Study on Antibacterial Effects of Extracts from Pinus massoniana Lamb.Needles

[Objectives]To study the antibacterial effects of extracts from Pinus massoniana Lamb.needles.[Methods]In this experiment,the components from Pinus massoniana Lamb.needles were extracted by systematic solvent extraction method,and the antibacterial activity against four common bacteria,Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis,Aspergillus flavus and the antibacterial active component were examined for by punch method.[Results]Different solvent extraction rate was different,the rates of petroleum ether,chloroform,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,water extracts were 4.2%,16.7%,17.4%,21.1%,40.6%.All extracts showed inhibitory effect against test bacteria.It was observed that the inhibition of G+was stronger than G-,and the extracts had the best antibacterial activity to Staphylococcus aureus while the weakest to Aspergillus flavus.The antibacterial activity of the components decreased in the order:ethyl acetate extract>n-butanol extract>chloroform extract>petroleum ether extract>aqueous phase.The extracts were stable under ultraviolet radiation(UV)light and long term storage.The antibacterial activity of the extracts was weaker with the increase of pH value when the pH value≤8.[Conclusions]It is inferred that the antibacterial components in the extract of Pinus massoniana needles are widely distributed,and the components with medium polarity or above are the main antibacterial components.

Branching and growth of plantings in fifth year of a seedling seed orchard of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)

The features of branching and growth studied included height, diameter at breast height (DBH), total number of branches, annual height growth, annual branch elongation in the year of elongating, annual branch number for four consecutive years, diameter of branches of different ages, and diameter of stem where branch-whorl originates. For features of total growth and overall branching, no significant differences were found between families, except for DBH. For annual features, no significant differences were found in annual stem height growth, annual branch elongation in the year of elongation and diameter of branches. In the last four years, differences in number of branches were not significant in the first two years but were significant in the last two year; differences in stem diameter where branch-whorls grow were significant for the four consecutive years. Trend of annual growth and branching features of families can be divided into three types as increasing type, stable type and fluctuating type. Most of families have an increasing type with respect of annual height growth and annual branch elongation, while most families belong to a fluctuating type with annual branch number. The results indicated that in the fifth year after planted in seedling seed orchard, differences between families were mostly insignificant. This result may have two main explanations: one is the growth rhyme in early ages of Masson pine, the other one is the complex paternal components to form the open-pollinated families. Family selection seemed to be not useful based on the result. It is suggested to select some of families in the nursery instead of to use all the families when establishing seedling seed orchards with open-pollinated families from plus-trees.

Microenvironmental effects on growth response of Pinus massoniana to climate at its northern boundary in the Tongbai Mountains,Central China

The Tongbai Mountains is an ecologically sensi-tive region and the northern boundary of Pinus massoniana Lamb.To analyze the effect of different microenvironments on tree growth response to climate factors,we developed standard chronologies for earlywood width(EWW),late-wood width(LWW),and total ring width(TRW)of P.massoniana at two sampling sites on slopes with different orientations,then analyzed characteristics of the chronolo-gies and their correlations with climate variables from five stations in the region and with a regional normalized differ-ence vegetation index(NDVI).Statistical results showed that the TRW/EWW/LWW chronology consistency and charac-teristics(mean sensitivity,signal to noise ratio,expressed population signal)for trees growing on the southeastern slope were much higher than for trees on the northeastern slope.Correlations indicated that temperature in current March and August has a significant positive effect on TRW/EWW/LWW formation,and the effect on the northeastern slope was weaker than on the southeastern slope.Compared to temperature,precipitation has more complicated effects on tree growth,but the effect on the northeastern slope was also generally weaker than on the southeastern slope.Step-wise linear regression analyses showed that temperature in August was the main limiting factor at the two sampling sites.Similarly,the response of tree growth on the southeast-ern slope as determined by the NDVI is better than on the northeastern slope,and the TRW/EWW/LWW chronologies for the southeastern slope explained over 50%of the total NDVI variances in June.Overall,the results indicate that the difference in the climate response of P.massoniana at two sampling sites is clearly caused by differences in the microenvironment,and such differences should be properly considered in future studies of forest dynamics and climate reconstructions.

