This study presents an analysis of the spectral characteristics of remote sensing reflectance(Rrs)in northwestern South China Sea based on the in situ optical and water quality data for August 2018.Rrswas initially di...This study presents an analysis of the spectral characteristics of remote sensing reflectance(Rrs)in northwestern South China Sea based on the in situ optical and water quality data for August 2018.Rrswas initially divided into four classes,classes A to D,using the max-classification algorithm,and the spectral properties of whole Rrs were characterized using the empirical orthogonal function(EOF)analysis.Subsequently,the dominant factors in each EOF mode were determined.The results indicated that more than 95%of the variances of Rrs are partly driven by the back-scattering characteristics of the suspended matter.The initial two EOF modes were well correlated with the total suspended matter and back-scattering coefficient.Furthermore,the first EOF modes of the four classes of Rrs(A-D Rrs-EOF1)significantly contributed to the total variances of each Rrs class.In addition,the correlation coefficients between the amplitude factors of class A-D Rrs-EOF1 and the variances of the relevant water quality and optical parameters were better than those of the unclassified ones.The spectral shape of class ARrs-EOF1 was governed by the absorption characteristic of chlorophyll a and colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM).The spectral shape of class B Rrs-EOF1 was governed by the absorption characteristic of CDOM since it exhibited a high correlation with the absorption coefficient of CDOM(ag(λ)),whereas the spectral shape of class C Rrs-EOF1 was governed by the back-scattering characteristics but not affected by the suspended matter.The spectral shape of class D Rrs-EOF1 exhibited a relatively good correlation with all the water quality parameters,which played a significant role in deciding its spectral shape.展开更多
[目的]探究山东省不同气候分区年降水量的时空特征,为该地区气候分析、防灾减灾提供更加区域性的参考依据。[方法]根据山东省95个国家地面气象观测站1991—2020年降水年值数据,首先对山东省年降水场进行气候分区,然后通过相关统计方法...[目的]探究山东省不同气候分区年降水量的时空特征,为该地区气候分析、防灾减灾提供更加区域性的参考依据。[方法]根据山东省95个国家地面气象观测站1991—2020年降水年值数据,首先对山东省年降水场进行气候分区,然后通过相关统计方法分析各分区降水的时空变化特征。[结果](1)山东省各降水模态降水偏少的年份更多,降水偏多的年份降水强度更大,年代际变化均较为明显,但各模态降水偏多偏少的年份分布及强度变化有所不同。(2)山东省年降水量大致由东南向西北递减,年降水场划分为东南沿海区(Ⅰ区)、西北平原区(Ⅱ区)和中部山地区(Ⅲ区)3个区域,各降水分区年降水均呈不显著增加趋势,趋势率各不相同,突变均不明显。(3)山东省各降水分区年降水量均具有较为明显的周期性特征,东南沿海区年降水场存在2个较为明显的能量中心,中心尺度均为2~3 a,未来变化具有强持续性;西北平原区年降水场存在3个较为明显的能量中心,中心尺度分别为5~7 a, 3 a和2~3 a,未来变化具有持续性;中部山地区年降水场存在2个较为明显的能量中心,中心尺度分别为2~3 a, 6 a,未来变化具有强持续性。[结论]山东省降水偏少的年份更多,降水偏多的年份降水强度更大,年降水场大致可分为3个分区,各分区年降水量均呈不显著增加趋势,均具有较为明显的周期性特征,且未来变化均具有持续性。展开更多
In this paper,a new diagnostic method,the rotated complex empirical orthogonal function (RCEOF)analysis is developed.The general principle and the mathematical foundation of RCEOF are discussed.
The numerical solving and the program designing of the rotated complex empirical orthogonal function(RCEOF)are discussed.Some examples of RCEOF are also presented.
