Experimental investigation of the mixing efficiency via intensity of segregation along axial direction of a rotating bar reactor

As a significant index to evaluate the mixing efficiency,studying the concentration distribution is directly related to the intensity of segregation(I_(s)).In this work,the I_(s) of the mixture composed of NaCl solutionwater was investigated experimentally in a rotating bar reactor(RBR)by the conductivity method.The results showed that the mixing efficiency was improved along the axial direction from the bottom to the top in the RBR.The concentration distribution at the bottom section was more uneven,and I_(s) was higher compared with the top section,which decreased from 6.53×10^(-5)to 1.57×10^(-7).With the increase of rotational speed from 0 to 700 r·min^(-1),I_s at the bottom and top sections decreased from 4.27×10^(-3)to 7.10×10^(-5)and from 1.93×10^(-3)to 7.29×10^(-7),respectively.The increases flow rate of solution A,and the decreases of concentration of NaCl and flow rate of solution B gave rise to the reduction of I_(s),signifying an improved mixing efficiency.The results revealed that the conductivity method used in this paper has high efficiency and low cost to measure the I_(s),which indicates a promising prospect for estimating reactors'mixing performance.

Charge transfer in plasma assisted dry reforming of methane using a nanosecond pulsed packed-bed reactor discharge

This paper is aimed to investigate the effect of packing material on plasma characteristic from the viewpoint of charge transfer process.Both the charge accumulation and release processes in the dielectric barrier discharge reactor and packed-bed reactor were investigated by measuring voltage and current waveforms and taking ICCD images.The packing material was ZrO2 pellets and the reactors were driven by a parameterized nanosecond pulse source.The quantity of transferred charges in the dielectric barrier discharge reactor was enhanced when decreasing pulse rise time or increasing pulse width(within 150 ns),but reduced when the gas gap was packed with pellets.The quantity of accumulated charges in the primary discharge was larger than the quantity of released charges in the secondary discharges in the dielectric barrier discharge reactor,but they were almost equal in the packed-bed reactor.It indicates that the discharge behavior has been changed from the view of charge transfer process once the gas gap was packed with pellets,and the ICCD images confirmed it.

CO2 absorption performance in a rotating disk reactor using DBU-glycerol as solvent

Gas–liquid mass transfer of rotating disk reactor was studied in CO2 absorption using 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene(DBU)-glycerol solution as solvent. Effects of the rotating disk structure and various operation parameters on the CO2 absorption rate and CO2 removal efficiency were investigated. The rotating disk with optimal holes is conducive to mass transfer of CO2 and the formation of thin liquid film at the opening increases the gas–liquid contact area. With the increase of rotating speed, the liquid flow pattern on the rotating disk surface changes from thin film flow to separated streams and creates extra liquid lines attached to the rim of the disk,which leads to a very complicated change on the CO2 absorption rate and CO2 removal efficiency. The overall gas-phase mass transfer coefficient increases 138% as the rotating speed increasing from 250 to 1400 r·min^-1.Increasing temperature from 298 to 338 K can enhance the CO2 absorption rate due to lowering the viscosity of the solvent. The rate-determined step for the absorption is focused on the gas side. The rotating disk reactor can effectively enhance the absorption of CO2 with viscous DBU-glycerol solvents.

Reaction Selectivity Improvement for Reduction of Nitrobenzene in a Packed-Bed Electrode Reactor under Periodic-Current Control

Rectangular wave current control of the electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene im-proves the selectivity for p-aminophenol(PAP) compared to direct current(d.c.) control at thesame average current density in a flow-by packed-bed reactor.Optimal increase in PAP selectivitycan be obtained at about a frequency of 50Hz and a duty cycle of 0.2.A mathematical model isset up to incorporate the effects of mass transfer,hydrogen evolution and double layer charging,and is solved using the Duhamel’s superposition principle and the modified Crank-Nicolson methodwith the upwind scheme.The conventional d.c.control cases are also calculated for comparison.Calculations can be applied to predict the reaction results under periodic current and d.c.control,but both display the same trends compared to experimental data.

