的管理提供科学参考。

增温对黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪形态表型和生理特征的影响

探究增温对蝌蚪形态表型和生理特征的影响,可为深入理解气候变暖背景下蝌蚪生存适应策略提供基础数据。2021年4月,设置了26℃、28℃和30℃3个温度梯度组,每组设平行处理3次,测定了黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)从37期蝌蚪发育至46期幼蛙的时长、46期幼蛙身体和内脏器官大小、血液中各型白细胞的百分比及嗜中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比值(N/L)、植物血凝素(phytohemagglutinin,PHA-P)反应的变化情况。结果显示:(1)随着温度升高,变态时长缩短,但组间差异不显著(P>0.05);变态完成期幼蛙的体型随温度升高显著变小(P<0.05),肾脏湿重系数下降明显(P<0.05),其他内脏器官湿重系数和消化道各段长度系数的组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);(2)增温使幼蛙血液中嗜中性粒细胞的百分比和N/L下降(P<0.05),但嗜碱性粒细胞的百分比明显增加(P<0.05);(3)26℃、28℃和30℃幼蛙PHA-P反应最高值分别出现于注射后1、2和2 h,组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。增温使幼蛙的体型趋于变小、肾脏湿重下降,免疫功能和应激反应能力均趋弱,嗜中性粒细胞与嗜碱性粒细胞的数量存在权衡关系,气候变暖将不利于幼蛙的存活。

外源油菜素内酯与不同水分处理对水稻生长生理、产量及氮素利用的影响

于2022年以‘徐稻3号’为材料,设置生育期正常灌溉(土壤水势为0 kPa)、中度水分胁迫(土壤水势为-30 kPa)两种水分处理及4种不同浓度(0、0.1、1.0、5.0μmol·L^(-1))油菜素内酯(BR)喷施处理,研究不同水分处理以及油菜素内酯耦合对根系生长、根系氮代谢酶活性、地上部生长以及氮素利用的影响。结果表明:与生育期正常灌溉相比,中度水分胁迫显著降低了水稻总根长、根表面积、根体积、根系活跃吸收面积、总吸收面积、地上部干质量、株高、分蘖数及净光合速率,降幅分别为21.8%、20.6%、12.9%、13.9%、13.4%、26.3%、13.8%、17.7%与13.1%;显著增加了抽穗期根平均直径、根系活力及根冠比,平均增幅分别为8.0%、28.6%与26.6%。随着外源油菜素内酯浓度的增加,水稻总根长、根表面积、根平均直径、根体积、根系活跃吸收面积、根系总吸收面积、硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、地上部干质量、株高、分蘖数、净光合速率及叶绿素含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,在0.1μmol·L^(-1)浓度(B1)处理下达到最大值。主要生育时期水稻总根长、根表面积、根体积、根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、地上部干质量、株高、分蘖数、净光合速率、叶绿素含量与产量及氮肥农学利用率均呈显著或极显著正相关关系。综上,生育期正常灌溉配合喷施0.1μmol·L^(-1)油菜素内酯(BR)有利于水稻产量的提高,为本研究条件下最佳的水分与油菜素内酯耦合运筹模式。

外源2,4-表油菜素内酯对碱性盐胁迫下马铃薯根系生长、生理特性及土壤酶活性的影响

为探究外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对碱性盐胁迫下马铃薯根系形态、生理特性及土壤酶活性的影响,本研究以马铃薯大西洋为试验材料进行盆栽试验,设置不添加NaHCO_(3)(CK)和添加300 mmol/L NaHCO_(3)(T0),以及添加300 mmol/L NaHCO_(3)后喷施0.25μmol/L(T1)、0.50μmol/L(T2)、1.00μmol/L(T3)、2.00μmol/L(T4)外源EBR,共6个处理。结果表明,300 mmol/L NaHCO_(3)(T0)胁迫抑制马铃薯根系的生长发育、生理特性及土壤酶活性。喷施不同浓度外源EBR均能缓解NaHCO_(3)对马铃薯的胁迫,相比于T0处理,T1处理~T4处理的根粗、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根系活力以及根系干质量均得到提高;整个生育期根系相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢含量及超氧阴离子含量明显下降;脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性增强。对19个指标进行主成分分析,依据主成分得分排序,外源EBR对马铃薯碱性盐胁迫缓解能力由高到低为T3>T2>T4>T1>T0。因此1.00μmol/L的外源EBR可更好地改善盐碱胁迫下马铃薯根系的生长,增强生物膜的稳定性,提高抗氧化酶及土壤酶的活性,从而起到缓解盐碱胁迫的作用。