Metal pollution in relation to mass outbreaks of Dendrolimus punctatus Walker on Pinus massoniana Lamb.in China

Insects with their ecological superpower have enormous capacity to transform small pollution damage in forests to full scale calamities. Acid rain resulting from extensive coal burning is the chief pollutant in China. Acid rain activates from soil deposits toxic metals, which are transferred to trees and further to insects eating them. We studied the levels of the toxic Cd, its antagonists Zn and Cu, and acid rain indicators Fe and Mn in the forest pest moth Dendrolimus punctatus Walker (Lepidoptera:Lasiocampidae) in variously polluted Pinus massoniana Lamb forests in China.\; The highest density of D. punctatus , as well as the highest Cd levels developed in the moderately polluted forests. Possibly Cd had there broken down the pest resistance of the pines. The paradoxical coexistence of high Cd level and elevated population density of the pest seems to result from the high accumulation of Cd in its ichneumonid parasitoid. In the most heavily polluted forests the Cd level in needles was low, possibly because the strong acid rain had washed away most of the Cd deposit in the soil. It existed there no D.punctatus population. Absence of pest insects from the most heavily polluted areas is a common phenomenon.

Plantlet regeneration from mature zygotic embryos andembryonic explants of masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.)

Excised zygotic embryos, cotyledons and hypocotyls of juvenile seedlings of masson pine were grown on DCR medium supplemented with several concentrations of various plant phytohormones. BA (1.0 mg/ L) in combination with NAA (0.05 mg/L)in DCR medium was found to increase the formation of adventitious buds from mature zygotic embryos, but most of them were formed at the tips of embryonic cotyledons. Adventitious buds were obtained from cotyledons and hypocotyls from juvenile seedlings when they were cultured on DCR medium containing BA 3-5 mg/L and NAA 0.1-0.2 mg/L. Elongation of buds were observed on hormone-free DCR medium with or without activated charcoal (0.5%). Root initiation was achieved with full or half strength DCR inedium supplemented with IBA 1.0 mg/L and NAA 0.25-0.5 mg/L. Approximately 11-20 axillary buds formed on each explant when juvenile seedling explants were treated (3-20h) with BA 50-100 mg/L, followed by transfer to hormone-free DCR medium. The maximum number of shoots obtained per explant within six months was 33.

Intratree Variation in Viscoelastic Properties of Cell Walls of Masson Pine (Pinus Massoniana Lamb)

In this study,Pinus massoniana Lamb at different heights,across the annual rings,and between earlywood and latewood was measured by X-ray diffraction and the chemical composition was analyzed by chemical treatment.Results indicated that the microfibril angle(MFA)decreased and the chemical composition changed little with the increase in height from 1 m to 9 m.In the radial direction,the MFA decreased and the chemical composition changed little with an increase in annual rings.The cellulose content of latewood was higher than that of early-wood.The viscoelastic changes of wood cell walls at different heights,across the annual rings by the method of quasi-static nanoindentation and dynamic modulus mapping techniques.Results indicated that the wood cell walls’elastic modulus increased,and the creep rate and creep compliance decreased with the increase in height;The elastic modulus and hardness increased with the annual rings.The cell walls’storage modulus increased and the loss modulus gradually decreased with an increase in height;the storage modulus gradually increased and the loss modulus decreased with the annual rings.