Preparation of Pd/c-Al_(2)O_(3)/nickel foam monolithic catalyst and its performance for selective hydrogenation in a rotating packed bed reactor

Selective hydrogenation plays an important role in chemical industries,yet its selectivity is usually limited by the mass transfer.In this work,the enhanced hydrogenation selectivity was achieved in a rotating packed bed(RPB)reactor with excellent mass transfer efficiency.Aiming to be used under the centrifugal filed,a monolithic catalyst Pd/c-Al_(2)O_(3)/nickel foam suiting for the shape and size of the rotor of RPB reactor was prepared by the electrophoretic deposition method.The mechanical strength of the catalyst can meet the requirement of high centrifugal force in the RPB.The hydrogenation selectivity in the RPB reactor using the 3-methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol hydrogenation system was 3–8 times higher than that in a stirred tank reactor under similar conditions.This work proves the feasibility of intensifying the selectivity of hydrogenation process in the RPB reactor.

An Evaluation of Metronidazole Degradation in a Plasma-Assisted Rotating Disk Reactor Coupled with TiO2 in Aqueous Solution

Pollution involving pharmaceutical components in bodies of water is an increasingly serious environmental issue.Plasma discharge for the degradation of antibiotics is an emerging technology that may be relevant toward addressing this issue.In this work,a plasma-assisted rotating disk reactor(plasma-RDR)and a photocatalyst—namely,titanium dioxide(TiO_(2))—were coupled for the treatment of metronidazole(MNZ).Discharge uniformity was improved by the use of a rotating electrode in the plasma-RDR,which contributed to the utilization of ultraviolet(UV)light radiation in the presence of TiO_(2).The experimental results showed that the degradation efficiency of MNZ and the concentration of generated hydroxyl radicals respectively increased by 41%and 2.954 mg∙L^(-1) as the rotational speed increased from 0 to 500 r∙min^(-1).The synergistic effect of plasma-RDR plus TiO_(2) on the generation of hydroxyl radicals was evaluated.Major intermediate products were identified using three-dimensional(3D)excitation emission fluorescence matrices(EEFMs)and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS),and a possible degradation pathway is proposed herein.This plasma-catalytic process has bright prospects in the field of antibiotics degradation.

Ozone generation enhanced by silica catalyst in packed-bed DBD reactor

In this paper,three dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)configurations,which were plain DBD with no packing,DBD with packed pure quartz fibers and DBD with packed loaded quartz fibers,were employed to investigate the effect and catalytic mechanism of catalyst materials in a packed-bed ozone generator.From the experimental results,it was clear that the DBD configuration with packed pure fibers and packed loaded fibers promotes ozone generation.For the packed-bed reactor,ozone concentration and ozone yield were enhanced by an increase of electric field in the discharge gap with the packed-bed effect.Meanwhile,the enhancement of ozone concentration and yield for the DBD reactor packed by loaded fibers with silica nanoparticles was due to the catalysis of silica nanoparticles on the fiber surface.The adsorption of silica nanoparticles on the fiber surface can prolong the retention time of active species and enhance surface reactions.

Numerical simulation of packed-bed reactor for oxidative coupling of methane

A three-dimensional geometric model of the oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） packed-bed reactor loaded with Na2WO4-Mn/SiO2 partic- ulate catalyst was set up, and an improved Stansch kinetic model was established to calculate the OCM reactions using the computational fluid dynamics method and Fluent software. The simulation conditions were completely the same with the experimental conditions that the volume velocity of the reactant was 80 mL/min under standard state, the ratio of CH4/O2 was 3, the temperature and pressure were 800 ℃ and 1 atm, respectively. The contour of the characteristics parameters in the catalyst bed was analyzed, such as the species mass fractions, temperature, the heat flux on side wall surface, pressure, fluid density and velocity. The results showed that the calculated values matched well with the experimental values on the conversion of CH4 and the selectivity to products （C2H6, C2H4, CO2, CO） in the reactor outlet with an error range of 4-2%. The mass fractions of CH4 and O2 decreased from 0.6 and 0.4 in the catalyst bed inlet to 0.436 and 0.142 in the outlet, where the mass fractions of C2H6, C2H4, CO and CO2 were 0.035, 0.061, 0.032 and 0.106, respectively. Due to the existence of laminar boundary layer, the contours of each component bent upwards in the vicinity of the boundary layer. This OCM reaction was volume increase reaction and the total moles of products were greater than those of reactants. The flow field in the catalyst bed maintained constant temperature and pressure. The fluid density decreased gradually from 2.28 kg/m3 in the inlet of the catalyst bed to 2.22 kg/m3 in the outlet of the catalyst bed, while the velocity increased from 0.108 m/s to 0.115 m/s.