充分掌握大尺度流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征对流域水土保持、防洪减灾和生态环境保护至关重要。基于长江中下游的119个气象站点57a逐日降雨资料,通过Xie模型计算各站降雨侵蚀力,使用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)法对降雨侵蚀力进行区域划分...充分掌握大尺度流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征对流域水土保持、防洪减灾和生态环境保护至关重要。基于长江中下游的119个气象站点57a逐日降雨资料,通过Xie模型计算各站降雨侵蚀力,使用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)法对降雨侵蚀力进行区域划分;结合Mann-Kendal检验、重标极差(R/S)法和相关性分析方法分析长江中下游降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征,并揭示其与植被覆盖度之间的关系。结果表明:(1)长江中下游降雨侵蚀力整体呈上升趋势,年均降雨侵蚀力为5643MJ mm hm^(-2)h^(-1)。(2)不同季节降雨侵蚀力空间分布存在差异。冷季降雨侵蚀力空间分布不均,高值区主要集中在流域的西部和东北部,而暖季降雨侵蚀力则表现为以江西省为中心沿西北方向递减的空间分布格局,最大值和最小值出现在鄱阳湖环湖区(III区)和长江干流武汉以下段及太湖水系(IV区)。(3)长江中下游相邻地理分区间降雨侵蚀力变化速率差异较大,降雨侵蚀力区域性差异显著。其中III区、湘江及赣江流域(I区)和IV区年均降雨侵蚀力呈显著增长趋势(P<0.05)且未来将保持该趋势,为水土保持重点关注区域。(4)研究所发现的长江中下游水土保持重点关注区域的降雨侵蚀力与植被覆盖度存在负相关。但值得注意的是I区在冷季呈现正相关,而且其中的湘江上游流域出现显著正相关。研究表明降雨侵蚀力是影响地表侵蚀过程的关键因素,侵蚀性降水会影响植被覆盖情况,进而影响地表的侵蚀过程。因此在重点关注高降雨侵蚀力地区的同时还需加强植被保护工作。研究结果可为长江中下游区域水土保持及生态环境保护工作提供科学依据。展开更多
Ice and snow tourism in China has grown significantly since the country successfully hosted the Beijing Winter Olympics.Climatic conditions profoundly impact the development of ice and snow tourism;however,most studie...Ice and snow tourism in China has grown significantly since the country successfully hosted the Beijing Winter Olympics.Climatic conditions profoundly impact the development of ice and snow tourism;however,most studies have focused on constructing different climate suitability indicators for ice and snow tourism to evaluate individual regions,lacking horizontal comparative studies across multiple regions.This study aims to enrich the connotation of climate suitability for ice and snow sports,establish an evaluation model based on snowfall amount,temperature,and wind speed,and use daily meteorological data from 1991 to 2021 to horizontally compare the climate suitability for ice and snow sports in major ski tourism destinations in China.This study boasts four major findings:1)the average ice and snow sports climate index of each region decreases over time,and the overall suitability of the climate for ice and snow sports is reducing;2)northern Xinjiang exhibits the most evident regional differentiation from‘very suitable’to‘generally suitable’;3)the spatial zoning of climate suitability for ice and snow sports exhibits heterogeneity,as northern Xinjiang is divided into two‘suitable and above’zones with rotating empirical orthogonal function(REOF).Correspondingly,the four provinces of Hebei,Heilongjiang,Jilin,and Liaoning are divided into three‘generally suitable and above’zones;4)snowfall amount is the main factor affecting the climate suitability of ice and snow sports in the major ski tourist destinations in China.展开更多
Chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentration is a primary indicator for marine environmental monitoring.The spatio-temporal variations of sea surface Chl-a concentration in the Yellow Sea(YS)and the East China Sea(ECS)in 2001-20...Chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentration is a primary indicator for marine environmental monitoring.The spatio-temporal variations of sea surface Chl-a concentration in the Yellow Sea(YS)and the East China Sea(ECS)in 2001-2020 were investigated by reconstructing the MODIS Level 3 products with the data interpolation empirical orthogonal function(DINEOF)method.The reconstructed results by interpolating the combined MODIS daily+8-day datasets were found better than those merely by interpolating daily or 8-day data.Chl-a concentration in the YS and the ECS reached its maximum in spring,with blooms occurring,decreased in summer and autumn,and increased in late autumn and early winter.By performing empirical orthogonal function(EOF)decomposition of the reconstructed data fields and correlation analysis with several potential environmental factors,we found that the