A Preliminary Study on Models of Root Water Uptake Based on Root Weight

Water uptake by crop roots is influenced by many factors. In this study, on the basis of previous studies, root water uptake models were established with the root weight as a dependent variable from the perspective of root biomass changes according to the theory of soil water dynamics. The established models were verified and evaluated using two indicators： root-mean-square error （RMSE） and mean absolute percentage error （MAPE）. The results indicated that the annual variation range of root-mean-square error （RMSE） was 0.477-1.231, with an aver- age of 0.810; the annual variation range of mean absolute percentage error （MAPE） was 1.082%-4.052%, with an average of 2.520%, suggesting that the simulation accuracy basically met the requirements. The established numerical models of root water uptake and the compiled program exhibit high simulation accuracy, which can perfectly simulate soil water dynamics during the growth period of crops under nat- ural conditions.

Dynamic of Root Dry Weight of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

ObjectiveThis study was to investigate the dynamic of root dry weight of Salvia miltiorrhiza to provide a basis for optimal management in field cultivation. MethodThe Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge seedlings were transplanted at three different dates November 26, 2009 （T 1 ）, March 9, 2010（T 2 ） and March 27, 2010（T 3 ）, and at three different densities 20 cm × 25 cm （D 1 ）, 25 cm × 25 cm （D 2 ）, 25 cm × 30 cm （D 3 ）. So a total of nine treatments were finally set. The samples were collected regularly for measuring the root dry weight and plotting the dynamic curves. Normalized root weight was fitted with CURVE EXPERT 1.3. ResultLogistic equation was the most superior equation, and estimated respectively two inflection points and length of fast growing time of S. miltiorrhiza. ConclusionThe fast-growing time of S. miltiorrhiza root was in 1 900 ℃·d to 2 200 ℃·d GDD.

Effects of the Dicranopteris linearis root system and initial moisture content on the soil disintegration characteristics of gully erosion

Benggang erosion is caused by a special type of gully erosion in southern China that seriously endangers the local ecology and environment.In this study,typical Benggang collapsing-wall soils were used as the study area to investigate the effects of different initial moisture contents and dicranopteris linearis root weight densities,as well as their interactions on disintegration in orthogonal test method.The results showed that the rate of soil disintegration decreased as a linear function of the initial moisture content.The soil disintegration rate tended to rise and then fall as the root weight density increased,reflecting an optimum root weight density of 0.75-1.00 g/100 cm3.The incorporation of dicranopteris linearis roots was most effective for soil consolidation in the shallow layers of soil.In addition,the disintegration rate of the collapsing-wall soils increases as the soil layer deepened.The dicranopteris linearis root system and initial moisture content had an interactive effect that was more pronounced in deeper soils.However,the combined effect of these processes was always dominated by the initial moisture content.Moderate initial soil moisture content(0.20-0.24 g/g)and the addition of a high root density in dicranopteris linearis(0.75-1.00 g/100 cm3)were the optimal combinations that reduced the disintegration rate.In conclusion,maintaining a suitable natural moisture content in collapsing-wall soils and taking measures that use plants to consolidate soil can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Benggang erosion.The results of this study provided further insight into the factors that influence soil disintegration and offered a scientific basis for soil erosion management in the southern China.

Root Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Two Rice Cultivars with Different Nitrogen-Use Efficiency

The variation in nitrogen （N） uptake by rice has been widely studied but differences in rice root morphology that may contribute to this variation are not completely understood. Field and greenhouse experiments were carried out to study N accumulation, root dry weights, total root lengths, root surface areas, and root bleeding rates of two rice cultivars, Elio with low N-use efficiency and Nanguang with high N-use efficiency. Low （1 mmol N L^-1） and high （5 mmol N L^-1） N applications were established in the greenhouse experiment, and the N rates were 0, 120, and 240 kg ha^-1 in the field experiments at Jiangning and Jiangpu farms, Nanjing, China. The results showed that the N accumulation, root dry weight, total root length, and root surface area increased with an increase in N application. At the heading stage, N accumulation in the shoots and roots of Nanguang was greater than that of Elio in the field experiments and that of Elio at 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. After the heading stage, N accumulation was higher for Nanguang at both 1 and 5 mmol N L^-1 in the greenhouse experiment. The total root length and root surface area were significantly different between the two cultivars. Over the range of the fertilizer application rates, the root lengths of Nanguang at Jiangning Farm were 49%-6170 greater at booting and 26%-39% greater at heading than those of Elio, and at Jiangpu Farm they were 22%-42% and 26%-38% greater, respectively. Nanguang had a greater root bleeding rate than Elio. It was concluded that the N-use efficiency of the two rice cultivars studied depended to a great extent on the root morphological parameters and root physiological characteristics at different growth stages.

Numerical Simulation of Root Growth Dynamics of CO_2-Enriched Hybrid Rice Cultivar Shanyou 63 Under Fully Open-Air Field Conditions

Hybrid indica rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivars play an important role in rice production system due to its heterosis, resistance to environmental stress, large panicle, and high yield potential. However, no attention has been given to its root growth dynamic responses to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration （[CO2]） in conjunction with nitrogen （N） availability. Free air COz enrichment （FACE） and N have significant effects on rice root growth. In this experiment, a hybrid cultivar Shanyou 63 （Oryza sativa L.） was used to study the effects of FACE and N levels on roots growth of rice. The results showed a significant increase in both adventitious root volume （ARV） and adventitious root dry weight （ARD） under the FACE treatment. The application of nitrogen also increased ARV and ARD, but the increase was smaller than that under FACE treatment. On the basis of the FACE experiment, numerical models for rice adventitious root volume and dry weight were built with the time as the driving factor. The models illustrated the dynamic development of rice adventitious root volume and dry weight after transplanting, regulated either by the influence factor of atmospheric [CO2] or by N application. The models were successfully used to predict ARV and ARD under FACE treatment in a different year with the predicted data being closely related to the actual experimental data. The model had guiding significance to growth regulation of rice root under the condition of atmospheric [CO2] rising in the future.

Distribution and Quantity of Root Systems of Field-Grown Erianthus and Napier Grass

Cellulosic bioethanol produced from non-edible plants reduces potential food-fuel competition and, as such, is receiving increasing attention. In the raw material production of cellulosic bioethanol, the aboveground biomass of plants is entirely harvested;consequently, the plant roots represent the major source of organic matter incorporated into the soil. We selected Erianthus and Napier grass as the raw materials for cultivation in Asia. However, information about whether these 2 species provide sufficient root volume to sustain soil fertility is limited. Therefore, we examined the spatial distribution of the roots of these 2 plants, and quantified root mass and length. Erianthus and Napier grass were either grown in fields or greenhouses in Tokyo (Japan) and Lampung (Indonesia), and then their roots were exposed from adjacent soil profiles. Both species developed large, deep roots, penetrating 2.0-2.6 m deep into the soil. Root depth indexes showed that the roots of both species penetrated much deeper into the soil compared to monocot crop species, being more comparable to dicot species. Erianthus developed a root mass and length of 384-850 g·m-2 and 28.8-35.8 km·m-2, while the values for Napier grass were 183-448 g·m-2 and 15.6-43.6 km·m-2, respectively. These values exceeded the maximum values previously recorded for common crop species. Our study confirmed that Erianthus and Napier grass develop deep root systems, with substantially large biomass;hence, we suggest that both plants supply root biomass in large quantities, representing possible major sources of soil organic matter.

Effects of maize root exudates and organic acids on the desorption of phenanthrene from soils

The effects of maize root exudates and low-molecular-weight-organic anions （LMWOAs） on the desorption of phenanthrene from eight artificially contaminated soils were evaluated. A significant negative correlation was observed between the amounts of phenanthrene desorbed and the soil organic carbon （SOC） contents （P 〈 0.01）, and the influences of soil pH and clay content on phenanthrene desorption were insignificant （P 〉 0.1）. Neither maize root exudates nor oxalate and citrate anions influenced desorption of phenanthrene with the addition of NaN3. A faster phenanthrene desorption occurred without the addition of NaN3 in the presence of maize root exudates than oxalate or citrate due to the enhanced degradation by root exudates. Without the addition of NAN3, oxalate or citrate at different concentrations could inhibit phenanthrene desorption to different extents and the inhibiting effect by citrate was more significant than by oxalate. This study leads to the conclusion that maize root exudates can not enhance the desorption under abiotic condition with the addition of NaN3 and can promote the desorption of phenanthrene in soils without the addition of NaN3.

Nitrogen application levels based on critical nitrogen absorption regulate processing tomatoes productivity, nitrogen uptake, nitrate distributions, and root growth in Xinjiang, China

The unreasonable nitrogen(N)supply and low productivity are the main factors restricting the sustainable development of processing tomatoes.In addition,the mechanism by which the N application strategy affects root growth and nitrate distributions in processing tomatoes remains unclear.In this study,we applied four N application levels to a field(including 0(N0),200(N200),300(N300),and 400(N400)kg/hm^(2))based on the critical N absorption ratio at each growth stage(planting stage to flowering stage:22%;fruit setting stage:24%;red ripening stage:45%;and maturity stage:9%).The results indicated that N300 treatment significantly improved the aboveground dry matter(DM),yield,N uptake,and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),while N400 treatment increased nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N)residue in the 20–60 cm soil layer.Temporal variations of total root dry weight(TRDW)and total root length(TRL)showed a single-peak curve.Overall,N300 treatment improved the secondary root parameter of TRDW,while N400 treatment improved the secondary root parameter of TRL.The grey correlation coefficients indicated that root dry weight density(RDWD)in the surface soil(0–20 cm)had the strongest relationship with yield,whereas root length density(RLD)in the middle soil(20–40 cm)had a strong relationship with yield.The path model indicated that N uptake is a crucial factor affecting aboveground DM,TRDW,and yield.The above results indicate that N application levels based on critical N absorption improve the production of processing tomatoes by regulating N uptake and root distribution.Furthermore,the results of this study provide a theoretical basis for precise N management.

Root Characters of Maize as Influenced by Drip Fertigation Levels

The efficient use of water by modern irrigation systems is becoming increasingly important in arid and semi-arid regions with limited water resources. Field experiments were conducted during 2008-2010 to study the effect of drip fertigation with water soluble fertilizer on root growth of maize under maize based intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with three replications. The treatment consists of nine fertigation levels in main plots and four inter crops in sub plots. Root spread and root dry mass were increased under drip fertigation practices while rooting depth was more under surface irrigation. Drip fertigation with water soluble fertilizer improved the root system by inducing new secondary roots which are succulent and actively involved in physiological responses. Drip fertigation has pronounced effect on the root architecture especially in the production of highly fibrous root system.

西南桦立木生物量模型的研建

基于2019—2020年在云南省境内采集并测定的157株西南桦立木生物量(其中地上生物量106株、全树生物量51株),建立地上、地下生物量一元(二元)独立模型W=a×D^(b)、W=a×D^(b)×HC,并采用相容性生物量模型建立西南桦地上总生物量与树枝、树叶、树干各分项生物量之和相容的西南桦立木生物量模型,采用根茎比建立地下生物量模型。结果表明:对于西南桦地上生物量,一元、二元模型分别选用权函数W=1/(D^(2))、W=1/(D^(2)H),对于西南桦地下生物量,一元、二元模型分别选用权函数W=1/(D^(0.5))、W=1/(D^(0.5)H^(0.5)),进行加权回归求解模型参数,可明显减小异方差影响及提高模型稳定性;相容性生物量模型解决了立木树枝、树叶、树干等分项生物量之和与地上总生物量不相等问题;从评价指标来看,西南桦地上总生物量和树干生物量模型预估精度均在94%以上;树枝、树叶生物量模型预估精度在92%以上,地下生物量模型预估精度在87%以上。总之,各模型预估精度均达到了国家相关精度要求;研究成果可应用于西南桦生物量的估算。

春季有限灌水对海河平原冬小麦根系生长及籽粒产量的影响

旨为明确海河平原春季限水灌溉对冬小麦根系生长及籽粒产量的影响,对减少灌溉用水、提高水分利用效率具有重要的意义。以石麦22为供试材料,设置传统春季2次灌溉(W2)、春季1次灌溉(W1)和春季不灌溉(W0)3个灌水次数处理,其中W1基于春季3,4,5,6叶龄(3L、4L、5L、6L)设置4个单次灌溉时间处理。结果表明,与W2相比,W0和W1产量分别降低54.6%,24.4%,W1在4L灌溉产量最高,产量构成降低效应不显著。限水灌溉降低了冬小麦总根质量密度和根长密度,在开花期W1总根质量密度显著降低17.2%,W0总根质量密度、根长密度分别显著降低47.5%,35.1%。并且W1条件下,4L的根总根质量密度和根长密度最大。根系的垂直分布显示,减少灌溉次数增加了根系在40 cm以下土层的分布,但W1随着灌溉时间的推迟,深层土壤的根系分布减少,根系活力增加。其中,在开花期,4L在120~160 cm土层、160~200 cm土层、200~240 cm土层比6L分别显著高出28.8%,14.2%,36.5%。限水灌溉条件下根系特征和产量的相关性和通径分析表明,拔节-开花期总根质量密度和根长密度对产量有正效应,3L和4L处理开花期总根长密度对产量的直接贡献最大。总体来讲,4L处理在拔节-开花期的根系总量较高,并且增加了40~240 cm深层根系分布和根系活力,穗数和穗粒数较高,有利于缓解限水灌溉导致的冬小麦产量的降低,可作为海河平原冬小麦限水灌溉有效方式。

施氮量对蚕豆养分利用效率的影响

通过盆栽试验,设置3个施氮水平,以不施氮肥为CK,在不同生长时期,测定蚕豆干物质累积、根长,计算养分利用效率。结果表明:与花期和结荚期相比,收获期蚕豆干物质分别增加180%~480%。花期和结荚期,与T_(1)相比,T_(2)和T_(3)施肥量蚕豆根长增加了30.64%、24.19%;21.32%、27.88%,T_(2)和T_(3)之间差异不显著。收获期,与CK相比3个施氮水平下,蚕豆养分阶段累积量分别增加33.01%~74.85%,T_(1)和T_(2)之间差异不显著。与幼苗期相比,3个氮水平下,蚕豆收获期养分吸收效率分别减少48.61%~63.54%。同一生育期内,与CK相比T_(3)氮肥利用效率分别增加4.76%~20.74%,CK与T_(1)、T_(2)之间差异不显著。随施氮量增加,蚕豆氮肥偏生产力、氮肥利用效率增加,蚕豆收获指数相差不明显。总之,施氮量影响蚕豆生长和养分利用,但并不影响收获指数,过量施氮对蚕豆养分吸收利用也无明显促进作用。

多次低剂量应用草酸促进芹菜减磷生产

针对蔬菜作物生长期一次性低剂量应用草酸土壤磷素活化作用时效短和一次性高剂量应用草酸风险较大的缺点,选用多次低剂量灌溉应用草酸的方法,以期持续、安全地活化设施菜地土壤盈余磷素,推动设施蔬菜减磷生产。选用速效磷含量分别为88.6和46.1mg·kg^(−1)的两个设施菜地土壤(分别简称土壤A和土壤B)开展室内浅层土壤(深度为1 cm)培养试验、无植物和种植芹菜的盆栽土壤(深度17 cm)温室试验,探究多次低剂量应用草酸活化土壤磷素及促进芹菜生产效果。土壤培养试验揭示多次低剂量灌溉应用草酸(每次草酸应用0.36 g·kg^(−1),共5次,每次间隔10 d)均可以持续、平稳地提高土壤A和土壤B的水溶性无机磷(DIP)的含量。无植物的盆栽土壤试验则显示在土壤A中多次低剂量灌溉应用草酸的土壤磷素活化作用集中在0~10 cm土层,特别是0~5 cm土层。盆栽芹菜试验多次应用草酸(芹菜定植30 d应用草酸4次,每次0、0.18或者0.36 g·kg^(−1),每次间隔10 d)的结果显示,土壤A和土壤B施磷分别减量70%和54%的前提下,两个草酸应用剂量均提高芹菜收获时两个土壤0~5 cm土层的DIP含量,在土壤A中增幅显著(分别为92.0%和165%),在土壤B中仅较高草酸剂量下显著增加64.5%;较高草酸剂量的芹菜增产效果不明显,较低草酸剂量的增产效果显著(20.0%~33.6%,P<0.05),在土壤B中更为明显。多次低剂量灌溉应用草酸在其它土壤-蔬菜系统中的效果及风险有待研究。

番茄苗期根际加温对其生长及水分吸收的影响

[目的]本文旨在明确适宜的番茄根际加温温度,为北方早春玻璃温室中番茄苗期根际温度调控提供理论和方法依据,缓解低温环境对番茄生长的危害。[方法]在玻璃温室高架岩棉栽培条件下,采用控温加热带对番茄根际进行加温,并设置3个处理即根际不加温(CK)、根际加温至20℃(T20)、根际加温至25℃(T25),研究不同根际加温条件对早春苗期番茄生长、光合、干物质积累和水分吸收等的影响。[结果]根际加温可显著促进番茄株高、茎粗、叶片数的增加,不同时期处理T20比CK株高提高13.6%~17.0%,茎粗提高10.3%~14.3%,叶片数增加3.4%~12.5%;处理T25比CK株高提高7.2%~9.7%,茎粗提高7.7%~15.6%,叶片数增加0%~15.6%;定植后10 d,番茄净光合速率随根际温度呈先升高后降低的趋势,定植后20 d和定植后30 d,番茄净光合速率随根际温度升高而升高;根际加温促进了番茄对水分的吸收,促进了番茄茎、叶干物质积累,提早开花时间,其中处理T20比CK地上部总干重增加79.3%~85.4%,开花提早5 d,处理T25比CK地上部总干重增加29.2%~72.4%,提早开花时间3 d。[结论]T20处理番茄株高和茎粗最大、积累干物质总量最多、开花时间最早,即20℃是早春苗期番茄较为适宜的根际加温温度。

草甘膦、草铵膦喷施对槟榔根系形态及生理的影响

除草剂防除杂草的同时会对非靶标作物造成一定危害,频繁使用除草剂的海南槟榔园叶片黄化症状更明显,我们推测除草剂可能导致槟榔根系退化,从而引起叶片黄化。为验证这一推断,以幼龄期与成龄期槟榔为试验材料,施用不同浓度草甘膦和草铵膦后,测定分析槟榔根系生长发育形态指标、根系活力、气生根组织结构、不同类型根系占比等。结果表明,幼龄期槟榔根系以直径0~1.5 mm根系为主,数量占总根的88%以上,表面积占总根的63%以上。与人工除草、对照(不除草)相比,喷施草甘膦和草铵膦显著降低槟榔幼苗根系鲜干质量、白色吸收根比例、吸收根活力。对于成龄期槟榔气生根,喷施草甘膦和草铵膦均引起气生根药剂残留,且农残量随施用浓度增加而增加,并阻碍槟榔气生根发育;草甘膦处理后14 d气生根死亡数达到最大,草铵膦处理后28 d达到最大。草铵膦损害气生根组织结构,使新根内皮层排列稀疏,表皮组织厚度增加,木栓化程度加深,导致根表皮细胞大量死亡,抑制气生根伸长与增粗。说明喷施草甘膦和草铵膦会导致槟榔根系木栓化,加速根系死亡,从而抑制其根系生长与发育,引起槟榔园叶片黄化。

叶面喷施纳米碳溶胶对盆栽烟苗生长的影响

为了探究纳米碳溶胶在烟草叶面喷施的作用效果,设置0(CK)、10、40、70、100μg/mL 5个质量浓度,研究其对烟草幼苗叶片最大长度和宽度、植株鲜质量、光合作用、质体色素含量、叶片硝酸还原酶活性、根系形态和特性以及氮、磷、钾营养元素吸收的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施40~100μg/mL纳米碳溶胶可以促进烟草叶片长度的伸长,对叶片宽度的扩展几乎无影响;40、70μg/mL纳米碳溶胶处理,叶片地上部分的鲜质量均与CK呈显著差异;随着纳米碳溶胶质量浓度增加,烟苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均呈先增加后降低趋势,40、70μg/mL处理效果较为显著;质体色素叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量呈增加趋势,其中40、100μg/mL处理的质体色素含量均与CK呈显著差异;40、70、100μg/mL处理的硝酸还原酶活性显著高于CK,其中40μg/mL处理达到最大值;喷施40、70μg/mL纳米碳溶胶对烟草根系平均直径、表面积、体积和根尖数增加均具有积极效果;40、70μg/mL纳米碳溶胶可以显著促进烟苗对氮、磷、钾营养元素的吸收。综上,烟草幼苗叶面喷施40~70μg/mL纳米碳溶胶最有利于促进烟草植株生长。

着力提升制造业产业链供应链韧性与安全水平研究——以XZ市工程机械制造业为例

厘清供应链韧性和安全水平的影响因素是预防产业链供应链“断链”的基础,也是应对百年未有之大变局、实现制造业“双链”深度融合的重要抓手[1]。在对XZ市工程机械领域进行深度调研和阅读大量文献的基础上,文章运用扎根理论理出了工程机械供应链韧性六个维度的指标,结合企业近几年的经营数据和专家意见,运用熵权法-Topsis赋予了供应链韧性指标权重,并对其进行了评测,为科学构建XZ市工程机械制造业供应链韧性指标体系和提升其安全水平提供了实践启示。

林下园参栽培技术及产量研究

为研究在保证不破坏林地环境的前提下,将园参栽培技术应用于林下参栽培,通过试验对参苗移栽与管理技术进行分析,包括选择最佳的移栽时间、控制适宜的覆土厚度以及林下园参的施肥、除草等管理措施,进而优化林下园参栽培与管理技术。结果表明:秋季移栽,较春栽4月上旬和中下旬林下园参的株高、根状茎直径、根状茎鲜重分别高12.57%、14.01%、18.75%和4.12%、3.39%、3.32%;移栽覆土厚度3~5 cm,1年生林下园参的株高、根状茎直径、根状茎鲜重较覆土≥5 cm和≤3 cm分别高23.16%、35.23%、35.81%和13.94%、29.35%、22.32%;施肥措施为生物菌肥最佳;对林下园参进行人工除草3次较1次人工除草和不除草的5年生林下园参株高、根状茎直径、根状茎鲜重分别高22.87%、34.13%、25.58%和82.06%、52.25%、102.72%;林下参至收获年即15 a时667 m2仅为3570株,而林下园参的收获年即6 a时667 m2保苗数达到25630株;林下园参5 a平均根茎干重比林下参10 a提高了64.9%。

北斗三号B1I/B2a相对定位精度分析

为了研究北斗三号导航卫星系统(BDS-3)B1I/B2a相对定位精度,通过GAMIT10.71软件处理澳大利亚地区10个MGEX跟踪站数据。实验结果表明:格洛纳斯(GLONASS)G1/G2的N、E、L基线向量标准差最大分别达到8.00 mm,12.10 mm和10.60 mm;北斗二号导航卫星系统(BDS-2)B1I/B2I的U基线向量标准差最大达到28.70 mm。基线长度与基线长度标准差(STD)呈正相关。BDS-3 B1I/B2a、伽利略导航卫星系统(Galileo)E1/E5a和全球定位系统(GPS)L1/L2的点位中误差和加权均方根(WRMS)整体较小,精度较高;BDS-2 B1I/B2I和GLONASS G1/G2则整体较大,精度较低。实验结果进一步表明:BDS-3 B1I/B2a相比较于BDS-2 B1I/B2I的定位精度有大幅度提升。