The essential oil components of Cinnamomum cassia: an analysis under different thinning models of plantation Pinus massoniana

Thinning is an important activity employed in forest management. To date, studies have mainly focused on the effects of thinning on the growth of trees during the same thinning period. In this study, plantation Pinus massoniana Lamb. near maturity were thinned at varying intensities and an economically important species, Cinnamomum cassia Presl., was planted beneath the thinned canopy. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of the extent of thinning on the essential oil content and its components of C. cassia in different parts of the plant, as well as the economic feasibility of the P. massoniana-C.cassia management model. Thinning significantly reduced the oil yield in the bark and branches of C. cassia, but hardly impacted the oil yield from C. cassia leaves compared with pure C. cassia forest（CK）. Among the different thinning treatments, both light（T.4） and extensive（T.1）thinning reduced the oil yield of C. cassia bark and new branches. The concentrations of the main aldehydes differed in different parts of the plant and were affected by the extent of thinning. The influence on cinnamaldehyde in the bark was minor, but was much greater in the branches and leaves. Both the oil yield and content of cinnamaldehyde showed that moderate（T.3） thinning was more favorable than other thinning models. These results not only provide a potentially promising model for the transformation of low-yield artificial pure forests of P. massoniana in the future, but also offer a reference for the management of artificial mixed stands.

被害马尾松(Pinus massoniana)针叶挥发性物质的提取、鉴定及蚕饰腹寄蝇(Blepharipa zebina)的电生理活性

试验使用动态顶空吸附的方法,提取了被害马尾松(Pinus massoniana)针叶挥发物,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)及标准样品进行鉴定。结果表明,被害马尾松针叶挥发性物质主要包括绿叶挥发物、单萜、含氧单萜及倍半萜等四大类物质;挥发物中以单萜的含量最高,其它3类物质含量较低。通过触角电位图(EAG)技术,测定了23种挥发性物质标准样品的石蜡油溶液对蚕饰腹寄蝇(Blepharipa zebina)雌蝇的电生理活性。结果表明,蚕饰腹寄蝇雌蝇对α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、长叶烯、莰烯、乙酸冰片酯等的相对触角电位反应值与湿润空气对照相比并无显著差异;雌蝇对其它刺激物的相对触角电位反应值与湿润空气对照相比均存在显著差异。同时测定了雌蝇对8种标样,在5个浓度系列下的剂量-反应,并分析了反应阈值。结果表明,蚕饰腹寄蝇雌蝇对顺-3-己烯-1-醇和里哪醇的反应阈值为0.1μg/μl,对壬醛的反应阈值为1μg/μl,对柠檬烯、α-水芹烯、2,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯、β-石竹烯4种物质的反应阈值为100μg/μl,而对α-蒎烯,在测试的剂量范围内不存在反应阈值。在确定对蚕饰腹寄蝇有生理活性的物质成分和分析反应阈值的基础上,对寄生蝇类定位寄主的机制进行了讨论。

Effects of sulfur dioxide on growth， gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine seedlings

The effects of sulfur dioxide(SO_2) on the dry weight growth gas exchange rate and leaf sulfur content of massion pine(Pinus massoniana Lamb. )were investigated. The results obtained in this study show that the dry weight growth and net photosynthetic rate of masson pine seedlings are reduced by exposure to SO_2 at ≥100 ppb. From these results,one of the main causes in the dieback of masson pine forest reported in Chongqing,China may be relatively high concentrations of atmospheric SO_2 in the relevant area.

溶胶-凝胶法改良人工林马尾松尺寸稳定性及其机理研究

马尾松是广西地区重要的人工林资源之一,但其尺寸稳定性较差,极大地限制了其在木材工业中的使用。本研究选用基于SiO_(2)的溶胶-凝胶法对马尾松进行改良,探讨了浸渍时间对马尾松尺寸稳定性的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱(EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)揭示了溶胶-凝胶法对马尾松的改良机理。研究结果表明:经过6 h溶胶浸渍处理的改性马尾松尺寸稳定性最好,相较于未处理的马尾松,浸渍6 h的改性马尾松的浸渍率为5%,60 h吸水质量增加率由34.7%降低至28.2%,60 h吸湿体积膨胀率由16.5%降低至11.1%,72 h抗老化性能由18.02的色差值降低为11.9。溶胶-凝胶法对马尾松尺寸稳定性的改善机理体现在两个方面:其一,通过形成玻璃层状及膨胀结构可以阻挡水分的进入;其二,通过氢键及化学键的形式与细胞壁进行结合,以起到永久的润胀作用。

甲维盐纳米囊颗粒在马尾松内的传导分布

为提高甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(以下简称甲维盐,EB)在松树体内的传导性能,提高松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus病的防治效果,研制了甲维盐纳米囊(emamectin benzoateinclusive nanocapsule,EB-NC)颗粒。采用乳液聚合法结合冷冻干燥技术制备了EB-NC颗粒剂(折纯22.57%EB),通过冷冻扫描电镜和透射电镜分析显示:EN-NC粒径在100~200 nm,外观呈球型。通过动态分析法分析EB-NC颗粒的缓释性能,结果显示:EB-NC 2、4、6、12和24 h的EB累计释放率分别为8.91%、15.61%、23.75%、43.08%和77.55%。在春、夏季对马尾松注干施药后,通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测EB-NC颗粒在马尾松体内的EB平均残留量,研究其传导分布情况,结果显示:春季施药后90 d,树体下、中、上位枝条中EB平均残留量分别为1.95、3.44和7.64 mg/kg;夏季施药后90 d,树体下、中、上位枝条中的EB平均残留量为0.67、1.72和0.60 mg/kg。EB-NC颗粒粒径小、比表面积大、可缓慢释放药剂有效成分,注干施药后可在马尾松体内快速传导。该研究结果为注干药剂全年防治松材线虫病提供了新的思路和依据。

松墨天牛对小蠹危害后马尾松挥发物的气相色谱-触角电位联用技术反应

为探究松树材小蠹(Xyleborus festivus Eichhoff)与松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)之间协同危害马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb)的机制,防控松墨天牛对松材线虫病的传播,采用动态顶空吸附的方法,收集了受松材线虫感染和松树材小蠹蛀干危害后的马尾松侧枝、以及其生长端上的1年生松梢的挥发物,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)和气相色谱-触角电位联用技术(GC-EAD),鉴定和筛选了能引起未交配松墨天牛在营养补充时期成虫触角电位反应的组分。结果表明:在鉴定出的24种化合物中有8种为活性物质,分别是α-蒎烯、莰烯、左旋-β-蒎烯、右旋萜二烯、长叶烯、假柠檬烯、萜品油烯和β-石竹烯。结合文献分析,推测α-蒎烯、左旋-β-蒎烯、莰烯、右旋萜二烯和β-石竹烯在吸引天牛取食方面有重要作用,并且假柠檬烯与右旋萜二烯两组分可能与小蠹危害有关。后续将通过室内行为试验进一步筛选能吸引未交配松墨天牛成虫的物质。

铝对马尾松菌根化幼苗抗逆生理和根尖细胞超微结构的影响

[目的]不同Al^(3+)水平下,研究马尾松菌根/非菌根幼苗的生理、根尖细胞超微结构的变化以及Al的亚细胞分布,分析菌根化苗木对铝的响应及其耐铝性,为外生菌根真菌提高寄主植物耐铝性和育苗造林应用提供理论依据。[方法]以半年生菌根和非菌根马尾松苗为材料,采用砂培盆栽浇铝法,分别设置0、0.2、0.4、0.8mmol·L^(-1) Al^(3+)(AlCl_(3))处理,分析其根系抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量等生理指标变化,Al的亚细胞分布,通过组织染色观察根尖ROS和MDA分布,并观察根尖超微结构变化。[结果](1)随外源[Al^(3+)]的升高,马尾松菌根/非菌根苗根系SOD、CAT、POD活性和MDA含量均呈总体上升趋势,在高铝(0.8 mmol·L^(-1))水平时,抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量最大,且非菌根苗受到铝的影响程度更大;(2)随外源[Al^(3+)]的升高,马尾松根尖吸收的铝含量显著增加,且菌根苗吸收的铝含量显著高于非菌根苗;(3)从细胞超微结构和Al的亚细胞分布看,大量Al^(3+)首先与细胞壁结合,细胞内的Al^(3+)与生物膜强烈结合,使细胞器物质向外渗漏作用加强,干扰细胞核和线粒体等的各种调节过程。而由于菌根对铝的吸附作用,降低了侵入细胞内的铝离子含量,保护亚细胞器结构的同时也维持了细胞的基本功能,从而缓解铝毒性。[结论]铝处理使马尾松根系抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量增加,0.4 mmol·L^(-1)以上的铝浓度产生明显铝毒害症状。而菌根可以通过吸收更多的铝降低铝毒害,并提高植物耐铝能力,这很可能是马尾松菌根苗的一个重要外部抗性机制。

川南疫木林区松材线虫病早期诊断模型研究

为建立适用于四川省的松材线虫病早期诊断模型。2020年6月至9月,结合松墨天牛生物学特性,利用手持高光谱成像仪对野外选取的实验样株进行光谱影像采集,选用ENVI软件处理并提取光谱曲线。结果表明:(1)对实验样株进行了5次影像采集,目标植株中出现了感病初期至枯黄死亡的典型症状,感病株与对照株各时期的光谱反射率差异显著;(2)对不同波段范围内不同时间光谱反射率方差进行加权平均,提取4个敏感波段,即488.7 nm、550.8 nm、682.2 nm和779.8 nm;(3)基于敏感波段与植被指数的回归拟合,建立3个波段的EVI指数型早期诊断模型,即K=0.6874e^(0.7293×EVI),利用感病指数K值可定性判断植株感病。

连续施肥对马尾松林生长的影响及其持效性研究

为探明连续不同配方施肥对马尾松林生长的影响及其肥料效应,并筛选适宜施肥处理。以8年生马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用完全随机区组设计进行了为期3年的连续施肥试验,设置氮肥(T1)、磷肥(T2)、氮磷钾肥(T3)、氮磷钾肥+微肥+石灰(T4)、有机无机复混+微肥+石灰(T5)和不施肥(CK)6个处理,基于连续3年生长测定数据,分析比较不同施肥处理的肥料效应。结果表明:连续施肥能显著提高马尾松林生长量,尤其T5处理的增产效果最好。T4处理对胸径生长量影响最大,与施肥前相比分别增加2.27 cm、3.21 cm、3.77 cm较CK增长量提高75.9%、80.3%、72.1%;对于树高生长量影响第1年以T1处理最大,与施肥前对比增加1.22 m较CK增长量提高110%,第2年以T5处理最大,与施肥前相比分别增加3.02 m较CK增长量提高52.5%,第3年以T2处理最大较CK增长量提高23.8%;对于单株材积的影响T5处理最大,与施肥前相比分别增加0.036 m3、0.070 m3、0.090 m3较CK增长量提高112.0%、75.0%、69.8%。马尾松蓄积增长量的基础地力贡献率随时间延长T1、T3、T4、T5、CK均呈现先降低后增加的趋势,肥料贡献率与之相反。而T2处理呈现持续降低的趋势。施肥后第2、3年马尾松蓄积增长量的稳定性和可持续性长期施肥处理显著高于CK,其中T4处理最高,但与T5处理差异不显著。综上,施加有机无机复混肥+微肥+石灰处理对于马尾松林生长增产显著,且肥料持续性较高。

探讨马尾松人工林培育

马尾松人工林的培育对林业贡献巨大,现已成为国内许多学者关注的焦点。因此,从遗传控制、苗木质量控制、立地控制、整地控制、抚育管理控制、地力维护及密度控制等方面进行总结,提出马尾松人工林现存的问题及解决对策。

马尾松松针中木脂素苷的分离与结构鉴定

目的 研究松科 (Pinaceae)植物马尾松 (PinusmassonianaLamb .)松针 (pineneedles)的化学成分。方法 利用DIAIONHP 2 0 ,TOYOPEARLHW 4 0等色谱技术分离纯化 ,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据 (UV ,IR ,MS ,1 H 1 HCOSY ,HMQC ,DEPT ,HMBC和ORD等 )进行结构鉴定。结果 从马尾松松针水煎液的正丁醇萃取部位分离得到 3个化合物 ,分别鉴定为化合物 4 (massonianosideA) :(7S ,8R) 3,4 ,9′ 三羟基 3 甲氧基 7,8 二氢苯并呋喃 1′ 丙醇基新木脂素 9 O α L 鼠李糖苷 ;化合物 5 (massonianosideC) :(7S ,8R) 9,9′ 二羟基 3,3′ 二甲氧基 7,8 二氢苯并呋喃 1′ 丙醇基新木脂素 4 O α L 鼠李糖苷 ;化合物 6 (cedrusin 4 O β glucoside) :(7S ,8R) 3,9,9′ 三羟基 3 甲氧基 7,8 二氢苯并呋喃 1′ 丙醇基新木脂素 4 O β D 葡糖苷。 结论 化合物 4和

马尾松松针化学成分的研究

目的 研究松科植物马尾松 (P .massonianaLamb .)松针的化学成分。方法 利用色谱技术分离纯化 ,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果 从马尾松针水煎液的正丁醇部位分离得到 3个化合物 ,分别鉴定为 :莽草酸 (shikimicacid ,1) ,cedrusin [( 7S ,8R) 3′ ,4 ,9,9′ 四羟基 3 甲氧基 7,8 二氢苯并呋喃 1′ 丙醇基新木脂素 ,2 ],massonianosideB [( 7S ,8R) 3 ,9,9′ 三羟基 3 甲氧基 7,8 二氢苯并呋喃 1′ 丙醇基新木脂素 4 O α L 鼠李糖苷 ,3 ]。结论 化合物 3为新化合物 ,化合物 1和 2是首次从本植物中分离得到。

马尾松松针中木脂素类化学成分的研究

目的 研究松科 (Pinaceae)植物马尾松 (P .massonianaLamb .)松针 (pineneedles)水煎液中的化学成分。方法 利用DiaionHP 2 0 ,ToyopearlHW 4 0和硅胶等柱色谱技术进行分离纯化 ,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果 从马尾松针水煎液镇痛作用较强的正丁醇萃取部位分离得到 3个木脂素类化合物 ,其化学结构分别确定为化合物 7(massonianosideD) :(7S ,8R) 4 ,9′ 二羟基 3,3′ 二甲氧基 7,8 二氢苯骈呋喃 1′ 丙醇基新木脂素 9 O α L 鼠李糖苷 ;化合物 8(异落叶松脂素 ) :4 ,4′ ,9,9′ 四羟基 3,3′ 二甲氧基 7 苯基四氢萘木脂素 ;化合物 9(异落叶松脂素 9 O 木糖苷 ) :4 ,4′,9′ 三羟基 3,3′ 二甲氧基 7 苯基四氢萘木脂素 9 O β D 木糖苷。 结论 化合物 7为新化合物 ,化合物 8。

马尾松松针中化学成分的分离与结构鉴定

目的 研究松科植物马尾松 (PinusmassonianaLamb .)松针的化学成分。方法 应用色谱技术分离纯化 ,IR ,NMR ,MS等波谱方法解析化学结构。结果 从马尾松松针中分离出 4个化合物 ,分别鉴定为 :3 甲氧基 9′ O α L 鼠李糖基 4′ :7,5′ :8 二氧环新木脂素 4 ,9 二醇 (命名为massonianosideE ,I) ,4 ,4′ ,8,8′ ,9 五羟基 3,3′ 二甲氧基 7,9′ 单环氧木脂素 (II) ,伞花内酯 (III) ,4 (4′ 羟基 3′ 甲氧基苯基 ) 2 丁酮 (IV)。结论 化合物I为新化合物 ,II,III和IV为首次从松科植物中分离得到。