sea surface temperature(SST)plays a significant role in the seasonal variation of Chl a,especially during spring and summer.The increase of SST in spring and the upper-layer nutrients mixed up during the last winter might favor the occurrence of spring blooms.The high sea surface temperature(SST)throughout the summer would strengthen the vertical stratification and prevent nutrients supply from deep water,resulting in low surface Chl-a concentrations.The sea surface Chl-a concentration in the YS was found decreased significantly from 2012 to 2020,which was possibly related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO).展开更多
基金The Key Projects of the Guangdong Education Department under contract No.2019KZDXM019the Fund of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhanjiang)under contract No.ZJW-2019-08+2 种基金High-Level Marine Discipline Team Project of Guangdong Ocean University under contract No.002026002009the Guangdong Graduate Academic Forum Project under contract No.230420003the"First Class"discipline construction platform project in 2019 of Guangdong Ocean University under contract No.231419026。
文摘This study presents an analysis of the spectral characteristics of remote sensing reflectance(Rrs)in northwestern South China Sea based on the in situ optical and water quality data for August 2018.Rrswas initially divided into four classes,classes A to D,using the max-classification algorithm,and the spectral properties of whole Rrs were characterized using the empirical orthogonal function(EOF)analysis.Subsequently,the dominant factors in each EOF mode were determined.The results indicated that more than 95%of the variances of Rrs are partly driven by the back-scattering characteristics of the suspended matter.The initial two EOF modes were well correlated with the total suspended matter and back-scattering coefficient.Furthermore,the first EOF modes of the four classes of Rrs(A-D Rrs-EOF1)significantly contributed to the total variances of each Rrs class.In addition,the correlation coefficients between the amplitude factors of class A-D Rrs-EOF1 and the variances of the relevant water quality and optical parameters were better than those of the unclassified ones.The spectral shape of class ARrs-EOF1 was governed by the absorption characteristic of chlorophyll a and colored dissolved organic matter(CDOM).The spectral shape of class B Rrs-EOF1 was governed by the absorption characteristic of CDOM since it exhibited a high correlation with the absorption coefficient of CDOM(ag(λ)),whereas the spectral shape of class C Rrs-EOF1 was governed by the back-scattering characteristics but not affected by the suspended matter.The spectral shape of class D Rrs-EOF1 exhibited a relatively good correlation with all the water quality parameters,which played a significant role in deciding its spectral shape.
文摘[目的]探究山东省不同气候分区年降水量的时空特征,为该地区气候分析、防灾减灾提供更加区域性的参考依据。[方法]根据山东省95个国家地面气象观测站1991—2020年降水年值数据,首先对山东省年降水场进行气候分区,然后通过相关统计方法分析各分区降水的时空变化特征。[结果](1)山东省各降水模态降水偏少的年份更多,降水偏多的年份降水强度更大,年代际变化均较为明显,但各模态降水偏多偏少的年份分布及强度变化有所不同。(2)山东省年降水量大致由东南向西北递减,年降水场划分为东南沿海区(Ⅰ区)、西北平原区(Ⅱ区)和中部山地区(Ⅲ区)3个区域,各降水分区年降水均呈不显著增加趋势,趋势率各不相同,突变均不明显。(3)山东省各降水分区年降水量均具有较为明显的周期性特征,东南沿海区年降水场存在2个较为明显的能量中心,中心尺度均为2~3 a,未来变化具有强持续性;西北平原区年降水场存在3个较为明显的能量中心,中心尺度分别为5~7 a, 3 a和2~3 a,未来变化具有持续性;中部山地区年降水场存在2个较为明显的能量中心,中心尺度分别为2~3 a, 6 a,未来变化具有强持续性。[结论]山东省降水偏少的年份更多,降水偏多的年份降水强度更大,年降水场大致可分为3个分区,各分区年降水量均呈不显著增加趋势,均具有较为明显的周期性特征,且未来变化均具有持续性。
基金National 9th Five-Year Project under Grant 95-11.
文摘In this paper,a new diagnostic method,the rotated complex empirical orthogonal function (RCEOF)analysis is developed.The general principle and the mathematical foundation of RCEOF are discussed.
基金Supported by the National 9th Five-Year Project under Grant 95-11.
文摘The numerical solving and the program designing of the rotated complex empirical orthogonal function(RCEOF)are discussed.Some examples of RCEOF are also presented.