Dimensional and Mechanical Similarity Analysis of the Flow in Rotating Liquid Film Reactor

A rotating liquid film reactor (RLFR) is a device of two coaxial rotating conical cylinders with the inner cone rotating and the outer one stationary. A complete mathematical model for the flow between the conical cylinders is built and a dimensional analysis is carried out. It is proved that at each point of the flow field the dimensionless pressure and velocity of the flow are determined by parameters: Reynolds number (Re), aspect ratio (Γ), radius ratio (η) and wall inclination angle (α). Furthermore, a sufficient and a necessary condition are derived from mechanical similarity between RLFR and a manufacturing equipment geometrically similar to RLFR. Finally, a numerical simulation for the distribution of pressure and velocity is performed. The results may provide a theoretical basis for experiment method and numerical simulation of the flow in a RLFR-like device.

Enhancement of neutron irradiation uniformity for the CFBR-Ⅱ fast burst reactor with a biaxial rotational technique

A biaxial rotational technique is proposed to improve the neutron irradiation uniformity for a large sample,and the theoretical method is established to predict and design the main parameters. The technique used a device to rotate the target sample around two perpendicular axes simultaneously. Numerical calculations found that the lowest common multiple of the two angular speeds should be large enough to improve the uniformity,and the minimal experimental time should be no less than 600 s. For a three-dimensional sample with a size of 20 cm × 12 cm × 14 cm, the maximal non-uniform neutron irradiation factor of the sample is mainly determined by the distance between the center of the sample and of the point neutron source. It was computed to be less than 10% when the distance was no less than 34 cm. Experiments were carried out on the CFBR-II reactor and the experimental results were in good accordance with the theoretical analysis. As a result, the theoretical conclusions given above are reasonable and of reference value for the design of future irradiation experiments.

高黏附性Pd/SiO_(2)/NF整体式催化剂的制备及加氢性能研究

旋转填充床反应器(RPB)中液体的高速冲刷和较强的离心力容易导致整体式催化剂的涂层和活性组分从基体表面脱落造成损失,限制了整体式催化剂在RPB反应器中的应用。因此,研究整体式催化剂涂层和活性组分的黏附性,以提升催化剂在RPB反应器中的催化活性和使用寿命具有重要意义。基于此,采用超重力喷涂法在泡沫镍(NF)基体表面负载氧化硅(SiO_(2))涂层,制备了具有高黏附性的Pd/SiO_(2(x))/NF整体式催化剂,通过超声振荡、BET、XRD、SEM和XPS等对整体式催化剂进行测试和分析。当RPB反应器的转速为1200 r/min时,整体式催化剂具有优异的黏附性能,涂层的脱落率为4%。以对硝基苯甲醚(PNA)催化加氢制备对氨基苯甲醚(PA)为探针反应,RPB反应器中Pd/SiO_(2(1200))/NF整体式催化剂具有较好的催化活性,180 min时PNA转化率为98.9%。本工作可为开发高黏附性的整体式催化剂提供新的途径。

转鼓式固态生物反应器的研究进展

固态发酵是指微生物在含水量极低的固体物料上进行生长、代谢,以获得初生代谢产物和次生代谢产物。固态反应器因其各种工艺参数的在线监测与自动控制,在食品发酵、生物制药、饲料生产等领域有着越来越广泛的用途。根据罐温、溶氧、pH等工艺参数而采用不同的控制模式。在固态发酵过程中,由于微生物生长环境、物料、传质等诸多因素的差异,设计反应器并实现智能化、程序化是有待解决的关键性共同问题。主要对转鼓式生物固态反应器的应用、特征进行分析并对一些目前存在的弊端提出疑问。

转子-径隙式水力空化反应器的空化诱导噪声脉动特性研究

旋转式水力空化反应器作为一种高效产生空化气泡的设备被广泛应用于工业领域,其空化诱导噪声是其性能评估和目标优化的重中之重。研究了一种转子-径隙水力空化反应器的空化及其诱导噪声特性,对不同转子转速下的非定常空化流场进行了数值模拟;研究了空化与其诱导噪声脉动特性的相互作用机制,分析了空化诱导噪声的时频分布特性。结果表明,转速3300~3900 r/min,转子吸力面涡度由5960 s-1上升至7155 s-1,转子入口圆周涡度由6142 s-1上升至7597 s-1,这种提升表现为高涡度区沿压力面方向和入口圆周方向扩张;转速为3300 r/min下反应器噪声沿反应器内部环形流动方向,其噪声叶频脉动幅值经历了增长—稳定—降低3个阶段,其中,在蜗舌和流体出口位置,P8至P1的噪声叶频及其多阶谐频幅值均有不同程度降低;剧烈的空化致使出口位置空化诱导噪声的幅值不增反降,最终表现为出口位置噪声叶频及其多阶谐频幅值的降低,这是由于强空化状态下超空泡周期性溃灭量小于弱空化状态,空化气泡长期存在而非周期性溃灭。

Recent Developments in Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactors:Cavitation Mechanism,Reactor Design,and Applications

Hydrodynamic cavitation is considered to be a promising technology for process intensification,due to its high energy efficiency,cost-effective operation,ability to induce chemical reactions,and scale-up possibilities.In the past decade,advancements have been made in the fundamental understanding of hydrodynamic cavitation and its main variables,which provide a basis for applications of hydrodynamic cavitation in radical-induced chemical reaction processes.Here,we provide an extensive review of these research efforts,including the fundamentals of hydrodynamic cavitation,the design of cavitation reactors,cavitation-induced reaction enhancement,and relevant industrial applications.Two types of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors—namely,stationary and rotational—are compared.The design parameters of a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor and reactor performance at the laboratory and pilot scales are discussed,and recommendations are made regarding optimal operation and geometric conditions.The commercial cavitation reactors that are currently on the market are reviewed here for the first time.The unique features of hydrodynamic cavitation have been widely applied to various chemical reactions,such as oxidization reactions and wastewater treatment,and to physical processes,such as emulsion generation and component extraction.The roles of radicals and gas bubble implosion are also thoroughly discussed.

Conversion enhancement of tubular fixed-bed reactor for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using static mixer

Recently, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS） has become an interesting technology because of its potential role in producing biofuels via Biomass- to-Liquids （BTL） processes. In Fischer-Tropsch （FT） section, biomass-derived syngas, mainly composed of a mixture of carbon monoxide （CO） and hydrogen （H2）, is converted into various forms of hydrocarbon products over a catalyst at specified temperature and pressure. Fixed-bed reactors are typically used for these processes as conventional FT reactors. The fixed-bed or packed-bed type reactor has its drawbacks, which are heat transfer limitation, i.e. a hot spot problem involved highly exothermic characteristics of FT reaction, and mass transfer limitation due to the condensation of liquid hydrocarbon products occurred on catalyst surface. This work is initiated to develop a new chemical reactor design in which a better distribution of gaseous reactants and hydrocarbon products could be achieved, and led to higher throughput and conversion. The main goal of the research is the enhancement of a fixed-bed reactor, focusing on the application of KenicsTM static mixer insertion in the tubular packed-bed reactor. Two FTS experiments were carried out using two reactors i.e., with and without static mixer insertion within catalytic beds. The modeled syngas used was a mixed gas composed of H2/CO in 2 ： 1 molar ratio that was fed at the rate of 30 mL（STP）·min^- 1 （GHSV ≈ 136 mL·gcat^-1 ·h^-1） into the fixed Ru supported aluminum catalyst bed of weight 13.3 g. The reaction was carried out at 180 ℃ and atmospheric pressure continuously for 36 h for both experiments. Both transient and steady-state conversions （in terms of time on stream） were reported. The results revealed that the steady-state CO conversion for the case using the static mixer was approximately 3.5 times higher than that of the case without static mixer. In both cases, the values of chain growth probability of hydrocarbon products （α） for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were 0.92 and 0.89 for the case with and without static mixer, respectively.

Solar System. Angular Momentum. Dark Matter Reactors

The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is consistent with all Concepts of the World [1]. In WUM, we postulate the principal role of Angular Momentum and Dark Matter in Cosmological theories of the World. The most widely accepted model of Solar System formation, known as the Nebular hypothesis, does not solve the Angular Momentum problem—why is the orbital momentum of Jupiter larger than rotational momentum of the Sun? WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with this Fundamental Law. The Nebular hypothesis does not solve Internal Heating and Diversity problems for all Planets and Moons in Solar system—why the actual mean surface temperature of them is higher than their effective temperature calculated based on the Sun’s heat for them and how could each one be so different if all of them came from the same nebula? The proposed concept of Dark Matter Reactors in Cores of all gravitationally-rounded Macroobjects successfully resolves these problems.

基于分子筛催化剂的玉米秸秆与聚丙烯催化共热解

采用双金属(Zn,Al)改性MCM-41催化玉米秸秆与聚丙烯共热解制备芳香烃,并基于旋转床反应器研究玉米秸秆与聚丙烯催化共热解的产物分布。结果表明:催化剂的添加对热解产物的分布影响显著,在质量分数为1%的Zn和3%的Al共改性MCM-41的催化作用下,芳香烃(24.31%)含量最高,含氧化合物(12.37%)含量最低。旋转床催化共热解实验中,随着反应温度(500~800℃)的增加,生物油的产率逐渐下降,生物油中烯烃和含氧化合物含量的下降使得芳香烃的含量显著增加。随着催化剂添加量(1∶0~1∶10)的增加,生物油的产率逐渐减少。热解油中芳香烃的含量显著增加,烯烃和含氧化合物的含量下降。随着转速(0~20 r/min)的增加,生物油的产率呈现先减小后增大的趋势,生物油中芳香烃、烯烃和含氧化合物含量的最值均在15 r/min时获得。

A structured packed-bed reactor designed for exothermic hydrogenation of acetone

Fixed-bed reactors randomly packed with catalysts have many disadvantages that may adversely affect the desired chemical reaction.The increasingly used monolithic reactor,in contrast,has many operational advantages;however,for a kinetically-controlled reaction,it does not contain sufficient catalyst to sustain the reaction.To address the problems associated with both randomly packed-bed reactor and the monolithic reactor,a structured packed-bed reactor was proposed and mathematical models were built for randomly packed-bed reactor and structured packed-bed reactor.Their respective performances were compared when applied to the exothermic reaction of the isopropanol-acetone-hydrogen chemical heat pump system.The results showed that the structured packed-bed reactor performed better in terms of pressure drop and heat transfer capacity,and had a lower radial temperature gradient,indicating that this reactor had a higher effective heat conductivity.Isopropanol on the catalyst particle surfaces was more concentrated near the tube wall because a wall effect existed in the boundary layer around the particle-wall contact points.

Large-scale industrial manufacturing of carbon nanotubes in a continuous inclined mobile-bed rotating reactor via the catalytic chemical vapor deposition process

This article reports the different steps of the design, development and validation of a process for continuous production of carbon nanotubes （CNTs） via catalytic chemical vapor deposition from the laboratory scale to the industrial production. This process is based on a continuous inclined mobile-bed rotating reactor and very active catalysts using methane or ethylene as carbon source. The importance of modeling taking into account the hydrodynamic, physicochemical and physical phenomena that occur during CNT production in the process analysis is emphasized. The impact of this invention on the environment and human health is taken into consideration too.

氟化氢预反应器螺旋桨磨损腐蚀影响规律研究

以20#钢为研究对象,采用失重法和动电位极化法,通过螺旋推料的磨损腐蚀实验机,研究了料浆粉酸比(0.9、1.0、1.1)和螺旋轴旋转速度(25 r/min、35 r/min、45 r/min)对氟化氢预反应器内部磨损腐蚀的影响规律。结果表明:沿料浆流向磨损腐蚀速率降低,且桨叶处高于螺旋轴处;随着粉酸比的升高,静态腐蚀速率降低,但磨损腐蚀速率随粉酸比的升高先增大后降低,粉酸比为1.0时磨损腐蚀速率最大;随着螺旋轴转速增加,磨损作用越来越强,同时,还会加快腐蚀产物的脱落,从而使腐蚀作用也越来越强。