文摘充分掌握大尺度流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征对流域水土保持、防洪减灾和生态环境保护至关重要。基于长江中下游的119个气象站点57a逐日降雨资料,通过Xie模型计算各站降雨侵蚀力,使用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)法对降雨侵蚀力进行区域划分;结合Mann-Kendal检验、重标极差(R/S)法和相关性分析方法分析长江中下游降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征,并揭示其与植被覆盖度之间的关系。结果表明:(1)长江中下游降雨侵蚀力整体呈上升趋势,年均降雨侵蚀力为5643MJ mm hm^(-2)h^(-1)。(2)不同季节降雨侵蚀力空间分布存在差异。冷季降雨侵蚀力空间分布不均,高值区主要集中在流域的西部和东北部,而暖季降雨侵蚀力则表现为以江西省为中心沿西北方向递减的空间分布格局,最大值和最小值出现在鄱阳湖环湖区(III区)和长江干流武汉以下段及太湖水系(IV区)。(3)长江中下游相邻地理分区间降雨侵蚀力变化速率差异较大,降雨侵蚀力区域性差异显著。其中III区、湘江及赣江流域(I区)和IV区年均降雨侵蚀力呈显著增长趋势(P<0.05)且未来将保持该趋势,为水土保持重点关注区域。(4)研究所发现的长江中下游水土保持重点关注区域的降雨侵蚀力与植被覆盖度存在负相关。但值得注意的是I区在冷季呈现正相关,而且其中的湘江上游流域出现显著正相关。研究表明降雨侵蚀力是影响地表侵蚀过程的关键因素,侵蚀性降水会影响植被覆盖情况,进而影响地表的侵蚀过程。因此在重点关注高降雨侵蚀力地区的同时还需加强植被保护工作。研究结果可为长江中下游区域水土保持及生态环境保护工作提供科学依据。
基金Under the auspices of the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.2022D01C372)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42261041)+1 种基金Major Key Programs of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Xinjiang University(No.22APY016)Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Federation of Social Sciences Project Key Project(No.2023ZJFLW10)。
文摘Ice and snow tourism in China has grown significantly since the country successfully hosted the Beijing Winter Olympics.Climatic conditions profoundly impact the development of ice and snow tourism;however,most studies have focused on constructing different climate suitability indicators for ice and snow tourism to evaluate individual regions,lacking horizontal comparative studies across multiple regions.This study aims to enrich the connotation of climate suitability for ice and snow sports,establish an evaluation model based on snowfall amount,temperature,and wind speed,and use daily meteorological data from 1991 to 2021 to horizontally compare the climate suitability for ice and snow sports in major ski tourism destinations in China.This study boasts four major findings:1)the average ice and snow sports climate index of each region decreases over time,and the overall suitability of the climate for ice and snow sports is reducing;2)northern Xinjiang exhibits the most evident regional differentiation from‘very suitable’to‘generally suitable’;3)the spatial zoning of climate suitability for ice and snow sports exhibits heterogeneity,as northern Xinjiang is divided into two‘suitable and above’zones with rotating empirical orthogonal function(REOF).Correspondingly,the four provinces of Hebei,Heilongjiang,Jilin,and Liaoning are divided into three‘generally suitable and above’zones;4)snowfall amount is the main factor affecting the climate suitability of ice and snow sports in the major ski tourist destinations in China.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.202341017,202313024)。
文摘Chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentration is a primary indicator for marine environmental monitoring.The spatio-temporal variations of sea surface Chl-a concentration in the Yellow Sea(YS)and the East China Sea(ECS)in 2001-2020 were investigated by reconstructing the MODIS Level 3 products with the data interpolation empirical orthogonal function(DINEOF)method.The reconstructed results by interpolating the combined MODIS daily+8-day datasets were found better than those merely by interpolating daily or 8-day data.Chl-a concentration in the YS and the ECS reached its maximum in spring,with blooms occurring,decreased in summer and autumn,and increased in late autumn and early winter.By performing empirical orthogonal function(EOF)decomposition of the reconstructed data fields and correlation analysis with several potential environmental factors,we found that the sea surface temperature(SST)plays a significant role in the seasonal variation of Chl a,especially during spring and summer.The increase of SST in spring and the upper-layer nutrients mixed up during the last winter might favor the occurrence of spring blooms.The high sea surface temperature(SST)throughout the summer would strengthen the vertical stratification and prevent nutrients supply from deep water,resulting in low surface Chl-a concentrations.The sea surface Chl-a concentration in the YS was found decreased significantly from 2012 to 2020,which was possibly related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO).